Conceptualising development

Question 1

Maturity

Answer 1

-Being able to respond to the environment in an appropriate manner, usually with a learnt response

Question 2

Heritability of IQ

Answer 2

• 30% in children but increases to 80% among adults
• affected by demographics-genes are weaker than poverty (Gottesman)
• genetic influences are variable
• shared environment has a big effect on intelligence

Question 3

4-6 weeks old

Answer 3

• smiles at parent
• can recognise Mum’s face
• shows preference for human faces

Question 4

6-8 weeks old

Answer 4

-cooing

Question 5

3 months old

Answer 5

• can hold head up, grasp reflex disappears
• babbling
• localises sound source
• squeals with pleasure appropriately
• discriminates smile

Question 6

5 months

Answer 6

• reaches out, oral exploration

- spontaneous babbling and sound experiments

Question 7

6 months

Answer 7

• hand to hand transfer
• rolling over
• palmar grasp
• double syllable sounds such as ‘dada’
• localises sound 45cm lateral to either ear

Question 8

9-10 months

Answer 8

• cruises around and crawls
• sits unsupported
• picks up objects with a pincer grasp
• babbles tunefully
• looks for dropped toys; peek a boo,
• stranger anxiety followed by object permanence

Question 9

1 year

Answer 9

• stands alone momentarily
• says one or two words
• separation anxiety

Question 10

18 months

Answer 10

• walks alone
• hols rails and climbs, can jump with both feet
• can build a tower of 3 or 4 cubes and throw a ball
• can use a spoon
• says many intelligible words- up to 40
• shows rapprochement (hugs when coming back)

Question 11

2 years

Answer 11

• able to run
• builds a tower of 6 cubes
• makes sentences
• parallel play
• dry by day

Question 12

3 years

Answer 12

• goes upstairs 1 foot per step and downstairs 2 feet per step.
• copies a circle, imitates cross and draws a man on request
• builds tower of 9 cubes
• speaks in sentences
• cooperative play, imaginary companions

Question 13

4 years

Answer 13

• Can skip
• copies a cross
• toilet trained mostly

Question 14

5 years

Answer 14

• can hop
• copies a triangle
• fluent speech with grammar use; uses function words
• dresses and undresses alone

Question 15

6 years

Answer 15

• copies a diamond
• can count number of fingers
• nearly adult-like speech

Question 16

Freud’s psychosexual stages

Answer 16

Oral
Anal
Phallic/Oedipal
Latency
Genital

Question 17

Oral stage

Answer 17

• 0-1.5 years
• drive discharge is via sucking
• oral erotism- sucking, licking etc in early stages
• oral sadism- biting, chewing in later stages
• the ego develops at this stage

Question 18

Anal stage

Answer 18

• 1.5-3 years
• anal erotogenic zone
• drive discharge via sphincter behaviour

Question 19

Phallic/oedipal stage

Answer 19

3-5 years

• genitals become organs of interest
• oedipus and electra complex

Question 20

Latency

Answer 20

5-puberty (11 years)

• socialisation
• interest in peers seen
• sexual energy is sublimated towards school work, hobbies and friends

Question 21

Genital

Answer 21

puberty onwards
-biological maturation occurs
genital sexuality is born

Question 22

Positive stress response

Answer 22

• brief, mild response moderated by the availability of a caring and responsive adult
• grown promoting opportunities

Question 23

Tolerable stress response

Answer 23

• associated with exposure to non-normative experiences with a greater magnitude of adversity e.g illness, injury, death of a family member
• when buffered well the risk for physicologic harm and long-term consequences is greatly reduced

Question 24

Stress vulnerability model

Answer 24

• Zubin and Spring
• mental illness is a result of two hits
  1. is the vulnerability or predisposition to illness
  2. the stress factor that may act as a trigger or precipitant

Question 25

Toxic stress response

Answer 25

• strong frequent or prolonged activation of the body’s stress response in the absence of the buffering protection from supportive adults
  e. g child abuse, maternal depression, parental substance abuse
• toxic stress disrupts the developing brain circuitry during sensitive developmental periods forming the precursors of later physical and mental illness