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Human Development > Adaptions to adolescence and adult life > Flashcards

Adaptions to adolescence and adult life Flashcards

1
Q

Affective instability

A
  • oscillation between behavioural and affective excess and scarcity during adolescence induced by endocrine changes, sexual maturity an d instability of ego defenses
  • Anna Freud
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2
Q

Adolescent turmoil

A
  • Erikson
  • temporary maladaptive state that is due to identity diffusion
  • he thought all adolescents pass through this state
  • however later studies showed that this was not always the case
  • 23% show continuous linear development, 35% are late bloomers who are less introspective and have frictions with their families
  • 21% have recurrent conflicts with their parents and chose less competitive careers
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3
Q

Marcia’ theory on adolescence

A
  • a mature self-identity is possible only if an individual experiences seceral crises, finally arriving at a stage of commitment
  • successful maturation during adolescence depends on both the degree of crises faced and commitment achieved with different levels of maturation
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4
Q

Identity achievement

A
  • Marcia
  • most mature achievement- most desirable
  • high degree if crises but high degree of commitment
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5
Q

Foreclosure

A
  • Marcia
  • avoids anxieties by prematurely committing to safe and conventional parental and societal goals and beliefs
  • low degree of crises, high degree of commitment
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6
Q

Moratorium

A
  • experiences height of crises but postpones decisions until alternative identities are tried
  • high degree of crises, low degree of commitment
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7
Q

Role confusion

A
  • an unresolved state of adolescence
  • low degree of crises
  • low degree of commitment
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8
Q

Average age of puberty

A
  • men 11.2
  • women 11
  • menarche is 12.5 for females
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9
Q

Menarche

A
  • in UK average age is 12.5
  • average age is falling globally
  • social stress is a puberty accelerator
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10
Q

Precocious puberty

A

-suspected in boys before the age of 9 and girls before the age of 8

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11
Q

Loevinger

A
  • described 9 stages of ego and personal identity development during childhood, adolescence and adulthood
    1. presocial
    2. impulsive
    3. self-protective
    4. conformist
    5. self-aware
    6. conscentious
    7. individualistic
    8. autonomous
    9. integrated
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12
Q

Presocial

A
  • Loevinger stage of ego and personal identity development

- baby is unable to differentiate itself from the world

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13
Q

Impulsive

A
  • Loevinger stage of ego and personal identity development

- child is concerned with bodily impulses

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14
Q

Self-protective

A
  • Loevinger stage of ego and personal identity development

- the child has a notion of blame but externalises to the situation or other people

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15
Q

Conformist

A
  • Loevinger stage of ego and personal identity development

- around school age, they conform to socially approved codes/the norm

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16
Q

Self-aware

A
  • Loevinger stage of ego and personal identity development
  • conscientious/conformist transitional stage
  • increased self awareness and self-criticism
  • deepened interest in interpersonal relations
17
Q

Conscientious

A
  • Loevinger stage of ego and personal identity development
  • internalisation of rules is complete
  • goals/ideals are acknowledged
  • feel guilt for hurting others rather than rule breaking
18
Q

Individualistic

A
  • Loevinger stage of ego and personal identity development

- respect for individuality and interpersonal ties

19
Q

Autonomous

A
  • Loevinger stage of ego and personal identity development
  • ‘synthesisers’
  • able to conceptually integrate ideas
20
Q

Integrated

A
  • Loevinger stage of ego and personal identity development

- rarely attained stage ‘learning is understood as unavoidable…the unattainable is renounced’

21
Q

Pairing

A
  • finding partner

- often within the same cultural and socioeconomic background (homogamous mate selection)

22
Q

Equity theory

A

suggests that individuals consider the cost-benefit ration for each person in a relationship

23
Q

Reinforcement theory

A

suggests that people chose their partners on the basis of reinforcement of attraction with rewards

24
Q

Midlife crisis

A
  • Elliott Jacques
  • critical phase in development as the transition between the forties and early sixties and is associated with coming to realise mortality, unrealized goals, menopause or children leaving home
25
Q

Downshifting

A

-voluntary opting out of a pressurised career and giving up well-paid job for more fulfilling life (anti-urbanism)

26
Q

Empty nest

A

-refers to feeling of loneliness when children leave home

27
Q

Bereavement

A

-can be loss of person or other aspect of life and refers to state of mourning

28
Q

Lindemann

A
  • work on grief
  • studied 101 bereaved people in 1944 ‘Symptomology and Management of acute grief’
  • shock lasts 10-14 days
  • after inital shock comes period of intense sadness and the grieving person may withdraw from social contact
  • next comes anger as the grieving person seems to protest the unexpected death
  • finally, within a year or so, the grief is resolved and the person returns to normal
29
Q

Parkes 5 stages of bereavement

A
  1. alarm
  2. numbness
  3. pining for the deceased (illusions or hallucinations of the deceased can occur)
  4. depression
  5. reorganisation (recovery)
30
Q

Pregnancy

A
  • can be stressful
  • psychological distress during pregnancy can have physiological implications on the growing fetus
  • -CRH released from the placenta increases with stress and this increases risks to pregnancy
  • babies exposed to stress in utero can result in increased risk of chronic health issues and irritability
31
Q

Psychological symptoms after childbirth

A
  • intrusive thoughts
  • avoidance, anxiety, depression, social dysfunction and somatisation
  • noted in 37% of mothers and 13% fathers
  • factors increasing risk are being a single parent, multiarity and previous traumatic birth

Human Development (14 decks)

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