Adaptions to adolescence and adult life Flashcards
1
Q
Affective instability
A
- oscillation between behavioural and affective excess and scarcity during adolescence induced by endocrine changes, sexual maturity an d instability of ego defenses
- Anna Freud
2
Q
Adolescent turmoil
A
- Erikson
- temporary maladaptive state that is due to identity diffusion
- he thought all adolescents pass through this state
- however later studies showed that this was not always the case
- 23% show continuous linear development, 35% are late bloomers who are less introspective and have frictions with their families
- 21% have recurrent conflicts with their parents and chose less competitive careers
3
Q
Marcia’ theory on adolescence
A
- a mature self-identity is possible only if an individual experiences seceral crises, finally arriving at a stage of commitment
- successful maturation during adolescence depends on both the degree of crises faced and commitment achieved with different levels of maturation
4
Q
Identity achievement
A
- Marcia
- most mature achievement- most desirable
- high degree if crises but high degree of commitment
5
Q
Foreclosure
A
- Marcia
- avoids anxieties by prematurely committing to safe and conventional parental and societal goals and beliefs
- low degree of crises, high degree of commitment
6
Q
Moratorium
A
- experiences height of crises but postpones decisions until alternative identities are tried
- high degree of crises, low degree of commitment
7
Q
Role confusion
A
- an unresolved state of adolescence
- low degree of crises
- low degree of commitment
8
Q
Average age of puberty
A
- men 11.2
- women 11
- menarche is 12.5 for females
9
Q
Menarche
A
- in UK average age is 12.5
- average age is falling globally
- social stress is a puberty accelerator
10
Q
Precocious puberty
A
-suspected in boys before the age of 9 and girls before the age of 8
11
Q
Loevinger
A
- described 9 stages of ego and personal identity development during childhood, adolescence and adulthood
1. presocial
2. impulsive
3. self-protective
4. conformist
5. self-aware
6. conscentious
7. individualistic
8. autonomous
9. integrated
12
Q
Presocial
A
- Loevinger stage of ego and personal identity development
- baby is unable to differentiate itself from the world
13
Q
Impulsive
A
- Loevinger stage of ego and personal identity development
- child is concerned with bodily impulses
14
Q
Self-protective
A
- Loevinger stage of ego and personal identity development
- the child has a notion of blame but externalises to the situation or other people
15
Q
Conformist
A
- Loevinger stage of ego and personal identity development
- around school age, they conform to socially approved codes/the norm
16
Q
Self-aware
A
- Loevinger stage of ego and personal identity development
- conscientious/conformist transitional stage
- increased self awareness and self-criticism
- deepened interest in interpersonal relations
17
Q
Conscientious
A
- Loevinger stage of ego and personal identity development
- internalisation of rules is complete
- goals/ideals are acknowledged
- feel guilt for hurting others rather than rule breaking
18
Q
Individualistic
A
- Loevinger stage of ego and personal identity development
- respect for individuality and interpersonal ties
19
Q
Autonomous
A
- Loevinger stage of ego and personal identity development
- ‘synthesisers’
- able to conceptually integrate ideas
20
Q
Integrated
A
- Loevinger stage of ego and personal identity development
- rarely attained stage ‘learning is understood as unavoidable…the unattainable is renounced’
21
Q
Pairing
A
- finding partner
- often within the same cultural and socioeconomic background (homogamous mate selection)
22
Q
Equity theory
A
suggests that individuals consider the cost-benefit ration for each person in a relationship
23
Q
Reinforcement theory
A
suggests that people chose their partners on the basis of reinforcement of attraction with rewards
24
Q
Midlife crisis
A
- Elliott Jacques
- critical phase in development as the transition between the forties and early sixties and is associated with coming to realise mortality, unrealized goals, menopause or children leaving home
25
Downshifting
-voluntary opting out of a pressurised career and giving up well-paid job for more fulfilling life (anti-urbanism)
26
Empty nest
-refers to feeling of loneliness when children leave home
27
Bereavement
-can be loss of person or other aspect of life and refers to state of mourning
28
Lindemann
- work on grief
- studied 101 bereaved people in 1944 'Symptomology and Management of acute grief'
- shock lasts 10-14 days
- after inital shock comes period of intense sadness and the grieving person may withdraw from social contact
- next comes anger as the grieving person seems to protest the unexpected death
- finally, within a year or so, the grief is resolved and the person returns to normal
29
Parkes 5 stages of bereavement
1. alarm
2. numbness
3. pining for the deceased (illusions or hallucinations of the deceased can occur)
4. depression
5. reorganisation (recovery)
30
Pregnancy
- can be stressful
- psychological distress during pregnancy can have physiological implications on the growing fetus
- -CRH released from the placenta increases with stress and this increases risks to pregnancy
- babies exposed to stress in utero can result in increased risk of chronic health issues and irritability
31
Psychological symptoms after childbirth
- intrusive thoughts
- avoidance, anxiety, depression, social dysfunction and somatisation
- noted in 37% of mothers and 13% fathers
- factors increasing risk are being a single parent, multiarity and previous traumatic birth
