Teleosteii Flashcards
Teleostii
Ancestral had 12 chromosomes
Whole genome duplication, big reason for success
Homocercal tail – thrust symmetrical
Uroneural bones
mobile premaxillae
unpaired basibranchial
Osteoglossiformes
tongue bones, many teeth
Predatory
FW
Emergerged Permian, Mesozoic fossils
High morphological diversity
Elephantfish
weakly electric for navigation – creates an electric field
large cerebellum
Straight up and down muscles – slow swimmer
play behaviour
Anguilliformes
Continuous dorsal/caudal fin
embedded scales reduced opercular openings (tight crevice)
no gill rakers, no pelvic fins, no pectorals (some)
leptocephalus larvae
Common eel
6 year FW, back to ocean to spawn (Sargasso Sea)
important food source historically
Spawn in Sargasso Sea
poison blood – denatured with heating
Sarcopharyngiformes
gulpers
Leptochephalus larvae
deep sea
modified skull, no operculum
eat 20x its own size
Bioluminescent, 2m in length
Clupeiformes
Schooling
large gill rakers
single dorsal, no adipose
weak lateral line
exceptional hearing – down to 1 Hz (close to sound of swimming fish)
swim bladder into inner ear (amplify sound)
Sardines
large fishery – now crashed
major food source for birds, mammals
Anchovy
Peruvian anchovy global largest fishery
major ecosystem determinant
cyclical collapses
Herring
migrate from open ocean to shallow waters in spring to spawn
~1 million herring/ha
eggs on seaweed (important food source)
large sperm volume turns water white
Ostariophysi
Superorder of dominant obligate freshwater fish
5 orders ~ 5000 species (75% of FW species)
All have Weberian apparatus (synapomorphy)
2 chambered bladder
skin has chemical that upon injury releases fear chemical
extendible premaxialla, abdominal pelvic
Cypriniformes
no teeth on jaws
largest order ~3200
largest family minnows ~2000
no loaches in NA or SA
19 Cyprinidae and 5 Catastomidae in BC
Characiformes
Pacu, Piranha, Hatchetfish (fly under their own power), tetra, astyanax (lose eyes in caves)
diurnal, predatory, large schools
Siluraformes
nocturnal, FW, slow-moving bottom dwellers
Adipose fin
pectoral fins with fins
naked or heavy armour
Electric catfish – 350 volts
Gymnotiformes
weakly electric knifefish
FW streams SA
long anal fin for locomotion
females prefer with low frequency
electric eel: obligate air breather, predatory, 500 V
Osmeriformes
herring like with adipose fin
zooplankton, small fish is the prey
spawn on beaches
highly abundant
eulachon – high oil content, candlefish (grease trail of travel between first nations)
Osmeriformes
herring like with adipose fin
zooplankton, small fish is the prey
spawn on beaches
highly abundant
eulachon – high oil content, candlefish (grease trail of travel between first nations)
Salmoniformes
adipose fin
temperature northern hemisphere
anadromous and FW
semelparous and iteroparous
Pacific salmon: 7 semelparous, steelhead, rainbow, cutthroat, (iteroparous)
Atlantic salmon – iteroparous – FW
Arctic grayling – FW – large dorsal
Pacific Salmon Reproduction
Redd: 15-30 cm depth
Aelvin: 2.5 cm
Fry: start developing par marks
Parr: 3-12 cm
Smolt: silvery, guanine layers in scales
Jack: young spawning males – genetic
Adult: reproduce and die
Pink Salmon
smallest, 2 year life cycle, most common, lower watershed, fry migrate immediately, planktivorous
Sockeye Salmon
4 year life span, planktivorous, lake spawner, FW for 1-2 years, some never leave FW (kokanee), use stars to migrate
Chum Salmon
4 year life cycle, lower watershed, immediate fry migration
Coho Salmon
4-year life cycle, piscivorous, FW for year, spawn in high streams
Chinook Salmon
4 year life cycle, largest, piscivorous, large rivers, fry migrate immediately
Esociformes
pike
FW, Northern Hemisphere
no adipose
posterior dorsal and anal
no morphological change from the Mesozoic
ambush predator
Argentiniformes barrel eye
marine smelt, barreleyes
bathypelagic
Eyes rotate – some have 4 times
consume jellyfish tentacles
Neoteleosts
1st vertebrae articulate with 3 skull bones
muscle connect 1st vertebrae to upper pharyngeal jaws
anterior pelvic fin, lateral pectorals
basal orders are mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones
Stomiiformes hatchetfish
hatchetfish
deep ocean, large mouth, bathypelagic, light organs
bristlemouth – very abundant
Myctophiformes
lanternfish
2-5 cm
loosely attached cycloid scales
adipose fin
epipelagic/mesopelagic/bathypelagic
1000m vertical migration to surface in evening
abundant prey source for whale, salmon, seabird
extensive photophores – likely bacteria
Aulopiformes
tripod fish, lizard fish
include lizardfish, tripod fish, lancet fish, pearleye fish
very diverse – from intertidal to deep sea
Tripodfish–stays above surface to devoid anoxia
large mouth no swim bladder
Lampridiformes
maintain endothermy via heat in the pectorals
mesopelagic worldwide
minute cycloid or no scales
opah – colorful open water fish
oarfish – no swim bladder, no teeth, follow herring migration
Percopsiformes
trout perch, cavefish
adipose fin – last occurrence in phylogeny
premaxillae but not protractile
sub-thoracic pelvis
weak spines
Ophidiiformes
cusk eel
tapered tail
pelvic fin absent, or jugal
FW caves, intertidal deep sea
Greenland to Antarctica
cusk eel
Gadiformes
cod, haddock, pollock, hake
3 dorsal fins – synapomorphy (FW Burbot only one without)
pelvic anterior to pectoral
Chin barbels
soft rays, cycloid scales
Walleye pollock and Atlantic cod both large fisheries
Batrachoidiformes
well camouflaged and poisonous
Toadfish, midhsipmann
broad flat head
3 gill arches, dorsal spines
jugal pelvis
vocal – drum muscles on swim bladder
shallow marine
Lophiiformes
anglerfish, batfish, goosefish
tropical
lots of photophores
the lure is modified 1st dorsal fin
female pheromone attract males, which fuse with female
