Teleosteii

Question 1

Teleostii

Answer 1

Ancestral had 12 chromosomes
Whole genome duplication, big reason for success
Homocercal tail – thrust symmetrical
Uroneural bones
mobile premaxillae
unpaired basibranchial

Question 2

Osteoglossiformes

Answer 2

tongue bones, many teeth
Predatory
FW
Emergerged Permian, Mesozoic fossils
High morphological diversity

Question 3

Elephantfish

Answer 3

weakly electric for navigation – creates an electric field
large cerebellum
Straight up and down muscles – slow swimmer
play behaviour

Question 4

Anguilliformes

Answer 4

Continuous dorsal/caudal fin
embedded scales reduced opercular openings (tight crevice)
no gill rakers, no pelvic fins, no pectorals (some)
leptocephalus larvae

Question 5

Common eel

Answer 5

6 year FW, back to ocean to spawn (Sargasso Sea)
important food source historically
Spawn in Sargasso Sea
poison blood – denatured with heating

Question 6

Sarcopharyngiformes
gulpers

Answer 6

Leptochephalus larvae
deep sea
modified skull, no operculum
eat 20x its own size
Bioluminescent, 2m in length

Question 7

Clupeiformes

Answer 7

Schooling
large gill rakers
single dorsal, no adipose
weak lateral line
exceptional hearing – down to 1 Hz (close to sound of swimming fish)
swim bladder into inner ear (amplify sound)

Question 8

Sardines

Answer 8

large fishery – now crashed
major food source for birds, mammals

Question 9

Anchovy

Answer 9

Peruvian anchovy global largest fishery
major ecosystem determinant
cyclical collapses

Question 10

Herring

Answer 10

migrate from open ocean to shallow waters in spring to spawn
~1 million herring/ha
eggs on seaweed (important food source)
large sperm volume turns water white

Question 11

Ostariophysi

Answer 11

Superorder of dominant obligate freshwater fish

5 orders ~ 5000 species (75% of FW species)

All have Weberian apparatus (synapomorphy)

2 chambered bladder

skin has chemical that upon injury releases fear chemical

extendible premaxialla, abdominal pelvic

Question 12

Cypriniformes

Answer 12

no teeth on jaws
largest order ~3200
largest family minnows ~2000
no loaches in NA or SA
19 Cyprinidae and 5 Catastomidae in BC

Question 13

Characiformes

Answer 13

Pacu, Piranha, Hatchetfish (fly under their own power), tetra, astyanax (lose eyes in caves)
diurnal, predatory, large schools

Question 14

Siluraformes

Answer 14

nocturnal, FW, slow-moving bottom dwellers
Adipose fin
pectoral fins with fins
naked or heavy armour
Electric catfish – 350 volts

Question 15

Gymnotiformes

Answer 15

weakly electric knifefish
FW streams SA
long anal fin for locomotion
females prefer with low frequency
electric eel: obligate air breather, predatory, 500 V

Question 16

Osmeriformes

Answer 16

herring like with adipose fin
zooplankton, small fish is the prey
spawn on beaches
highly abundant
eulachon – high oil content, candlefish (grease trail of travel between first nations)

Question 17

Osmeriformes

Answer 17

herring like with adipose fin
zooplankton, small fish is the prey
spawn on beaches
highly abundant
eulachon – high oil content, candlefish (grease trail of travel between first nations)

Question 18

Salmoniformes

Answer 18

adipose fin
temperature northern hemisphere
anadromous and FW
semelparous and iteroparous
Pacific salmon: 7 semelparous, steelhead, rainbow, cutthroat, (iteroparous)
Atlantic salmon – iteroparous – FW
Arctic grayling – FW – large dorsal

Question 19

Pacific Salmon Reproduction

Answer 19

Redd: 15-30 cm depth
Aelvin: 2.5 cm
Fry: start developing par marks
Parr: 3-12 cm
Smolt: silvery, guanine layers in scales
Jack: young spawning males – genetic
Adult: reproduce and die

Question 20

Pink Salmon

Answer 20

smallest, 2 year life cycle, most common, lower watershed, fry migrate immediately, planktivorous

Question 21

Sockeye Salmon

Answer 21

4 year life span, planktivorous, lake spawner, FW for 1-2 years, some never leave FW (kokanee), use stars to migrate

Question 22

Chum Salmon

Answer 22

4 year life cycle, lower watershed, immediate fry migration

Question 23

Coho Salmon

Answer 23

4-year life cycle, piscivorous, FW for year, spawn in high streams

Question 24

Chinook Salmon

Answer 24

4 year life cycle, largest, piscivorous, large rivers, fry migrate immediately

Question 25

Esociformes

Answer 25

pike
FW, Northern Hemisphere
no adipose
posterior dorsal and anal
no morphological change from the Mesozoic
ambush predator

Question 26

Argentiniformes barrel eye

Answer 26

marine smelt, barreleyes
bathypelagic
Eyes rotate – some have 4 times
consume jellyfish tentacles

Question 27

Neoteleosts

Answer 27

1st vertebrae articulate with 3 skull bones
muscle connect 1st vertebrae to upper pharyngeal jaws
anterior pelvic fin, lateral pectorals
basal orders are mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones

Question 28

Stomiiformes hatchetfish

Answer 28

hatchetfish
deep ocean, large mouth, bathypelagic, light organs
bristlemouth – very abundant

Question 29

Myctophiformes

Answer 29

lanternfish
2-5 cm
loosely attached cycloid scales
adipose fin
epipelagic/mesopelagic/bathypelagic
1000m vertical migration to surface in evening
abundant prey source for whale, salmon, seabird
extensive photophores – likely bacteria

Question 30

Aulopiformes
tripod fish, lizard fish

Answer 30

include lizardfish, tripod fish, lancet fish, pearleye fish
very diverse – from intertidal to deep sea
Tripodfish–stays above surface to devoid anoxia
large mouth no swim bladder

Question 31

Lampridiformes

Answer 31

maintain endothermy via heat in the pectorals
mesopelagic worldwide
minute cycloid or no scales
opah – colorful open water fish
oarfish – no swim bladder, no teeth, follow herring migration

Question 32

Percopsiformes

Answer 32

trout perch, cavefish
adipose fin – last occurrence in phylogeny
premaxillae but not protractile
sub-thoracic pelvis
weak spines

Question 33

Ophidiiformes
cusk eel

Answer 33

tapered tail
pelvic fin absent, or jugal
FW caves, intertidal deep sea
Greenland to Antarctica
cusk eel

Question 34

Gadiformes

Answer 34

cod, haddock, pollock, hake
3 dorsal fins – synapomorphy (FW Burbot only one without)
pelvic anterior to pectoral
Chin barbels
soft rays, cycloid scales
Walleye pollock and Atlantic cod both large fisheries

Question 35

Batrachoidiformes

Answer 35

well camouflaged and poisonous
Toadfish, midhsipmann
broad flat head
3 gill arches, dorsal spines
jugal pelvis
vocal – drum muscles on swim bladder
shallow marine

Question 36

Lophiiformes

Answer 36

anglerfish, batfish, goosefish
tropical
lots of photophores
the lure is modified 1st dorsal fin
female pheromone attract males, which fuse with female