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Ichthyology > Acanthophterygii > Flashcards

Acanthophterygii Flashcards

1
Q

Acanthopterygii Traits

A

spiny ray fish
anterior fin is spined, solid bone – not segmented
physoclistous swim bladder – not connected to gut (limits vertical movement)
ctenoid scales
2 dorsal fins
dorsal extension of premaxillae
pelvic girdle anterior to pectoral girdle

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2
Q

Mugiliformes
Mullets

A

Mullets
High pectoral fins
shallow water, catadramous
4 dorsal spines – first dorsal fin
cycloid and ctenoid scales
eaten extensively in medertereanean

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3
Q

Beloniformes
Flying fish

A

japanese ricefish, needlefish
halfbeak extended lower jaw
Flying fish – lower lobe of caudal fin (most of body out of water reduce drag, increase thrust)
longer lower lobe of caudal fin
surface marine waters

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4
Q

Cyprinidontiformes
guppy,kilifish

A

kilifish, guppy, molly
FW, single posterior dorsal fin, interior fertilization
inhabit extreme environments – highly saline, temperature, and elevation
pelvis absent
4 eyes–retina split into 2 monitor both above and below

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5
Q

Beryciformes
Squirrelfish, roughy

A

squirrelfish, orange roughy, lantern eye
zooplankton feeders, physoclistous, ctenoid scales
long lived, highly vocal, good fossil record to Mesozoic
Orange roughy heavy fished in 70’s until it crashed in 2000s

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6
Q

Gastroosteiformes
stickleback

A

bony bellies
stickleback, tube snout, pipefish, seahorse
defensive plates, spines

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7
Q

3 Spine Stickleback

A

long research history, ethyology, one of first organisms to have whole genome sequenced
complex reproductive behaviour
male nest building, courtship, egg/fry defense, nest aeration

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8
Q

Seahorse/pipefish

A

Only vertebrate to male pregnancy
female deposits eggs in male brood pouch, mix with water and sperm to be fertilized
Provide care, oxygen, and nutrients

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9
Q

Reason for male parental care/pregnancy?

A

~1/3 of parental care is male in fishes
this is for paternity assurance, males protect eggs from being fertilized by another
Due to external fertilization

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10
Q

Scorpaeniformes

A

Rockfish and allies
spines on dorsal, pelvic and anal fins
Physoclistous
predatory bottom dwellers
polyphyletic

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11
Q

Scorpaenidae
Rock fish, lionfish

A

Rockfish, lionfish, stonefish, scorpionfish
large head, large mouth, head spines, internal fertilization, live birth
High diversity in east pacific
long lived – up to 210 years
Exponential fecundity increase with age

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12
Q

RCAs

A

Defined areas where rockfish cannot be fished
Studies have shown they are not very effective
Mainly because although you cannot harvest rockfish here commercially, you are still able to commercially/recreationally harvest many of its prey species and other fish in the area

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13
Q

Rockfish diet

A

crab, prawn, krill, small fish, squid

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14
Q

Tropical Scorpaeniformes

A

Coral reef, highly venomous, camouflaged or conspicuous
Stonefish venom modulates calcium channel
Scorpionfish have tassels to stop shadows
Fluorescence to camouflage at low light
Lionfish: native to SW pacific, invasive in Caribbean

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15
Q

Anoplopomatidae
sablefish

A

black cod, sablefish
north pacific demersal
high oil content
feed on zooplankton

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16
Q

Hexagramadae
lingcod

A

lingcod, greenling
5 lateral lines, 4 wo neuromasts
temperate, rock shore, kelp beds, predatory
lingcod overharvested

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17
Q

Cottidae
sculpin

A

sculpins
shallow marine
2 FW species
50 species BC marine

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18
Q

Rhamphocottidae
grunt sculpin

A

grunt sculpin
convergent color with reef fish
box construction, slow moving
north pacific, shallow

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19
Q

Agonidae
kelp poacher

A

kelp poacher
bony plates, ventral mouth, barbels

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20
Q

Cyclopterida
lump sucker

A

lumpsucker
globose and soft
pelvic fin sucker

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21
Q

Liparidae

A

Sister to lumpsucker
species rich in arctic
rare in tropical waters

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22
Q

Perciformes

A

thoracic pelivic fins, 1 spine, less than 6 rays
caudal fins less than 18 rays
All habitats, 9200 species, largest order

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23
Q

Serranidae
groupers

A

Groupers, seabass, hamlet
small to very large (2cm to 2.5m)
Hermaphrodite, single long dorsal fin, warm shallow marine
Ambush predators

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24
Q

Centrachidae
sunfish

A

sunshish, bass
warm FW lakes
Dominant carnivores
defend nests

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25
Q

Percidae

A

Perch, FW Northern Hemisphere, predators
walleye

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26
Q

Apogonidae
big eye

A

Big eye
Nocturnal, large eye
Predatory, reef fish, bright red
mouth brooders
Visceral bioluminescence – gut bacteria

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27
Q

Echeneidae
remora

A

Remoras
modified dorsal fin for attachment
tropical, no swim bladder
Indigenous use remora to catch sea turtle

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28
Q

Coryphenidae
mahi

A

Mahi mahi
Bony head crest
open ocean predator (flying fish)
high growth, high speed
collapse dorsal fin to reduce drag, only really use to steer

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29
Q

Carangidae
jacks

A

Jacks, trevally, pompanos
Usually coral reefs up to 2m
Predators, small cycloids, fast swimming, lethal shark ramming
Swim physically in contact w other fishes
Schooling
Laterally compressed

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30
Q

Lutjanidae
snappers

A

Snappers, symmetrical triangular head
coral reef generalist, major commercial fishery
deep body, may be spined

31
Q

Haemulidae
grunt

A

Grunts
coral reef, schooling, invertebrate forager
nocturnal, noisy
vocalize with enlarged pharyngeal jaws and swim bladder

32
Q

Sciaenidae
red drum

A

Red drum
tropical warm temperate bottom feeders FW
major commercial
multi-chambered swim bladder for sound production using sonic muscles
Sexually dimorphic sounds

33
Q

Sparidae
sheepshead

A

Sheepshead, porgies
Coral reef sub tropical
enlarged pharyngeal jaws for crushing molluscs

34
Q

Mullidae
goatfish

A

Goatfish
schooling, prehensile chin barbel
Bottom feeder

35
Q

Toxotidae
archer fish

A

Archer fish
shallow surface water, FW asia
reverse buccal pumping to squirt water
optical corrections

36
Q

Chaetodontidae
butterfly fish

A

butterfly fish
abundant coral reef
laterally compressed
rounded square tail, never forked
tiny brush-like teeth
zooplankton and coral diet

37
Q

Pomacanthidae
angelfish

A

angelfish
coral reef
spine on corner of operculum
laterally compressed
lunate tail
live coral and sponge diet

38
Q

Cichlidae

A

cichlids
FW temperature, tropical brackish, central and south America, Africa
Diversification in body shape, pharyngeal jaws
species flocks in African lakes
complex courtship, buccal fertilization, female mouth brooding
Catfish lay eggs, taken up by cichlids and consume babies in mouth

39
Q

Cichlid feeding modes

A

Epilithic algae feeders – scrapers, combers

Periphyton algae feeders

Leaf choppers

Mollusc shell crushing

Invertebrate picker

zooplankton feeder

scale eaters – side dependent

Fin choppers

Piscivores

Egg/Larval feeders

40
Q

Embiotocidae
surf perch

A

Surf perch
North Pacific coasts
zooplankton and invertebrates
viviparous, embryos in uterus like sacs in ovary
Territorial, small zooplankton

41
Q

Pomacentridae
damselfish

A

damselfish
coral reef fishes
3 Types

Gardeners of algae – incisors for clipping

Schooling planktivores – conical teeth, forked tails

Anemone fish – protective mucous

42
Q

Coral reef larvae’ navigation

A

Broadcast spawning sweeps them far out to open ocean and then eventually back to shore 6 months later

They locate their birth reef by the sound of the reef

Have ingrained soundscape on their reef
Fall very near their home

43
Q

Labridae
wrasse

A

Wrasse
coral reef, wide caudal peduncel
2nd largest perciform family
hardshell invertebrate diet
solid body
pectoral fins for swimming
cycloid scales
hermaphrodites – social rank
overharvesting of humphead wrasses lead to increase in seastar that ate reef

44
Q

Wrasse Cleaners

A

Specialized for cleaning others mouths and wound repair
Ossiliting dance to tell clients that they will clean
maintain health of reef – may be keystone species, drives diversity
Species will choose reefs on if they have cleaners

45
Q

Scaridae
parrot fish

A

Parrotfish
Tropical reed fish, herbivorous, hermaphrodite
Large color difference, ontongencic change
teeth fused into parrot bill
break chunks of coral
90% of day excavating coral
1000kg/year individual
mucous bubble at night – anti predation
10% produce bubble at night

46
Q

Anarhichadidae
wolf eel

A

wolf eel
body naked, no pelvics, large canines, large molars
feed on urchins, crab, molluscs
convergent on moray eels
North pacific

47
Q

Dactylopteridae
flying gunard

A

flying gunard
coral reefs
vocalize, slow moving, buried invert diet
high dexterity of anterior pectoral rays

48
Q

Nototheniidae
cod icefish

A

Cod icefish
major fish of antarctic, predatory, demersal
absent swim bladder, neutral buoyancy
reduced ossification and lateral line
glycoproteins for antifreeze
genetic sex determination under the ice, environmental sex determination not under the ice

49
Q

Patagonia toothfish

A

Chilean bass
large, slow growing, major food for antarctic birds
major collapse after 2 years of fishing – white gold 16% fat

50
Q

Ammodytidae
sand lance

A

Sandlance
no pelvics or swim bladder
diurnal schooling, plankton feeder, bury in sand overnight
highest length to depth ratio 10:1
major food source ecologically
reproduce in gravel
North Pacific North Atlantic

51
Q

Blennidae
blennies

A

Combtooth blennies
blunt head, eyes ventral
close associations with other fish
mimic cleaner wrasse, but predatory (fang and saber tooth blennies)
shallow N Atlantic and tropics

52
Q

Gobiesocidae
clingfish

A

Clingfish
tadpole shape, intertidal
modified pelvic fin, ventral sucker, naked, no swim bladder
Parental care
North Pacific (BC)

53
Q

Gobiidae
gobies

A

Gobies
small bottom dwellers, shallow marine or FW
blunt head, dorsal protruding eyes, no swim bladder, no lateral line
2nd largest family
pelvic fin sucker

54
Q

Periopthalmus
mudskipper

A

Mudskipper
Tropical related to gobies
intertidal
amphibious
vascularized buccopharynx
Climb mangroves

55
Q

Acanthuridae
surgeonfish

A

Surgeonfish
coral reef, herbivorous, schooling, large swim bladder
Kinfelike scales on caudal peduncle
tail protrudes from coral crevices at night to protect them

56
Q

Zanclidae
moorish idol

A

Moorish idol
convergent on butterfly fish, related to surgeon fish
Coral reef, indo-pacific
opportunistic feeders, prefer coral polyps/benthic inverts

57
Q

Sphyraenidae
barracude

A

Barracuda
2m, top-level predator tropical shallow waters
convergent with pike
widely spaced dorsal fins, no gill rakers
biomagnify ciguatera toxins present in lower taxa

58
Q

Scombridae
tuna

A

Tuna, mackerel
2 dorsal fins
tiny cycloid scales
dorsal-ventral symmetry
thin peduncle
swim bladder reduced, absent
high speed, epipelagic
dive 1000m depth
partial endothermy of eye and brain from ocular muscle

59
Q

Xiphiidae
swordfish

A

Swordfish, sailfish
high speed marine predators on tuna
highly forked tail
great longitudinal tendon for caudal ossicilation
bill is enlarged premaxilla, long dorsal, reduced pelvics

60
Q

Channidae
snakehead

A

Snakehead
top level FW predators, asia and Africa
labyrinthine breathing organ
hours out of water
convergent body shape with bowfin

61
Q

Pleuronectiformes
flatfish

A

flatfish, sole, halibut
laterally compressed
asymmetric body
pigmented on one side
larvae look like average fish
higher growth rate of sub orbital bones on one side, migrates both eyes to same side
marine continental shelf

62
Q

Bathidae
lefteye

A

Lefteye flounder
Both eyes on left side – migrate right to left

63
Q

Pleuronectidae
righ eye halibut

A

Halibut
Predatory
both eyes on right side
up to 2.5 m, intertidal to 1100m

64
Q

Starry flounder sidedness

A

In japan the population is all left facing
As you move north through the Alutians and into BC their are a few right facing
Around Bamfield and California they are around 50/50 right and left side facing

65
Q

What do they use the migrated eye for

A

It has a shorter optic nerve so it is often used for predator detection

66
Q

Tetradontiformes
puffer,porcupine

A

Porcupine, puffer, mola mola
most dervied
major fusion and loss of skull bones
as few as 16 vertebra
Front teeth fused as beak
coughing behaviour – buccal pump
inflation and tetrodotoxin

67
Q

Balistidae
trigger

A

Trigger fish
Has trigger spine that is locked in place when extended

68
Q

Ostracidae
boxfish

A

Boxfish
stiff armour body makes it difficult to eat

69
Q

Diodontidae
porcupine

A

Porcupine fish
inflation and spines with neurotoxin

70
Q

Tetraodontidae
puffer

A

Pufferfish
Limited inflations (<10)
Territorial displays
smallest vertebrate genome, loss of introns
poison in flesh from the bacteria in the diet
1200x more toxic than Potassium cyanide

71
Q

Molidae
sunfish

A

Sunfish
bask on the surface, no pelvic, no caudal, 1500 kg
leathery skin
no swim bladder, neutral buoyancy
Secondarily cartilaginous
Epipelagic and mesopelagic
Deep daily dives, then bask at surface
R-strategy (millions of eggs)
eat jellyfish and leptocephalus larvae
Fast growth rate, lots of ectoparasites (might be why they bask)

72
Q

Stichaeidae and Pholidae
pricklebacks , gunnels

A

Pricklebacks and gunnels
intertidal, subtidal, usually <10cm
‘eel-like’ bottom dwellers, under rocks,
in cavities
-primarily North Pacific
-Planktivores
low tide adaptations?? – hold water in buccal cavity

73
Q

Monacanthidae
filefish

A

filefish
partial ability to inflate
poster colouration – unlikely on the color habitat they blend in well

Ichthyology (26 decks)

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