Acanthophterygii Flashcards
Acanthopterygii Traits
spiny ray fish
anterior fin is spined, solid bone – not segmented
physoclistous swim bladder – not connected to gut (limits vertical movement)
ctenoid scales
2 dorsal fins
dorsal extension of premaxillae
pelvic girdle anterior to pectoral girdle
Mugiliformes
Mullets
Mullets
High pectoral fins
shallow water, catadramous
4 dorsal spines – first dorsal fin
cycloid and ctenoid scales
eaten extensively in medertereanean
Beloniformes
Flying fish
japanese ricefish, needlefish
halfbeak extended lower jaw
Flying fish – lower lobe of caudal fin (most of body out of water reduce drag, increase thrust)
longer lower lobe of caudal fin
surface marine waters
Cyprinidontiformes
guppy,kilifish
kilifish, guppy, molly
FW, single posterior dorsal fin, interior fertilization
inhabit extreme environments – highly saline, temperature, and elevation
pelvis absent
4 eyes–retina split into 2 monitor both above and below
Beryciformes
Squirrelfish, roughy
squirrelfish, orange roughy, lantern eye
zooplankton feeders, physoclistous, ctenoid scales
long lived, highly vocal, good fossil record to Mesozoic
Orange roughy heavy fished in 70’s until it crashed in 2000s
Gastroosteiformes
stickleback
bony bellies
stickleback, tube snout, pipefish, seahorse
defensive plates, spines
3 Spine Stickleback
long research history, ethyology, one of first organisms to have whole genome sequenced
complex reproductive behaviour
male nest building, courtship, egg/fry defense, nest aeration
Seahorse/pipefish
Only vertebrate to male pregnancy
female deposits eggs in male brood pouch, mix with water and sperm to be fertilized
Provide care, oxygen, and nutrients
Reason for male parental care/pregnancy?
~1/3 of parental care is male in fishes
this is for paternity assurance, males protect eggs from being fertilized by another
Due to external fertilization
Scorpaeniformes
Rockfish and allies
spines on dorsal, pelvic and anal fins
Physoclistous
predatory bottom dwellers
polyphyletic
Scorpaenidae
Rock fish, lionfish
Rockfish, lionfish, stonefish, scorpionfish
large head, large mouth, head spines, internal fertilization, live birth
High diversity in east pacific
long lived – up to 210 years
Exponential fecundity increase with age
RCAs
Defined areas where rockfish cannot be fished
Studies have shown they are not very effective
Mainly because although you cannot harvest rockfish here commercially, you are still able to commercially/recreationally harvest many of its prey species and other fish in the area
Rockfish diet
crab, prawn, krill, small fish, squid
Tropical Scorpaeniformes
Coral reef, highly venomous, camouflaged or conspicuous
Stonefish venom modulates calcium channel
Scorpionfish have tassels to stop shadows
Fluorescence to camouflage at low light
Lionfish: native to SW pacific, invasive in Caribbean
Anoplopomatidae
sablefish
black cod, sablefish
north pacific demersal
high oil content
feed on zooplankton
Hexagramadae
lingcod
lingcod, greenling
5 lateral lines, 4 wo neuromasts
temperate, rock shore, kelp beds, predatory
lingcod overharvested
Cottidae
sculpin
sculpins
shallow marine
2 FW species
50 species BC marine
Rhamphocottidae
grunt sculpin
grunt sculpin
convergent color with reef fish
box construction, slow moving
north pacific, shallow
Agonidae
kelp poacher
kelp poacher
bony plates, ventral mouth, barbels
Cyclopterida
lump sucker
lumpsucker
globose and soft
pelvic fin sucker
Liparidae
Sister to lumpsucker
species rich in arctic
rare in tropical waters
Perciformes
thoracic pelivic fins, 1 spine, less than 6 rays
caudal fins less than 18 rays
All habitats, 9200 species, largest order
Serranidae
groupers
Groupers, seabass, hamlet
small to very large (2cm to 2.5m)
Hermaphrodite, single long dorsal fin, warm shallow marine
Ambush predators
Centrachidae
sunfish
sunshish, bass
warm FW lakes
Dominant carnivores
defend nests
Percidae
Perch, FW Northern Hemisphere, predators
walleye
Apogonidae
big eye
Big eye
Nocturnal, large eye
Predatory, reef fish, bright red
mouth brooders
Visceral bioluminescence – gut bacteria
Echeneidae
remora
Remoras
modified dorsal fin for attachment
tropical, no swim bladder
Indigenous use remora to catch sea turtle
Coryphenidae
mahi
Mahi mahi
Bony head crest
open ocean predator (flying fish)
high growth, high speed
collapse dorsal fin to reduce drag, only really use to steer
Carangidae
jacks
Jacks, trevally, pompanos
Usually coral reefs up to 2m
Predators, small cycloids, fast swimming, lethal shark ramming
Swim physically in contact w other fishes
Schooling
Laterally compressed
Lutjanidae
snappers
Snappers, symmetrical triangular head
coral reef generalist, major commercial fishery
deep body, may be spined
Haemulidae
grunt
Grunts
coral reef, schooling, invertebrate forager
nocturnal, noisy
vocalize with enlarged pharyngeal jaws and swim bladder
Sciaenidae
red drum
Red drum
tropical warm temperate bottom feeders FW
major commercial
multi-chambered swim bladder for sound production using sonic muscles
Sexually dimorphic sounds
Sparidae
sheepshead
Sheepshead, porgies
Coral reef sub tropical
enlarged pharyngeal jaws for crushing molluscs
Mullidae
goatfish
Goatfish
schooling, prehensile chin barbel
Bottom feeder
Toxotidae
archer fish
Archer fish
shallow surface water, FW asia
reverse buccal pumping to squirt water
optical corrections
Chaetodontidae
butterfly fish
butterfly fish
abundant coral reef
laterally compressed
rounded square tail, never forked
tiny brush-like teeth
zooplankton and coral diet
Pomacanthidae
angelfish
angelfish
coral reef
spine on corner of operculum
laterally compressed
lunate tail
live coral and sponge diet
Cichlidae
cichlids
FW temperature, tropical brackish, central and south America, Africa
Diversification in body shape, pharyngeal jaws
species flocks in African lakes
complex courtship, buccal fertilization, female mouth brooding
Catfish lay eggs, taken up by cichlids and consume babies in mouth
Cichlid feeding modes
Epilithic algae feeders – scrapers, combers
Periphyton algae feeders
Leaf choppers
Mollusc shell crushing
Invertebrate picker
zooplankton feeder
scale eaters – side dependent
Fin choppers
Piscivores
Egg/Larval feeders
Embiotocidae
surf perch
Surf perch
North Pacific coasts
zooplankton and invertebrates
viviparous, embryos in uterus like sacs in ovary
Territorial, small zooplankton
Pomacentridae
damselfish
damselfish
coral reef fishes
3 Types
Gardeners of algae – incisors for clipping
Schooling planktivores – conical teeth, forked tails
Anemone fish – protective mucous
Coral reef larvae’ navigation
Broadcast spawning sweeps them far out to open ocean and then eventually back to shore 6 months later
They locate their birth reef by the sound of the reef
Have ingrained soundscape on their reef
Fall very near their home
Labridae
wrasse
Wrasse
coral reef, wide caudal peduncel
2nd largest perciform family
hardshell invertebrate diet
solid body
pectoral fins for swimming
cycloid scales
hermaphrodites – social rank
overharvesting of humphead wrasses lead to increase in seastar that ate reef
Wrasse Cleaners
Specialized for cleaning others mouths and wound repair
Ossiliting dance to tell clients that they will clean
maintain health of reef – may be keystone species, drives diversity
Species will choose reefs on if they have cleaners
Scaridae
parrot fish
Parrotfish
Tropical reed fish, herbivorous, hermaphrodite
Large color difference, ontongencic change
teeth fused into parrot bill
break chunks of coral
90% of day excavating coral
1000kg/year individual
mucous bubble at night – anti predation
10% produce bubble at night
Anarhichadidae
wolf eel
wolf eel
body naked, no pelvics, large canines, large molars
feed on urchins, crab, molluscs
convergent on moray eels
North pacific
Dactylopteridae
flying gunard
flying gunard
coral reefs
vocalize, slow moving, buried invert diet
high dexterity of anterior pectoral rays
Nototheniidae
cod icefish
Cod icefish
major fish of antarctic, predatory, demersal
absent swim bladder, neutral buoyancy
reduced ossification and lateral line
glycoproteins for antifreeze
genetic sex determination under the ice, environmental sex determination not under the ice
Patagonia toothfish
Chilean bass
large, slow growing, major food for antarctic birds
major collapse after 2 years of fishing – white gold 16% fat
Ammodytidae
sand lance
Sandlance
no pelvics or swim bladder
diurnal schooling, plankton feeder, bury in sand overnight
highest length to depth ratio 10:1
major food source ecologically
reproduce in gravel
North Pacific North Atlantic
Blennidae
blennies
Combtooth blennies
blunt head, eyes ventral
close associations with other fish
mimic cleaner wrasse, but predatory (fang and saber tooth blennies)
shallow N Atlantic and tropics
Gobiesocidae
clingfish
Clingfish
tadpole shape, intertidal
modified pelvic fin, ventral sucker, naked, no swim bladder
Parental care
North Pacific (BC)
Gobiidae
gobies
Gobies
small bottom dwellers, shallow marine or FW
blunt head, dorsal protruding eyes, no swim bladder, no lateral line
2nd largest family
pelvic fin sucker
Periopthalmus
mudskipper
Mudskipper
Tropical related to gobies
intertidal
amphibious
vascularized buccopharynx
Climb mangroves
Acanthuridae
surgeonfish
Surgeonfish
coral reef, herbivorous, schooling, large swim bladder
Kinfelike scales on caudal peduncle
tail protrudes from coral crevices at night to protect them
Zanclidae
moorish idol
Moorish idol
convergent on butterfly fish, related to surgeon fish
Coral reef, indo-pacific
opportunistic feeders, prefer coral polyps/benthic inverts
Sphyraenidae
barracude
Barracuda
2m, top-level predator tropical shallow waters
convergent with pike
widely spaced dorsal fins, no gill rakers
biomagnify ciguatera toxins present in lower taxa
Scombridae
tuna
Tuna, mackerel
2 dorsal fins
tiny cycloid scales
dorsal-ventral symmetry
thin peduncle
swim bladder reduced, absent
high speed, epipelagic
dive 1000m depth
partial endothermy of eye and brain from ocular muscle
Xiphiidae
swordfish
Swordfish, sailfish
high speed marine predators on tuna
highly forked tail
great longitudinal tendon for caudal ossicilation
bill is enlarged premaxilla, long dorsal, reduced pelvics
Channidae
snakehead
Snakehead
top level FW predators, asia and Africa
labyrinthine breathing organ
hours out of water
convergent body shape with bowfin
Pleuronectiformes
flatfish
flatfish, sole, halibut
laterally compressed
asymmetric body
pigmented on one side
larvae look like average fish
higher growth rate of sub orbital bones on one side, migrates both eyes to same side
marine continental shelf
Bathidae
lefteye
Lefteye flounder
Both eyes on left side – migrate right to left
Pleuronectidae
righ eye halibut
Halibut
Predatory
both eyes on right side
up to 2.5 m, intertidal to 1100m
Starry flounder sidedness
In japan the population is all left facing
As you move north through the Alutians and into BC their are a few right facing
Around Bamfield and California they are around 50/50 right and left side facing
What do they use the migrated eye for
It has a shorter optic nerve so it is often used for predator detection
Tetradontiformes
puffer,porcupine
Porcupine, puffer, mola mola
most dervied
major fusion and loss of skull bones
as few as 16 vertebra
Front teeth fused as beak
coughing behaviour – buccal pump
inflation and tetrodotoxin
Balistidae
trigger
Trigger fish
Has trigger spine that is locked in place when extended
Ostracidae
boxfish
Boxfish
stiff armour body makes it difficult to eat
Diodontidae
porcupine
Porcupine fish
inflation and spines with neurotoxin
Tetraodontidae
puffer
Pufferfish
Limited inflations (<10)
Territorial displays
smallest vertebrate genome, loss of introns
poison in flesh from the bacteria in the diet
1200x more toxic than Potassium cyanide
Molidae
sunfish
Sunfish
bask on the surface, no pelvic, no caudal, 1500 kg
leathery skin
no swim bladder, neutral buoyancy
Secondarily cartilaginous
Epipelagic and mesopelagic
Deep daily dives, then bask at surface
R-strategy (millions of eggs)
eat jellyfish and leptocephalus larvae
Fast growth rate, lots of ectoparasites (might be why they bask)
Stichaeidae and Pholidae
pricklebacks , gunnels
Pricklebacks and gunnels
intertidal, subtidal, usually <10cm
‘eel-like’ bottom dwellers, under rocks,
in cavities
-primarily North Pacific
-Planktivores
low tide adaptations?? – hold water in buccal cavity
Monacanthidae
filefish
filefish
partial ability to inflate
poster colouration – unlikely on the color habitat they blend in well
