Tectonics EQ3 (1.3)

Question 1

what are the 5 types of hazard ?

Answer 1

meteorological- weather related
hydrological-water related
geophysical- tectonic related
climatological- related to changing climate e.g drought
biological- related to the biosphere e.g disease

Question 2

how have the patterns of disasters changed over the past 60 years ?

Answer 2

The numbers of deaths have fallen due to increased technology to predict the hazards and better preparedness. The number of reported disasters has increased and then stabilised due to better databases and coverage. Also more disasters get reported now. Finally the number of people effected by them has risen due to population growth.

Question 3

what are the trends for tectonic hazards ?

Answer 3

• no changes in numbers of disasters
• numbers of deaths vary massively each year
• more economic losses each year

Question 4

what where the impacts of the 2004 Asian tsunami ?

Answer 4

• 14 countries effected
• economic losses and deaths in Indonesia
• one of the largest events in terms of areal extent
• many fatalities from tourists

Question 5

what where the impacts of the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami in Japan ?

Answer 5

• ports, factories and power supplies damaged effecting the global car production supply chain
• Fukishima power plant leaked nuclear waste

Question 6

what are some examples of multiple hazard zones ?

Answer 6

California, the Philippines, Indonesia and Japan

Question 7

what is an example of the impacts of multiple hazards ?

Answer 7

after the 1991 eruption in Philippines there was a typhoon which caused the ash from the volcanoes to turn into lahars.

Question 8

what ways are there of predicting earthquakes ?

Answer 8

• cant predict
• you can identify more at risk areas and plan building around this
• seismic gaps which are areas that haven’t experienced earthquakes in a while and are due one

Question 9

what ways are there of predicting volcanic eruptions ?

Answer 9

• monitoring equipment on volcanoes
• tilt meters and strain meters can detect rises in magma and small tremors that can indicate
• gas spectrometers analyse levels of gas

Question 10

what ways are there of predicting tsunamis ?

Answer 10

• earthquake induced tsunamis can’t be predicted

- once an earthquake has occurred it is detected and then the oceans can be monitored

Question 11

what are the the 4 stages of managing hazards according to the disaster management cycle ?

Answer 11

1. responses 2. recovery 3. mitigation (reducing scale of next disaster) 4. preparedness

Question 12

what does Park’s disaster response curve show ?

Answer 12

• curve A-disaster with small effect on life and short response so quality of life returns to normal quickly
• curve B-quality of life more impacted and reconstruction is slow but mitigation improves quality of life
• curve C-disaster with major impact on life and slow recovery rate and life hasn’t returned to normal

Question 13

what are the 3 ways of managing disaster ?

Answer 13

modifying the event-before hazard strikes(long term), modifying the vulnerability-before hazard strikes (short term) and modifying loss-after hazard strikes

Question 14

what are some examples of modifying the event ?

Answer 14

land use zoning, seismic buildings(earthquake proof), tsunami defences and lava diversion

Question 15

what are some examples of modifying the vulnerability ?

Answer 15

scientific monitoring, community preparedness and education, adaptation

Question 16

what are some examples of modifying the loss ?

Answer 16

short term emergency aid, long term aid e.g rebuilding, insurance