Tectonics EQ2 (1.2) Flashcards
how can a natural disaster be quantified ?
by the number of deaths and cost of damage or on human terms-over 500 deaths is a natural disaster
what is considered a mega disaster ?
- if the GDP falls by 5% or more
- over 2000 deaths
- over 20,000 made homeless
- over a year of foreign aid dependency
what is the hazard risk equation ?
(hazard x vulnerability) /
capacity to cope
what are the 5 types of vulnerability ?
physical- when people live in hazard prone areas in buildings that don’t offer protection
economic- when people risk losing their jobs and assets
social- when a household is unable to support the disadvantaged people living in it
knowledge- when people lack education or training
environmental- where the area that people are living in has increased hazard risk due to population pressure forcing them into more risky places
what are the 3 thing that can increase the scale of disaster in the pressure and release (PAR) model ?
oot causes e.g poor governance, weak economic system, low resources
dynamic pressure e.g lack of education, urbanisation
unsafe conditions e.g poor infrastructure, poverty
how does the Haiti PAR model look ?
root causes : -heavily in debt -corruption -poverty dynamic pressure: -lack of urban planning,disaster preparedness, educational systems, -rapid urbanisation -high pop density unsafe conditions: -soft soil where the buildings where built -poor infrastructure
what are the 3 types of impacts of tectonic disaster ?
social, economic and environmental
what is used to measure the magnitude of a tectonic hazard ?
moment magnitude scale
1= minor happens 1000 times per year, 9= massive one every decade
what is used to measure intensity of earthquakes ?
Mercalli scale I-XII
what is used to measure the magnitude of a volcanic eruption ?
volcanic explosivity index- sclae of 0-8 and measures eruption height, volume and duration
what is an example of a volcanic hazard in a developed country ?
volcanic eruption in iceland- Eyjafjallajokull
- VEI=4
- no injuries or deaths
- major disruption to air travel in Europe causing $1.7 bill damage
what is an example of an earthquake in a developed country ?
earthquake in Canterbury new zealand
- magnitude 7.1
- focal depth 10km
- 100 injuries but no deaths
- building damage due to liquefaction
- total damage of $40 mill
what is an example of a tsunami in a developed country ?
tsunami in Tohoku Japan
- magnitude 9
- 16,000 deaths
- $300 bill in damage
- 46,000 buildings damaged and 145,000 damaged
how do tectonic hazards compare in developed countries ?
- most deaths caused by tsunamis
- most damage by tsunamis
what is an example of a volcanic hazard in a developing country ?
eruption in Nyiragongo DRC
- VEI= 1
- 147 deaths
- 120,000 homeless
- $1.2 billion in damage