Tectonics 1.7 Flashcards
What are the numbers of disasters and the impacts of disasters not?
Static;
Give four examples of hydro-meteorological hazards.
Floods;
Storms;
Cyclones;
Drought;
Why have hydro-meteorological hazards become more common with time?
Global warming;
Human environmental degradation;
Name an example of human environmental degradation.
Deforestation;
What is the trend in the amount of tectonic events over time?
Broadly the same decade to decade;
What has happened to the number of hazard events over time?
Stable;
What has happened to the number of tectonic disasters over time?
Risen;
What has happened to deaths over time due to better response management, preparation and, in some cases, prediction?
Number of deaths fallen;
Why has number of deaths fallen, especially since 2000?
Mobile communication;
What did the number of reported disasters as improvements in data coverage and the accuracy of databases increased?
Increase then stabilises;
What happened to disasters decades ago in isolated areas?
Went unreported;
What has happened recently to recent disasters?
Fallen;
What does the fall in recent disasters reported suggest?
Fewer hazard events are becoming disasters;
What was the amount of disasters reported in 1975?
About 900;
About 900 disasters in 1975 -> increases until reaching *** in 2003.
450;
About 900 in 1975 -> increases until reaching 450 in 2003 -> decreased to about *** in 2012, and seems to have stabilised.
360;
What happens to the number of people affected by disasters as populations grow and more people live in risky locations?
Increases;
How many people were affected by disasters in 1975?
55 million;
How many people were affected by disasters in 1995?
190 million (most rapid increase)
How many people were affected by disasters in 2017?
260 million (slowest rate of increase)
Which year was the rate of people affected increased the fastest?
1995;
Which year was the rate of people affected increased the slowest?
2017;
What has happened to the number of earthquake disasters since 1980?
No change;
How many earthquake disasters occur per year?
Varies; 15-40
What are earthquake deaths considered?
Variable;
How many earthquake deaths were there worldwide in 2012 and 2014?
Fewer than 1000;
How many earthquake deaths were there worldwide in 2004 and 2010?
200,000
Overall, are there fewer or more earthquake deaths than there were 30-40 years ago?
Fewer;
What is the impact of single mega disasters on the data?
Skews the data;
What is the magnitude Mega-disaster?
High-magnitude;
What is the impact of a Mega-disaster?
High impact;
How frequent are Mega-diasters?
Infrequent;
What areas do Mega-disasters effect?
Multiple (indirectly/directly)
Where are the impacts of Mega-disasters?
Regional or even global;
What is the trend for earthquake economic losses?
Upwards;
What is the average cost of earthquakes economic losses per year?
$20-$40 billion per year;
What is the high cost of earthquakes economic losses skewed by?
Very few large events;
Are volcanic or earthquake disasters more frequent?
Earthquake disasters;
What is the trend for deaths from eruptions?
Rare;
Where was the last time an eruption killed more than 1000 people?
Cameron in 1986 (Lake Nyos);
How many eruptions since 1986 have caused more than 100 people to die?
Seven;
Why can the numbers affected can be very large of people surrounding an erupting volcano?
Mass evacuation;
How many people evacuated at Mt Merapi in Indonesia in 2010?
350,000;
How many deaths at Mt Merapi in Indonesia in 2010?
300;
How many deadly earthquakes were there between 2005 and 2015?
About 270;
Of the 433,000 killed from about 270 deadly earthquakes between 2005 and 2015, how many were killed from just five disasters?
412,000
Which collision zone did Kashmir 2005, Sichuan 2008 and Nepal 2015 all have in common?
Himalaya collision zone;
How many earthquake deaths between 2005 and 2015 do Kashmir 2005, Sichuan 2008 and Nepal 2015 account fot?
40%
What percentage of earthquake deaths between 2005 and 2015 does 2010 Haiti account for?
50%
What did the 2011 tsunami in Japan show about the globalised, inter-dependence world economy?
Could be affected by economic and human impacts;
What is a multiple hazard zone?
Places where two or more natural hazards occur
What can two or more natural hazards occurring in a multiple hazard zone do?
Interact to produce complex disasters;
Name three examples of multiple hazard zones.
California; Indonesia; Japan;
What is common in multiple hazard zones due to them being tectonically active?
Earthquakes/ Eruptions;
What type of multiple hazard zones prone are prone to landslides?
Geologically young; Unstable mountain zones;
What tracks are of multiple hazard zones are often located on?
Major storm ; Tropical Cyclone
What type of latitudes are of multiple hazard zones are often located on?
Mid-latitudes
What do multiple hazard zones suffer from?
Global climate perturbations;
Multiple hazard zones are complex hazards is a combination of what type of hazards?
Tectonic hazards;
Hydro-meteorological;
Name four examples of tectonic hazards.
Earthquakes;
Volcanic Eruptions;
Tsunamis;
Landslides;
