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Geography: Edexel A Level > Tectonics 1.7 > Flashcards

Tectonics 1.7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the numbers of disasters and the impacts of disasters not?

A

Static;

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2
Q

Give four examples of hydro-meteorological hazards.

A

Floods;
Storms;
Cyclones;
Drought;

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3
Q

Why have hydro-meteorological hazards become more common with time?

A

Global warming;
Human environmental degradation;

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4
Q

Name an example of human environmental degradation.

A

Deforestation;

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5
Q

What is the trend in the amount of tectonic events over time?

A

Broadly the same decade to decade;

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6
Q

What has happened to the number of hazard events over time?

A

Stable;

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7
Q

What has happened to the number of tectonic disasters over time?

A

Risen;

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8
Q

What has happened to deaths over time due to better response management, preparation and, in some cases, prediction?

A

Number of deaths fallen;

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9
Q

Why has number of deaths fallen, especially since 2000?

A

Mobile communication;

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10
Q

What did the number of reported disasters as improvements in data coverage and the accuracy of databases increased?

A

Increase then stabilises;

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11
Q

What happened to disasters decades ago in isolated areas?

A

Went unreported;

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12
Q

What has happened recently to recent disasters?

A

Fallen;

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13
Q

What does the fall in recent disasters reported suggest?

A

Fewer hazard events are becoming disasters;

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14
Q

What was the amount of disasters reported in 1975?

A

About 900;

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15
Q

About 900 disasters in 1975 -> increases until reaching *** in 2003.

A

450;

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16
Q

About 900 in 1975 -> increases until reaching 450 in 2003 -> decreased to about *** in 2012, and seems to have stabilised.

A

360;

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17
Q

What happens to the number of people affected by disasters as populations grow and more people live in risky locations?

A

Increases;

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18
Q

How many people were affected by disasters in 1975?

A

55 million;

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19
Q

How many people were affected by disasters in 1995?

A

190 million (most rapid increase)

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20
Q

How many people were affected by disasters in 2017?

A

260 million (slowest rate of increase)

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21
Q

Which year was the rate of people affected increased the fastest?

A

1995;

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22
Q

Which year was the rate of people affected increased the slowest?

A

2017;

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23
Q

What has happened to the number of earthquake disasters since 1980?

A

No change;

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24
Q

How many earthquake disasters occur per year?

A

Varies; 15-40

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25
Q

What are earthquake deaths considered?

A

Variable;

26
Q

How many earthquake deaths were there worldwide in 2012 and 2014?

A

Fewer than 1000;

27
Q

How many earthquake deaths were there worldwide in 2004 and 2010?

A

200,000

28
Q

Overall, are there fewer or more earthquake deaths than there were 30-40 years ago?

A

Fewer;

29
Q

What is the impact of single mega disasters on the data?

A

Skews the data;

30
Q

What is the magnitude Mega-disaster?

A

High-magnitude;

31
Q

What is the impact of a Mega-disaster?

A

High impact;

32
Q

How frequent are Mega-diasters?

A

Infrequent;

33
Q

What areas do Mega-disasters effect?

A

Multiple (indirectly/directly)

34
Q

Where are the impacts of Mega-disasters?

A

Regional or even global;

35
Q

What is the trend for earthquake economic losses?

A

Upwards;

36
Q

What is the average cost of earthquakes economic losses per year?

A

$20-$40 billion per year;

37
Q

What is the high cost of earthquakes economic losses skewed by?

A

Very few large events;

38
Q

Are volcanic or earthquake disasters more frequent?

A

Earthquake disasters;

39
Q

What is the trend for deaths from eruptions?

A

Rare;

40
Q

Where was the last time an eruption killed more than 1000 people?

A

Cameron in 1986 (Lake Nyos);

41
Q

How many eruptions since 1986 have caused more than 100 people to die?

A

Seven;

42
Q

Why can the numbers affected can be very large of people surrounding an erupting volcano?

A

Mass evacuation;

43
Q

How many people evacuated at Mt Merapi in Indonesia in 2010?

A

350,000;

44
Q

How many deaths at Mt Merapi in Indonesia in 2010?

A

300;

45
Q

How many deadly earthquakes were there between 2005 and 2015?

A

About 270;

46
Q

Of the 433,000 killed from about 270 deadly earthquakes between 2005 and 2015, how many were killed from just five disasters?

A

412,000

47
Q

Which collision zone did Kashmir 2005, Sichuan 2008 and Nepal 2015 all have in common?

A

Himalaya collision zone;

48
Q

How many earthquake deaths between 2005 and 2015 do Kashmir 2005, Sichuan 2008 and Nepal 2015 account fot?

A

40%

49
Q

What percentage of earthquake deaths between 2005 and 2015 does 2010 Haiti account for?

A

50%

50
Q

What did the 2011 tsunami in Japan show about the globalised, inter-dependence world economy?

A

Could be affected by economic and human impacts;

51
Q

What is a multiple hazard zone?

A

Places where two or more natural hazards occur

52
Q

What can two or more natural hazards occurring in a multiple hazard zone do?

A

Interact to produce complex disasters;

53
Q

Name three examples of multiple hazard zones.

A

California; Indonesia; Japan;

54
Q

What is common in multiple hazard zones due to them being tectonically active?

A

Earthquakes/ Eruptions;

55
Q

What type of multiple hazard zones prone are prone to landslides?

A

Geologically young; Unstable mountain zones;

56
Q

What tracks are of multiple hazard zones are often located on?

A

Major storm ; Tropical Cyclone

57
Q

What type of latitudes are of multiple hazard zones are often located on?

A

Mid-latitudes

58
Q

What do multiple hazard zones suffer from?

A

Global climate perturbations;

59
Q

Multiple hazard zones are complex hazards is a combination of what type of hazards?

A

Tectonic hazards;
Hydro-meteorological;

60
Q

Name four examples of tectonic hazards.

A

Earthquakes;
Volcanic Eruptions;
Tsunamis;
Landslides;

Geography: Edexel A Level (40 decks)

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