Tectonics 1.5 Flashcards
What is earthquake magnitude measured by?
Moment Magnitude Scale
What does MMS stand for?
Moment Magnitude Scale
The Moment Magnitude Scale in an updated version of what scale?
Richter Scale
What does the Moment Magnitude Scale measure?
Energy released during an earthquake
What has the energy released during an earthquake related to?
Fault line slip and movement
What type of scale does the Moment Magnitude Scale use?
Logarithmic
What does logarithmic scale mean?
Magnitude 6 has ten times more ground shaking than magnitude 5
What does the Mercalli scale measure earthquakes intensity out of?
I-XII
What does the (older) Mercalli Scale measure during an earthquake?
Intensity of shaking effects
What does the Mercalli scale not measure?
Energy released
Why can the Mercalli scale not be used to easily compare earthquakes, due to what it depends on?
Building type/quality
Ground conditions
The correlation between magnitude and a death toll is a weak one.
What are some serious secondary impacts earthquakes cause?
Landslides; Tsunamis
The correlation between magnitude and a death toll is a weak one.
What type of areas have greater impacts?
Urban areas > Rural areas
The correlation between magnitude and a death toll is a weak one. Levels of D_________ and P___________.
Development and Preparedness
The correlation between magnitude and a death toll is a weak one.
Why do isolated places have higher death toll?
Rescue and relief takes longer
The correlation between magnitude and a death toll is a weak one.
Why would a very high magnitude earthquake not cause any deaths?
Unoccupied area
What does VEI stand for?
Volcanic Explosivity Index
What does the Volcanic Explosivity Index measure?
Magnitude of a volcanic eruption;
What is the range of Volcanic Explosivity Index?
0-8
Volcanic Explosivity Index combines multiple factors.
This makes is what type of index?
Composite
What factors does the Volcanic Explosivity Index combine?
Eruption height;
Volume of material;
Duration;
What material is erupted?
Ash; Gas; Tephra;
What type of volcanoes are 0-3 in the Volcanic Explosivity Index?
Shield volcanoes;
What type of rock/lava are 0-3 in the Volcanic Explosivity Index?
Basaltic;
What type of boundary are 0-3 in the Volcanic Explosivity Index?
Constructive plate boundaries; Mid plate hotspots;
What type of plate margin are 4-7 in the Volcanic Explosivity Index?
Destructive plate margin;
Volcanic Explosivity Index 4-7 have High V_______, High G__, High S_____ A_______ M____.
High Viscosity, High Gas, High Silica Andesitic Magma
Have modern humans ever experienced a Volcanic Explosivity Index 8?
No
What is a Volcanic Explosivity Index 8 also known as?
Super volcano;
What would the global impact of a Volcanic Explosivity Index 8 super volcano be?
Worldwide cooling of the Earth’s Climate;
How long could the worldwide cooling of the Earth’s last?
Up to five years;
Name two rare caldera eruptions.
Yellowstone (Sumatra);
Toba (Indonesia);
Is a Volcanic Explosivity Index 1 considered effusive, explosive or colossal?
Effusive;
Is a Volcanic Explosivity Index 3 considered effusive, explosive or colossal?
Explosive
Is a Volcanic Explosivity Index 8 considered effusive, explosive or colossal?
Colossal;
What can be used to compare tectonic events?
Hazard Profile;
Why are high magnitude, low frequency events create higher risk?
Least expected; Unlikely to have occurred in living memory;
Why do rapid onset events with low spatial predictability create higher risk?
Occur in numerous regions without warning;
Why does an event being regional areal extent create higher risk?
Affecting large numbers of people in a wide range of locations
