Tectonic 1.8 Flashcards
What does prediction mean?
Knowing when are where a natural hazard will strike;
What scale is knowing when and where a natural hazard will strike based on?
Spatial and Temporal;
How can knowing when and where a natural hazard will strike be acted on?
Meaningfully in terms of evacuation;
How precise is forecasting in relation to prediction?
Less precise;
What does forecasting provide?
Percentage change of a hazard occurring;
Name an example of forecasting;
25% of a magnitude 7.0 earthquake occurring in the next 20 years;
Can earthquakes be predicted?
No;
What areas can be identified (risk forecasting) for earthquakes?
High risk areas;
What is considered a high risk area for earthquakes?
Severe ground shaking;
Liquefaction;
What can risk forecasting be used for?
Land-use zoning;
Areas that have not experienced an earthquake for some time and are ‘overdue’ can point to areas of high risk are known as?
Seismic gaps;
Can volcanic eruptions be predicted?
Yes
What does volcanic monitoring equipment mesure?
Changes in magma in chamber;
What record volcanoes ‘bulging’ as magma rises?
Tiltmeters and strain meters;
What records minor earthquakes indicating magma movement?
Seismometers;
What equipment analyses gas emissions which can point to increased eruption likelihood.?
Gas spectrometers;
What can the minimal death toll from volcanic eruptions (despite 60-80 eruptions per year) be mainly attributed to ?
Vastly improved prediction of these events;
Can Tsunamis be predicted?
Partly;
Can an earthquake induced tsunami be predicted?
No;
What can tell an earthquake has occurred and locate it?
Seismometers;
What can ocean monitoring equipment detect?
Tsunami is the open sea;
Information about tsunamis in the open sea can be relayed to who?
Coastal areas;
What can happen to coastal areas warned of a tsunami?
Evacuation;
Why is it that in many developing countries, volcano monitoring and tsunami warning may not be as good as they could be?
Cost of technology;
What type of areas is it more difficult to reach with effective warnings?
Isolated, rural locations;
What does The Hazard Management Cycle illustrate?
Different stages of managing hazards
By illustrating the different stages of managing hazards, what does The Hazard Management Cycle attempt to reduce?
Scale of a disaster;
What does The Hazard Management Cycle being a cycle mean for one disaster event informing?
Preparation for the next:
What is onset?
Natural Hazard occurs;
What is response?
Immediate help;
Give five examples of immediate help (response).
Rescue;
Aid;
Emergency Shelter;
Food;
Water;
What is Recovery?
Rebuilding infrastructure / services;
Rehabilitating injured (metal/physical);
What is mitigation?
Acting to reduce the scale of the next disaster;
What two ways can the next disaster be mitigated?
Land-use zoning;
Hazard-resistant buildings/infrastructure
What is preparedness?
Community education/resilience building;
What does preparedness include?
Prediction; Warning; Evacuation Technology; Behaviour Systems;
Name the five stages of The Hazard Management Cycle.
- Onset
- Response
- Recovery
- Mitigation
- Preparedness
How long could the recovery period take?
Few months, up to years
What does the recovery period depend upon?
Magnitude; Development; Governance; External Help
What does a larger magnitude mean for the recovery period?
Longer;
What does a lower development level mean for the recovery period?
Longer;
What does an well governed delegated resources mean for the recovery period?
Shorter/more effective;
What does external help mean for the recovery period?
Aid and financing helps the recovery effort;
What is the disaster response curve also known as?
Park’s Model
What does Park’s disaster response curve provide?
A simple visual illustration of impacts of a disaster;
What is on the y axis of the Park’s Model?
Quality of life;
What is on the x axis of the Park’s Model?
Time;
Name the four vertical separations of the Park’s Model.
Preparation;
Response;
Reconstruction;
Mitigation;
What makes the hazard response curve dip at the beginning on the vertical separation of preparedness and response ?
Hazard Event Onset;
