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Geography: Edexel A Level > Tectonics 1.3 > Flashcards

Tectonics 1.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of energy are earthquakes releasing?

A

Stored;

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2
Q

Where does a pulse of energy radiate out from the earthquakes focus (point of origin)?

A

out in all directions;

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3
Q

Where is the epicentre located?

A

Earth’s surface;

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4
Q

What is the epicentre directly above?

A

Focus;

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5
Q

What can be seen when the earthquake motion displaces the surface?

A

Fault scarp;

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6
Q

What are the three types of seismic waves generated by earthquakes?

A

P- Waves
S- Waves
L-Waves

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7
Q

What do P- Waves stand for?

A

Primary waves;

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8
Q

Are P-Waves fastest or slowest?

A

Fastest;

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9
Q

What is the approximate speed of P-Waves?

A

8 km/sec

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10
Q

Do P-Waves cause the most or the least damage?

A

Least;

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11
Q

What do S and L Waves have that cause more damage?

A

larger amplitude; energy force

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12
Q

What are P- Waves vibrations caused by?

A

Compression;

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13
Q

What does S-Waves stand for?

A

Secondary Waves;

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14
Q

Do S-Waves before or after P-Waves?

A

After;

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15
Q

What is the speed of S-Waves?

A

4km/sec;

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16
Q

How do S-Waves cause damage?

A

Shake ground violently;

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17
Q

What do L- Waves stand for?

A

Love Waves;

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18
Q

When do L-Waves arrive?

A

Last;

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19
Q

Where do L-Waves travel only?

A

On the surface;

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20
Q

Where does vibration occur? (L-Waves)

A

In the horizontal plane;

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21
Q

L-Waves have a large ‘_______’

A

Amplitude;

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22
Q

What does having a large amplitude mean for damage?

A

Significant;

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23
Q

What do L-Waves cause from ground shaking?

A

Fracturing (ground surface);

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24
Q

What is the severity of earthquakes linked to?

A

Amplitude; Frequency; Wave Types;

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25
Q

Where can crustal fracturing occur?

A

Within Earth;

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26
Q

What can earthquakes cause on the ground surface?

A

Buckle; Fracture;

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27
Q

What is the ruptured fault line of very large earthquakes?

A

Up to 1000km;

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28
Q

What was the fault line generated by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami?

A

Up to 1000km;

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29
Q

What describes energy pulses being generated along the entire fault length?

A

‘Unzipping’ a fault;

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30
Q

How long does ground shaking occur for earthquakes that undergo unzipping?

A

Up to Five Minutes;

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31
Q

What do ‘unzipping’ along fault lines earthquakes have dozens of?

A

Aftershocks;

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32
Q

What do earthquakes frequently generate as secondary hazards?

A

Large landslides;

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33
Q

What type of rocks are more likely to experience landslides?

A

Geologically young;

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34
Q

What can geologically young mountains be referred as?

A

Unstable;

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35
Q

Name a geologically young mountain range?

A

Himalaya;

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36
Q

What percentage of deaths did landslides account for in 2008 Sichuan earthquake?

A

Up to 30%;

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37
Q

What percentage of deaths did landslides account for in 2005 Kashmir earthquake?

A

Up to 30%;

38
Q

What type of areas is liquefaction a particular hazard?

A

ground consists; loose sediment;

39
Q

Name 3 types of loose sediment.

A

Sand;
Silt;
Gravel;

40
Q

What exacerbates liquefaction on ground that consists of loose sediment such as sand, silt or gravel?

A

Waterlogged;

41
Q

Where are areas often waterlogged?

A

Sea; Lakes;

42
Q

Intense earthquake shaking does what to loose sediment in liquefaction?

A

Compacts loose sediment together;

43
Q

What is forced out due to the compaction of loose sediment in liquefaction?

A

Water;

44
Q

What direction is water forced out of compacted sediment in liquefaction?

A

Out; Upwards;

45
Q

What does forcing water between the sediment out and upwards undermine?

A

Foundations;

46
Q

What do undermined foundations cause?

A

Buildings sink; Tilt; Collapse;

47
Q

In Japan 2011, what was the degree of tilt that was recorded?

A

Sixty Degrees;

48
Q

What is temporary lost in water-saturated material in liquefaction?

A

Normal Strength;

49
Q

How does temporarily lost strength of water-saturated ground cause ground to behave?

A

Like a liquid;

50
Q

What increases to the point where soil particles can move easily?

A

Water pressure;

51
Q

What are the effects of liquefaction?

A

Infrastructure Damage;
Telecommunications;

52
Q

How many hazards do major volcanic eruptions frequently have associated with them?

A

More than one;

53
Q

What type of plate margin is likely to have more than one hazard associated with them after a volcanic eruption?

A

Destructive plate margins;

54
Q

What is it called when there is an indirect consequence of an eruption?

A

Secondary hazard;

55
Q

What type of plate margin is associated with secondary hazards after an eruption?

A

Destructive plate margin;

56
Q

Name four primary hazards of eruptions.

A

Lava flow;
Pyroclastic flow;
Ash fall;
Gas eruption;

57
Q

What is lava flow?

A

Extensive areas of solidified lava;

58
Q

How far can lava flow from volcanic vents in lava flow?

A

Several kilometres;

59
Q

What factors effect how far lava can flow?

A

Basaltic;
Low viscosity;

60
Q

What speed does lava flow occur?

A

Up to 40 km/hour

61
Q

Where do lava flows occur?

A

Subduction zone volcano (composite);
Hot-spot volcano (shield)

62
Q

What are the dense clouds filled with in pyroclastic flows?

A

Hot ash;
Gas;

63
Q

What is the temperature of pyroclastic flows?

A

Up to 600’C

64
Q

Where can pyroclastic flows flow down?

A

The flank of volcanoes;

65
Q

Where do pyroclastic flows occur?

A

Subduction zone volcano (composite)

66
Q

What can ash particles and larger tephra particles do to areas?

A

Blanket them;

67
Q

What are the effects of ash fall?

A

Killing vegetation;
Collapsing buildings;
Poisoning water sources;

68
Q

What does ash fall do to vegetation?

A

Kill;

69
Q

What does ash fall do to buildings?

A

Collapse them;

70
Q

What does ash fall do to water sources?

A

Poisons them;

71
Q

Where does ash fall occur?

A

Constructive plate margin volcanoes (cinder cone, fissure eruption)
Subduction zone volcano (composite)

72
Q

What are the two main gases from gas eruption?

A

Carbon dioxide; Sulphur dioxide

73
Q

What can gas eruptions do to people and animals in extreme cases?

A

Poison them; Suffocate them;

74
Q

Where does gas eruption occur?

A

Subduction zone volcanoes (composite)
Hot-spot volcano (shield)

75
Q

What are the secondary hazards of volcanic eruptions?

A

Lahars;
J​ökulhlaups;

76
Q

What are lahars?

A

Volcanic mudflows;

77
Q

When do lahars occur?

A

When rainfall mobilises volcanic ash:

78
Q

Where do lahars flow down at high speed, which causes major disruption?

A

River systems;

79
Q

Where do lahars occur?

A

Subduction zone volcanoes (composite);

80
Q

What are Jökulhlaups?

A

Devastating floods;

81
Q

When do Jökulhlaups occur?

A

Volcanoes erupt beneath glaciers/ice caps;

82
Q

What do Jökulhlaups create huge volumes of?

A

Meltwater;

83
Q

Where are Jökulhlaups common?

A

Iceland;

84
Q

Where do Jökulhlaups occur at?

A

Constructive plate margin volcanoes (cinder cone, fissure eruption)

85
Q

What type of volcano in most cases represents a significant hazard?

A

Large composite volcanoes;

86
Q

What type of plate boundary do large composite volcanoes, in most cases, represent a significant hazard?

A

Convergent plate margin (destructive)

87
Q

What do large composite volcanoes found at destructive plate margins have that represents a significant danger?

A

Lava flows; Pyroclastic flows; lahars; Extensive ash; Tephra fall

88
Q

How far do eruptions that have lava flows, pyroclastic flows, lahars and extensive ash and tephra fall effect?

A

Up to 30km from the volcanic vent;

89
Q

What type of volcano is a subduction zone volcano?

A

Composite;

90
Q

What type of volcano is a hot-spot volcano?

A

Shield;

91
Q

What type of volcano is a constructive plate margin volcano?

A

Cinder cone; Fissure eruption;

Geography: Edexel A Level (40 decks)

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