Tectonics 1.4

Question 1

What is a natural hazard?

Answer 1

Natural events; Potential to harm people/property;

Question 2

What is a disaster?

Answer 2

Realisation of the natural hazard;

Question 3

How does the UN define a natural hazard?

Answer 3

Serious disruption; Functioning of a community/society;

Question 4

What does the UN definition involve in terms of losses and impacts?

Answer 4

Widespread -
Human; Material; Economic; Environmental;

Question 5

What does the UN definition say about a community/society’s ability to cope?

Answer 5

Exceeds; Using its own resources;

Question 6

What do large insurers define a natural hazard as?

Answer 6

Economic losses ^$1.5 Million

Question 7

What does the Degg’s model show?

Answer 7

Intersection between a hazardous natural event and a vulnerable population;

Question 8

What does human/economic losses turn a natural hazard into?

Answer 8

A disaster;

Question 9

Name some hazardous natural events;

Answer 9

Earthquake; Hurricane; Landslide

Question 10

What is the death threshold for a disaster?

Answer 10

10 or more;

Question 11

What is the threshold for people affected to be considered a disaster?

Answer 11

100;

Question 12

What is the economic losses threshold in order to be considered a disaster?

Answer 12

US $1 million;

Question 13

What is unpredictable about hazards?

Answer 13

Timing; Magnitude;

Question 14

What is lack of alternatives?

Answer 14

People saying lack of options;

Question 15

What are some lack of alternatives?

Answer 15

Work; Space; Skills; Knowledge;

Question 16

What is meant by dynamic hazards?

Answer 16

Change over time affected by human influence/ cost-benefits

Question 17

What is meant by ‘Russian roulette reaction’?

Answer 17

Fatalism; acceptance of risk fatalism whatever you do

Question 18

Why is relationship between risks, hazards and people complex?

Answer 18

Unpredictability;
Lack of alternatives;
Dynamic hazards;
Russian roulette reaction;

Question 19

What is the hazard risk equation?

Answer 19

Risk = (hazard x vulnerability)/capacity to cope

Question 20

What rises if the risk of disaster rises?

Answer 20

Hazard magnitude;

Question 21

What types of vulnerability rise as risk rises?

Answer 21

Poverty;
Lack of preparedness;
Lack of awareness of potential hazards;

Question 22

What do some communities have high levels of, which makes them resilient?

Answer 22

Capacity to cope;

Question 23

What increases capacity to cope for communities?

Answer 23

Emergency evacuation;
Rescue and relief system;
Hazard-resistant Design;
Land-use zoning;

Question 24

Why is the threshold higher for disaster for some communities?

Answer 24

Have Higher Capacity to Cope;

Question 25

What is the resilience of a community in respect to potential hazard events determined by according to the UNISDR?

Answer 25

Degree of necessary resources:
Organisation prior and during;

Question 26

What ages groups affect resilience?

Answer 26

Children;
Old people;

Question 27

What percentage of those over 60 live in less-developed regions?

Answer 27

Around 66%;

Question 28

What percentage of those over 60 live in less-developed regions expected to rise to by 2050?

Answer 28

79%

Question 29

What did the UNISDR compile highlights of the trends of ageing populations and the acceleration of risk in a world that is increasingly exposed to a range of hazard types?

Answer 29

The Disaster Risk and Age Index

Question 30

What does the PAR Model stand for?

Answer 30

The Pressure and Release Model;

Question 31

What does the PAR model suggest?

Answer 31

Socio-economic context is important

Question 32

What does the PAR model consist of?

Answer 32

Root causes;
Dynamic pressures;
Unsafe conditions;

Question 33

What do root causes, dynamic pressures and unsafe conditions combine with a natural hazard to create?

Answer 33

Disaster;

Question 34

What are the three types of impacts of tectonic hazards?

Answer 34

Social;
Economic;
Environmental;

Question 35

What do social impacts include?

Answer 35

Deaths, injury and wider health impacts including psychological ones

Question 36

What do economic impacts include?

Answer 36

The loss of property, businesses, infrastructure and opportunity

Question 37

What do environmental impacts include?

Answer 37

Damage or destruction of physical systems, especially ecosystems

Question 38

In the last 30 years, how has the impacts of volcanic eruptions changed?

Answer 38

Small and declining impacts, especially death tolls

Question 39

In the last 30 years, how has the impacts of earthquakes changed?

Answer 39

Large impacts, as significant earthquakes are common and widespread

Question 40

In the last 30 years, how has the impacts of Tsunamis changed?

Answer 40

Very large impacts from a small number of events

Question 41

Generally, what is a low impact in developed countries?

Answer 41

Deaths;

Question 42

What is a high impact in developed and emerging economies?

Answer 42

Economic losses;