Tectonics 1.4 Flashcards
What is a natural hazard?
Natural events; Potential to harm people/property;
What is a disaster?
Realisation of the natural hazard;
How does the UN define a natural hazard?
Serious disruption; Functioning of a community/society;
What does the UN definition involve in terms of losses and impacts?
Widespread -
Human; Material; Economic; Environmental;
What does the UN definition say about a community/society’s ability to cope?
Exceeds; Using its own resources;
What do large insurers define a natural hazard as?
Economic losses ^$1.5 Million
What does the Degg’s model show?
Intersection between a hazardous natural event and a vulnerable population;
What does human/economic losses turn a natural hazard into?
A disaster;
Name some hazardous natural events;
Earthquake; Hurricane; Landslide
What is the death threshold for a disaster?
10 or more;
What is the threshold for people affected to be considered a disaster?
100;
What is the economic losses threshold in order to be considered a disaster?
US $1 million;
What is unpredictable about hazards?
Timing; Magnitude;
What is lack of alternatives?
People saying lack of options;
What are some lack of alternatives?
Work; Space; Skills; Knowledge;
What is meant by dynamic hazards?
Change over time affected by human influence/ cost-benefits
What is meant by ‘Russian roulette reaction’?
Fatalism; acceptance of risk fatalism whatever you do
Why is relationship between risks, hazards and people complex?
Unpredictability;
Lack of alternatives;
Dynamic hazards;
Russian roulette reaction;
What is the hazard risk equation?
Risk = (hazard x vulnerability)/capacity to cope
What rises if the risk of disaster rises?
Hazard magnitude;
What types of vulnerability rise as risk rises?
Poverty;
Lack of preparedness;
Lack of awareness of potential hazards;
What do some communities have high levels of, which makes them resilient?
Capacity to cope;
What increases capacity to cope for communities?
Emergency evacuation;
Rescue and relief system;
Hazard-resistant Design;
Land-use zoning;
Why is the threshold higher for disaster for some communities?
Have Higher Capacity to Cope;
What is the resilience of a community in respect to potential hazard events determined by according to the UNISDR?
Degree of necessary resources:
Organisation prior and during;
What ages groups affect resilience?
Children;
Old people;
What percentage of those over 60 live in less-developed regions?
Around 66%;
What percentage of those over 60 live in less-developed regions expected to rise to by 2050?
79%
What did the UNISDR compile highlights of the trends of ageing populations and the acceleration of risk in a world that is increasingly exposed to a range of hazard types?
The Disaster Risk and Age Index
What does the PAR Model stand for?
The Pressure and Release Model;
What does the PAR model suggest?
Socio-economic context is important
What does the PAR model consist of?
Root causes;
Dynamic pressures;
Unsafe conditions;
What do root causes, dynamic pressures and unsafe conditions combine with a natural hazard to create?
Disaster;
What are the three types of impacts of tectonic hazards?
Social;
Economic;
Environmental;
What do social impacts include?
Deaths, injury and wider health impacts including psychological ones
What do economic impacts include?
The loss of property, businesses, infrastructure and opportunity
What do environmental impacts include?
Damage or destruction of physical systems, especially ecosystems
In the last 30 years, how has the impacts of volcanic eruptions changed?
Small and declining impacts, especially death tolls
In the last 30 years, how has the impacts of earthquakes changed?
Large impacts, as significant earthquakes are common and widespread
In the last 30 years, how has the impacts of Tsunamis changed?
Very large impacts from a small number of events
Generally, what is a low impact in developed countries?
Deaths;
What is a high impact in developed and emerging economies?
Economic losses;
