Technical Definitions - Respondent + Operant Conditioning

Question 1

Reflex

Answer 1

behaviors part of an antecedent stimuli-response relation

Question 2

Respondent Behavior

Answer 2

response component of a reflex (behavior is induced by antecedent stimuli)

Question 3

Phylogenic Selectionism

Answer 3

reflexes within a specific species that develop and/or change over the course of its evolution as a result contingencies of survival

Question 4

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 4

A stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning

Question 5

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 5

The behavior that is elicited, or induced by antecedent stimuli (US) without any prior learning

Question 6

Reflexive Relations (US-UR)

Answer 6

An unlearned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimuli and the respondent behavior it elicits

Question 7

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 7

A stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behavior

Question 8

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 8

A formerly neutral stimulus change (NS) that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with am unconditioned stimulus (US) or another conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 9

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 9

A learned respondent that is elicited by a previously neutral stimulus (NS) which has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) (or another [CS]), thus becoming a conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 10

Respondent Conditioning

Answer 10

is a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response (CR)

Question 11

Contiguity

Answer 11

occurs when two stimuli are experienced close together in time and/or space (temporal/spatial) and, as a result an association may be formed

Question 12

Contingency

Answer 12

with the degree in which a conditioned stimulus (CS) predicts the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 13

Operant Behavior

Answer 13

Operant behavior is behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences

Question 14

Phylogeny

Answer 14

the history of the natural evolution of a species

Question 15

Ontogeny

Answer 15

the history of the development of an individual during its lifetime

Question 16

Cultural

Answer 16

behavior is passed on from one member of a group to another-established through election by consequences for group survival

Question 17

Operant Conditioning

Answer 17

The basic process by which operant learning occurs in which consequences (stimulus changes immediately following responses) result in an increased (reinforcement) or decreased (punishment) frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future

Question 18

Consequence

Answer 18

any stimulus change after a behavior of interest-some have a significant influence on behavior, while others have little effect

Question 19

Positive

Answer 19

presentation of a stimulus (added)

Question 20

Negative

Answer 20

termination of stimulus (removed)

Question 21

Reinforcement

Answer 21

occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions

Question 22

Punishment

Answer 22

occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar circumstance

Question 23

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 23

occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a desirable stimulus that increases the future frequency of similar responses in similar conditions

Question 24

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 24

occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the removal of an aversive stimulus (or reduction in in intensity) that increases the future frequency of the similar responses in similar conditions

Question 25

Positive Punishment

Answer 25

occurs when a behavior is immediately followed by the presentation of a aversive stimulus and, as a result, decreases the future frequency of similar responses in similar conditions

Question 26

Negative Punishment

Answer 26

occurs when a behavior is immediately followed by the removal of a desirable stimulus (or a decrease in the intensity of the stimulus) and, as a result, decreases the future frequency of similar responses in similar conditions