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TEC1 - Semester 2 > TEC1 - Semester 2: Upper Extremity > Flashcards

TEC1 - Semester 2: Upper Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

Name the upper extremity joints.

A

shoulder girdle, elbow, proximal & distal radioulnar, wrist, hand, fingers

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2
Q

Which joints belong to the shoulder girdle?

A

SCJ, ACJ, GHJ

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3
Q

Describe the SCJ.

A
  • synovial diarthrotic
  • biaxial saddle joint
  • between proximal clavicle and clavicular notch at manubrium and sup. surface of first costal cartilage
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4
Q

Name the intrinsic and extrensic ligaments of the SCJ.

A

intrinsic: interclavicular, anterior & posterior sternoclavicular
extrinsic: costoclavicular

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5
Q

Describe the SCJ movements in the planes.

A

sagittal: anterior & posterior rotation
frontal: elevation, depression
transverse: protraction & retraction

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6
Q

What does humeral abduction require?

A

clavicular elevation and rotation

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7
Q

What is reciprocal movement?

A

movement at the same time but in opposite direction

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8
Q

Where does reciprocal movement occur in the clavicle?

A

at the distal and proximal ends

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8
Q

Describe the ACJ.

A
  • synovial, diarthrosis
  • plane/gliding
  • between distal clavicle and facet in acromion process
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9
Q

What are the ligaments and discs of the ACJ?

A

intrinsic: AC -> prevents post. dislocation, limits scapular rotation
extrinsic: coracoclavicular -> prevents sup. dislocation, limits scap. rot.
disc: projects into joint from superior part of capsule

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10
Q

functions of the ACJ?

A
  • gives scapula additional ROM
  • allows scapula to change shape of thorax as humerus moves
  • transmission of forces from UE to clavicle
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11
Q

What happens to scapula in ACJ movements?

A
  • abduction/flexion: scapula rotates sup.
  • adduction/extension: scapula rotates inf.
  • protraction: internal rotation
  • retraction: external rotation
  • elevation: anterior tiliting
  • depression: posterior tilting
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12
Q

Describe the GHJ.

A
  • synovial, diarthrosis
  • ball & socket
  • multiaxial
  • between humeral head and glenoid cavity
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13
Q

What are the intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments of the GHJ?

A

intrinsic: glenohumeral (sup, middle, inf.), transverse humeral, coracohumeral
extrinsic: coracoacromial

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14
Q

What are their functions?

A
  1. Superior: prevents inf. translation
  2. middle: limits ext. rotation
  3. inferior: limits ext/int rotation
  4. transverse humeral: prevents displacement of bicep tendon
  5. coracohumeral: limits inf. translation & ext. rotation
  6. coracoacromial: protection
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15
Q

in which ration do movements of scapula and humerus occur?

A

2:1 (2x GHJ: 1x Scapulothoracal) -> scapulothoracic rhythm

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16
Q

Describe the elbow joint.

A
  • synovial, diarthrosis
  • hinge, ellipsoid, pivot
  • uniaxial
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17
Q

What are the three articulations?

A
  1. humeroulnar (modified hinge)
  2. humeroradial (gliding plane)
  3. proximal radioulnar (pivot)
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18
Q

What are the ligaments of the elbow?

A
  1. medial/ulnar collateral
  2. lateral/radial collateral
  3. annular ligament
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19
Q

Functions of the ligaments?

A
  • reinforcement of capsule
  • stabilize joint in opposing varus and valgus movements
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20
Q

Describe the humeroulnar joint.

A
  • axis of rotation for flexion/extension runs through capitulum and trochlea
  • 145 degrees of active motion
  • active flexion limited by tissue approximation
  • active extension limited by boney approximation
21
Q

Describe the humeroradial joint.

A

role in stability of elbow through pronation and supination

22
Q

Describe the proximal radioulnar joint.

A
  • axis for pronation and supination from center of radial head to ulna styloid
23
Q

What is cubitus varus and valgus?

A

varus: arm carrying angle of less than 5 degrees
valgus: arm carrying angle of more than 15 degrees

24
Q

Symptoms of tennis elbow?

A
  • pain radiating from outside of elbow into forearm and wrist
  • difficulty shaking hands and gripping objects
  • difficulty turning doorknobs
  • difficulty holding cups
25
Q

Symptoms of Golfer’s elbow?

A
  • pain and tenderness on inside
  • stiffness
  • weakness
  • numbness or tingling
26
Q

Describe the distal radioulnar joint.

A
  • between head of ulna and ulnar notch of radius
  • synovial uniaxial pivot joint
  • assists in supination and pronation
27
Q

Ligaments of the joint?

A
  • ant. radioulnar ligament: from anterior margin of ulnar notch of radius to front of head of ulna
  • post. radioulnar ligaments
28
Q

What is their function?

A

stabilize the joint

29
Q

What are the wrist and hand joints?

A
  1. radiocarpal (synovial condyloid)
  2. intercarpal (synovial-plane gliding)
  3. carpal-metacarpal (synovial-plane gliding)
  4. trapezium-metacarpal (synovial saddle)
  5. metacarpal-phalangeal (synovial condyloid)
  6. interphalangeal (synovial hinge)
30
Q

Describe the radiocarpal joint.

A
  • between distal end of radius and scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum
  • radioulnar disc between ulna and carpals
  • NO ART. BETWEEN ULNA AND CARPALS!!
31
Q

Extrinsic ligaments of the wrist?

A
  1. palmar radiocarpal
  2. palmar ulnocarpal
  3. dorsal radiocarpal
  4. radial collateral
  5. ulnar collateral
32
Q

What do they do?

A

bridge carpal bones to radius and ulna

33
Q

What is their function?

A
  • stabilize the wrist joint
  • limit flexion and extension
  • limit radial and ulnar deviation
34
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the wrist?

A
  1. palmar intercarpal
  2. dorsal intercarpal
35
Q

What do they do?

A

bridge between carpal bones

36
Q

What is their function?

A
  • stabilize the carpals
  • provide stabilization between hand and forearm
37
Q

What are the most important intrinsic ligaments?

A

Scapholunate interosseous and Lunotriquetral interosseous ligament

38
Q

What is flexor retinaculum?

A

the transverse carpal ligament

39
Q

What does it do?

A
  • arches over carpus, holding flexor tendons and median nerve in place
  • creates carpal tunnel
  • attaches to pisiform & hamate (medially) and the scaphoid & trapezius (laterally)
40
Q

What is the extensor retinaculum?

A

the dorsal carpal ligament

41
Q

What does it do?

A
  • holds extensor tendons in place
  • attaches to lateral margin of radius and medially to triquetrum & pisiformis
42
Q

Describe flexion and extension in the wrist.

A

flexion: initiated in intercarpal joint
extension: initiated at mid-carpal, most occurs in radio-carpal
both: occur at radiocarpal and midcarpal joints around axis through capitate

43
Q

Describe ulnar and radial deviation?

A
  • at radiocarpal and midcarpal joints around axis through capitate
  • ulnar deviation: includes extension of prox. carpals
  • radial deviation: includes flexion of prox. carpals
44
Q

What is grip strength a measure of?

A

muscular strength, maximum force generated by forearm and hand muscles

45
Q

Describe the intercarpal joints.

A
  • between proximal carpals and distal ones
  • plane gliding joints
46
Q

Describe the carpo-metacarpal joint 1/trapeziometacarpal joint.

A
  • saddle joint
  • trapezium + 1st metacarpal
  • rotary component
47
Q

Describe the carpometacarpal joint 2&3.

A
  • between distal row of carpals and proximal end of metacarpals
  • plane gliding
  • provide more stability than mobility
48
Q

Describe carpometacarpal joints 4&5.

A
  • structurally: biaxial saddle; functionally: uniaxial hinge
  • allow flexion/extension and adduction/abduction
49
Q

Describe the metacarpal phalangeal joints.

A
  • synovial condyloid
  • flexion, extension, passive rotation
50
Q

Describe the interphalangeal joints.

A
  • synovial hinge
  • flexion, extension, passive rotation
51
Q

What are the ligaments of the hand?

A
  1. collateral
  2. deep transverse metacarpal
  3. palmar
  4. cruciate
  5. annular

TEC1 - Semester 2 (7 decks)

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