PNA 1

Question 1

what’s polydactyly?

Answer 1

more than 5 fingers

Question 2

How are x-ray images formed?

Answer 2

1. radiation source passes through body and casts shadow on film
2. shadows of tissues and body parts overlap
3. the shadows expand with distance

Question 3

What does attentuation of xrays depend on?

Answer 3

on the density and thickness of tissues

Question 4

There are five different densities depending on the anatomical structure. What are those?

Answer 4

Air: black
Fat: dark grey
Soft tissue: grey
Bone: light grey
Metal: white

Question 5

What does film density refer to?

Answer 5

The blackness of the film

Question 6

What is it determined by?

Answer 6

by the number of xray photons

Question 7

which xray factor primarily controls the density?

Answer 7

mAs (milliampere seconds). if mAs are increased, the density is also increased

Question 8

What does film contrast refer to?

Answer 8

the difference between film densities

Question 9

What is it determined by?

Answer 9

the energy produced by xray photons

Question 10

Which xray factor primarily controls the contrast?

Answer 10

KVp (kilovoltage potential). If KVp is increased, the contrast is decreased

Question 11

What are the most common radiographic positions?

Answer 11

Anterioposterior (AP)
Posteroanterior (PA)
Left & Right lateral (LL,RL)
Left & Right Anterior Oblique (LAO, RAO)
Left & Right Posterior Oblique (LPO, RPO)

Question 12

What is a fundamental low of radiographic positioning?

Answer 12

a minimum of two views at 90° must be obtained

Question 13

What is standard series?

Answer 13

list of routine views which are considered as standard set of projections for certain region

Question 14

What are optional projections?

Answer 14

non-routine views that may be employed in special circumstances for certain region

Question 15

what is a lateral decubitus position?

Answer 15

patient lying on side and the beam passes through horizontally

Question 16

when should gonadal shields be used?

Answer 16

1. when gonads lie within primary xray field
2. if clinical objective will not be compromised by it
3. if patient has reasonable reproductive potential

Question 17

How do you adjust to obese patients?

Answer 17

the fat may cause overexposure. therefore, KVp should reduced to improve the contrast

Question 18

How do you adjust to muscular patients?

Answer 18

increase in KVp of 10 from original setting

Question 19

How do you adjust to pediatric patients?

Answer 19

proper immobilization

Question 20

What is the optimal position to take xrays?

Answer 20

standing

Question 21

How can you avoid overexposure in (older) patients with decreased bone density?

Answer 21

by reducing the mAs by 25%

Question 22

What should you not do with a traumatized (as in injured) patient?

Answer 22

to properly position them. it may exacerbate the injury

Question 23

How do you prepare the patient for an examination?

Answer 23

removal of objects, maybe provide a gown, emptying of bladder or bowel if abdomen, sacrum or coccyx is going to be examined

Question 24

Why is the breath usually being held?

Answer 24

to prevent movement of body parts

Question 25

When may breathing be useful?

Answer 25

to blur out overlying structures like ribs

Question 26

When and why is either deep inspiration or expiration used?

Answer 26

inspiration: for chest and thorax to depress the diaphragm
expiration: for abdomen to elevate the diaphragm

Question 27

Typical artifacts of skull

Answer 27

hairpins, wigs, false teeth, eyeglasses, necklaces, earrings, bizzare hair styles

Question 28

Artifacts of Csp

Answer 28

hairpins, wigs, false teeth, eyeglasses, necklaces, earrings, bizarre hair styles, clothing

Question 29

Artifacts of Tsp

Answer 29

necklaces, brassieres, clothing

Question 30

Artifacts of Lsp

Answer 30

orthopedic supports, brassieres, underwear, pants with objects in pockets

Question 31

Artifacts of pelvis, hips and shoulders

Answer 31

orthopedic supports, brassieres, underwear, pants with objects in pockets