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TEC1 - Semester 2 > PNA 2 > Flashcards

PNA 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which Csp projections are there?

A

AP Open Mouth
AP Lower Cervical
Neutral Lateral
Oblique
Flexion-Extension
Articular Pillars

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2
Q

Describe AP Open Mouth (APOM)

A

FFD: 102 cm
KVp: 70
collimate: 18x24
Central ray: through uvula

mouth open as wide as possible; line joining lower border of upper incisors and mastoid processes is perpendicular to film/receptor

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3
Q

Describe AP Lower Cervical (APLC)

A

FFD, KVp, collimate same as APOM;
Central ray: hyoid (C4 body)

Line joining lower edge of chin to base of occiput is perpendicular to film

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4
Q

How should the tube be angled in APLC and why?

A

15 degrees cephalad

helps in visualization of uncinate processes and joints of Luschka

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5
Q

What does an APLC show?

A

lower five cerv. vertebrae (with their components), upper 2-3 thoracic vertebrae and ribs, medial border of clavicles, lung apices, trachea, neck muscles

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6
Q

Describe the lateral (neutral) projection

A

FFD: 183cm
KVp: 70
collimate: 18x24
central ray: C4

line joining lower edge of chin to base of occiput is perpendicular to film

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7
Q

Describe Anterior oblique

A

FFD, KVp and collimate: same as lateral
tube angulation: 15 caudad
central ray: C4

facing film, body rotated 45 degrees, turn head so face is parallel to film; marker placed behind spine

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8
Q

Describe posterior oblique

A

FFD, KVp, collimate, central ray: same as anterior oblique
tube angulation: 15 cephalad

facing tube, body rotated 45, head turned so face is parallel to film;
marker placed in front of spine

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9
Q

Describe flexion projection

A

FFD, KVp, collimate, central ray: same as ones before

chin tucked in = flexed neck

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10
Q

Describe extension projection

A

FFD, KVp, collimate, central ray: same as ones before

neck bent as much as possible

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11
Q

Extension/Flexion and Lateral demonstrate the same anatomy. What else can you assess with extension/flexion?

A

patterns of global and intersegmental motion as well as ligamentous stability

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12
Q

Describe pillar projection

A

FFD: 102cm
KVP, collimate: same
tube angulation: 35 caudad
central ray: thyroid cartilage

face turned 45 away from involved side

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13
Q

What does pillar projection demonstrate?

A

articular pillars, zygapophyseal joints, laminae, SPs

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14
Q

Describe thoracic AP

A

FFD: 102cm
KVp: 80
Central ray: C6

top of film is 2 inches above shoulders; on inspiratin

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15
Q

What does thoracic AP demonstrate?

A

Tsp, posterior rib heads, lung fields, mediastinum

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16
Q

Describe thoracic lateral

A

FFD, KVp, central ray: same as AP

top is 2 inches above shoulders, hands on opposite elbows, arms parallel to floor
during shallow breathingW

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17
Q

What does lateral demonstrate?

A

Tsp, ribs, lung fields, heart

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18
Q

Describe thoracic Swimmer’s

A

FFD: 102cm
KVp: 90
central ray: T2, anterior to tube side shoulder, through sternal notch

body rotated 20 from film. arm close to film is flexed, hand placed on head. arm close to tube is extended, placed on hip

during suspended expiration

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19
Q

What does throacic Swimmer’s demonstrate?

A

cervicothoracic junction area

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20
Q

What are the lumbar projections?

A

AP
Lateral
Oblique
AP or PA lumbosacral spot
lateral lumbosacral spot

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21
Q

Describe AP

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 90
collimate: 14x17
central ray: midline, an inch below crests

on suspended expiration

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22
Q

What does AP demonstrate?

A

lumbar vertebrae, pelvis, hips, proximal femora, soft tissues of abdomen

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23
Q

Describe Lateral

A

FFD, kVp: same as AP
collimate: 7x17
central ray: an inch above crests, midway between ASIS and PSIS

arms on opposite shoulders, on suspended expiration, if >45 years: 14x17

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24
Q

What does lateral demonstrate?

A

T12-L5, sacrum, coccyx, soft tissues of pelvis, abdomen and lower chest

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25
Q

Describe Anterior Oblique

A

FFD, kVp: same as AP
collimate: 10x12
central ray: an inch above crest, 2 inches above SP on raised side

semi-prone/standing, body rotated 45, on suspended expiration, marker behind spine

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26
Q

What does anterior oblique demonstrate?

A

posterior neural arch elements, TPs, pedicle, articulating processes, facet joints, pars interarticularis, lamina
+ vertebral bodies and abdominal soft tissues

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27
Q

Describe Posterior Oblique

A

FFD, kVp and collimate same as AO
central ray: an inch aboce crests, 2 inches medial to ASIS

semi-prone/standing, body rotated 45, on suspended expiration, marker in front of spine

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28
Q

Describe AP lumbosacral spot

A

FFD, kVp, collimate: same
tube angulation: 25 cephalad
central ray: midline, level ASIS

no gonadal shielding

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29
Q

Describe PA lumbosacral spot

A

FFD, kVp, collimate: same
tube angulation: 25 caudad
central ray: midline, level ASIS

no gonadal shielding

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30
Q

What does PA lumbosacral spot demonstrate?

A

L5 vertebrae, L5-S1 disc, upper sacrum, SIJ

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31
Q

Describe lateral lumbosacral spot

A

FFD, kVp: same
collimate: 8x10
central ray: 1-2 inches below crest, 3-4 inches anterior to posterior body surfaces

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32
Q

Describe Flexion/Extension

A

FFD, kVp: same
collimate: 10x12
central ray: at crests, 2 inches posterior to mid-axillary line

patient seated. either flexed or extended

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33
Q

Describe left lateral bending

A

FFD, kVp, collimate: same as flexion/extension
central ray: midline, 1 inch above crests

patient seated. bent either to left or right

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34
Q

Describe sacrum AP

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 80
collimate: 10x12
tube angulation: 15 cephalad
central ray: midline, between pubic symphisis and ASIS

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35
Q

What does it demonstrate?

A

sacrum, SIJ, coccyx, lumbosacral joint

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36
Q

Describe sacrum lateral

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 90
collimate: 10x12
central ray: at ASIS, 3 inches posterior to mid-axillary line

37
Q

What does it demonstrate?

A

sacrum, lumbosacral joint, coccyx, presacral soft tissues

38
Q

Describe AP coccyx

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 80
collimate: 8x10
tube angulation: 10 caudad
central ray: midline, 2 inches posterior to pubic symphysis

39
Q

What does it demonstrate?

A

coccyx, lower sacrum

40
Q

Describe lateral coccyx

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 90
collimate: 10x12
central ray: an inch superior to greater trochanter, 5 inches posterior to mid-axillary line

41
Q

What does it demonstrate?

A

coccyx and lower sacrum

42
Q

Describe full spine AP

A

FFD: 84 inches
kVp: 90
collimate: 14x36
central ray: xiphoid process

filter top half, OM, gonadal and breast shielding, on suspended expiration

43
Q

Describe AP hip

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 80
collimate: 17x14
central ray: midline, midway between pubic symphysis, iliac crests

feet medially rotated 15

44
Q

What does it demonstrate?

A

acetabulum, pelvis, joint space, femoral head, neck, trochanters, proximal diaphysis

45
Q

Describe frog leg hip

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 80
collimate: 10x12
central ray: midpoint of line between ASIS and pubic symphysis, 2 inches away from umbilicus

legs in frog leg position

46
Q

What does it demonstrate?

A

acetabulum, pelvis, joint space, femoral head, neck, trochanters, proximal diaphysis

47
Q

Describe AP knee

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 70
collimate: 8x10
tube angulation: 5 cephalad
central ray: apex of patella

foot medially rotated

48
Q

Describe lateral knee

A

FFP, kVp, collimate: same as AP
tube angulation: 12 cephalad
central ray: anterior border of medial tibial condyle

49
Q

Describe knee tunnel

A

FFD, kVp, collimate: same
central ray: through popliteal space

patient on all fours, weight on uneffected side

50
Q

Describe alternate knee tunnel

A

FFD, kVp, collimate: same
tube angulation: 45 caudad
central ray: popliteal space

knee flexed 45

51
Q

Describe skyline knee

A

FFD, kVp, collimate: same
central ray: perpendicular through joint space

patient prone, hyperflexion of knee

52
Q

Describe ankle AP

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 60
collimate: half of 10x12
central ray: perpendicular through mid-malleolar plane

slight dorsiflexion, leg medially rotated

53
Q

Describe ankle medial oblique

A

FFD, kVp, collimate: same
central ray: at level of malleoli

leg medially rotate, so intermalleolar line forms 35-45 degree angle with cassette

54
Q

Describe lateral ankle

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 60
collimate: 8x10
central ray: through medial malleolus

slight dorsiflexion, lateral part of affected ankle in contact with cassette

55
Q

Describe dorsiplantar foot

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 50
collimate: half of 10x12
tube angulation: 10 cephalad
central ray: base 3rd metatarsal

56
Q

Describe medial oblique foot

A

FFD, kVp, collimate: same
central ray: base 3rd metatarsal

leg medially rotated so plantar surface forms 45 angle with cassette

57
Q

Describe foot lateral

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 50
collimate: 8x10
central ray: mid-foot at navicular

lateral part of foot against cassette. ankle dorsiflexed to 90

58
Q

Describe tangenital calcaneous foot

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 55
collimate: 8x10
tube angulation: 40 cephalad
central ray: 2 inches above base of calcaneous

foot dorsiflexed to 90

59
Q

Describe dorsiplantar and oblique toes

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 50
collimate: half of 8x10
central ray: through PIP joint

60
Q

Describe AP external rotation shoulder

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 70
collimate: 10x12
central ray: coracoid process

patient angled 35, UL externally rotated

61
Q

Describe AP internal rotation shoulder

A

FFD, kVp, collimate: same
central ray: coracoid process

patient angled 35, UL internally rotated

62
Q

Describe abduction shoulder

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 70
collimate: 12x10
central ray: coracoid process

patient angled 35, humerus abducted 90, elbow flexed 90

63
Q

Describe transthoracic lateral humerus shoulder

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 90
collimate: 10x12
tube angulation: 10 cephalad
central ray: mid-humeral shaft

on full inspiration

64
Q

Describe AP ACJ

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 70
collimate: 8x10
tube angulation: 5 cephalad
central ray: through ACJ

2 scans. one with and one without 15 pound weight

65
Q

Describe AP elbow

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 60
collimate: quarter of 10x12
central ray: antecubital fossa

shoulder and elbow on same plane, hand supinated

66
Q

Describe oblique elbow

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 60
collimate: quarter of 10x12
central ray: perpendicular to antecubital fossa

shoulder and elbow on same plane, hand pronated

67
Q

Describe lateral elbow

A

FFD, kVp, collimate: same
central ray: through elbow joint

elbow flexed 90, hand lateral, ulnar aspect on cassette, humerus and forearm on same plane

68
Q

Describe Jone’s tangential elbow

A

FFD, kVp, collimate: same
central ray: 2 inches above olecranin process

elbow hyperflexed, distal humerus on cassette

69
Q

Describe PA wrist

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 60
collimate: quarter of 10x12
central ray: through mid-carpals

loosely clenched fist

70
Q

Describe PA Ulnar Deviation Wrist

A

FFD, kVp, collimate: same
central ray: through scaphoid

extreme ulnar flexion

71
Q

Describe lateral wrist

A

FFD, kVp, collimate: same
central ray: at radial styloid

forearm lateral

72
Q

Describe PA hand

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 50
collimate: 8x10
central ray: head of third metacarpal

73
Q

What does it demonstrate?

A

oblique view of thumb

74
Q

Describe medial oblique hand

A

FFD, kVp, collimate: same
central ray: head of 2nd metacarpal

75
Q

What does it demonstrate?

A

lateral view of thumb

76
Q

Describe lateral hand

A

FFD, kVp, collimate: same
central ray: head of 2nd metacarpal

hand rests on ulnar aspect, fingers should be positioned so that they dont superimpose

77
Q

Describe bilateral Ballcatcher’s hand

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 50
collimate: 10x12
central ray: centre of cassette

hands cupped, 5th metacarpal joints are in contact with cassette

78
Q

Describe PA, Oblique and Lateral fingers

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 50
collimate: third of 8x10
central ray: through PIP

79
Q

Describe AP thumb

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 50
collimate: third of 8x10
central ray: through interphalangeal joint

hand in extreme internal rotation, so thumb rests on posterior surface

80
Q

Describe lateral thumb

A

FFD, kVp, collimate: same
central ray: through interphalangeal joint

81
Q

What are the skull projections?

A

Lateral
PA Caldwell’s
Lateral sinuses
Water’s Projection for sinuses, orbits, zygomatic arches

82
Q

What does the lateral projection demonstrate?

A

lateral cranial structures closest to bucky, sella turcica, sphenoid sinus, occipitocervical junction, calvarium

83
Q

What does PA Caldwell’s projection demonstrate?

A

frontal bone, frontal sinus, ethmoid sinus, orbits, sphenoid wings, petrous ridges, internal auditory canals

84
Q

What does lateral sinus and facial bones projection demonstrate?

A

maxilla, hard palate, maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinus, sphenoid sinus, frontal sinus, orbits

85
Q

What does Water’s projection demonstrate?

A

maxillary sinuses, ethmoid sinuses, frontal sinuses, orbits, zygomatic arches

86
Q

Describe PA chest

A

FFD: 72 inches
kVp: 100-110
collimate: 14x17
central ray: centre of cassette

on 2nd deep inspiration

87
Q

Describe lateral chest

A

FFD, kVp, collimate: same
central ray: centre of cassette

patients arms crossed overhead, on 2nd deep inspiration

88
Q

Describe Apical Lordotic Chest

A

FFD, kVp, collimate: same
tube angulation: 35 cephalad
central ray: centre of cassette

89
Q

Describe AP KUS (kidney, ureter, bladder) abdomen

A

FFD: 102cm
kVp: 70
collimate: 14x17
central ray: midline, at level of iliac crests

on suspended expiration

TEC1 - Semester 2 (10 decks)

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