PNA 3

Question 1

What is the basilar impression?

Answer 1

describes the condition of a relative cephalad position of the cervical vertebrae in relation to base of skull (vertebrae is positioned higher than normal)

Question 2

What is occipitalzation of the atlas?

Answer 2

= fusion of atlas with occiput

Question 3

Where are the sites of fusion in a complete fusion?

Answer 3

fusion of anterior + posterior arches with occiput & bilateral atlanto-occipital joint fusion

Question 4

How is an incomplete fusion called and where does it occur?

Answer 4

= hemi-occipitalization

fusion of anterior OR posterior arch with occiput & fusion or asymmetry of C0-C1 articulations

Question 5

What is agenesis of the atlas posterior arch?

Answer 5

lack of ossification of posterior arch of the atlas

Question 6

What is the characteristic triad of a complete agenesis?

Answer 6

absence of atlas posterior arch, union of posterior tubercle to axis SP, (compensatory) enlargement and sclerosis of anterior arch

Question 7

What can C1-C2 accessory joints result in?

Answer 7

limited flexion and extension, suboccipital pain

Question 8

What is spina bifida occulta of atlas?

Answer 8

failure in midline ossfication of C1 neural arch

Question 9

What is spondyloschisus?

Answer 9

non-union of the posterior arches of the atlas

Question 10

What are ponticles of the atlas?

Answer 10

calcification of oblique portion of atlanto-occipital membrane

Question 11

What does the atlanto-occipital membrane bridge?

Answer 11

posterior lateral mass and posterior arch

Question 12

What is ossiculum terminale of Bergmann?

Answer 12

a single ossicle that lies adjacent to the tip of the odontoid process

Question 13

What is os odontoideum?

Answer 13

non-union of the dens with axis body

Question 14

What is a hypoplastic odontoid process?

Answer 14

the odontoid process is an abbreviated remnant stump

Question 15

What indicates instability in the case of an hypoplastic odontoid process?

Answer 15

a lateral shift of atlas on axis

Question 16

What is an agenetic odontoid process?

Answer 16

complete lack of an osseous odontoid process; no stump

Question 17

When can instability be observed in the case of an agenetic odontoid process?

Answer 17

on flexion and extension; since the odontoid process is missing, atlas can translate significantly

Question 18

Whats a block vertebrae?

Answer 18

failure of normal spinal segmentation which results in fusion of one ore more vertebral segments

Question 19

What is arthrodesis?

Answer 19

surgically fused vertebrae

Question 20

What is synostosis?

Answer 20

congenital fusion of vertebrae

Question 21

What is Sprengel’s deformity?

Answer 21

shoulder fails to descend properly from neck to final position

Question 22

What other conditions is Sprengel’s deformity usually associated with?

Answer 22

Klippel-Feil syndrome, congenital scoliosis, fused rubs, omovertebral bone (extra bone between scapula and cervical vertebra) and spina bifida

Question 23

What is Klippel-Feil Syndrome?

Answer 23

congenital fusions of more than one segment

Question 24

What else does it go along with?

Answer 24

short, webbed neck
low hairline
Sprengel’s deformity
reduced cervical ROM

Question 25

What is cervical spondylolisthesis?

Answer 25

anterior or posterior translation of the vertebral body

Question 26

What is it the result of?

Answer 26

congenital or traumatic separation between vertebral body and posterior neural arch

Question 27

What is a cervical rib?

Answer 27

a bony process that originates from C7 and form articulations with TP and vertebral body

Question 28

What is a nuchal bone?

Answer 28

ossification of the ligamentum nuchae

Question 29

What is a butterfly vertebrae?

Answer 29

failure of regression of chorda dorsalis or failure of lateral ossification centers of vertebral bodies to unite

Question 30

What is a hemivertebrae?

Answer 30

lack of formation of one half of a vertebrae

Question 31

What does a lateral hemivertebrae result in?

Answer 31

scoliosis

Question 32

What does a dorsal hemivertebrae result in?

Answer 32

focal angular kyphosis

Question 33

What is the winking owl sign?

Answer 33

absence of one pedicle

Question 34

What are Schmorl's nodes?

Answer 34

when the NP breakes through the vertebral endplate into intraosseous areas

Question 35

What is a limbus bone?

Answer 35

a triangular bony ossicle. its typically located anterosuperiorly or anteroinferiorly

Question 36

What does it represent?

Answer 36

anterior herniation of disc material. it's considered a type of Schmorl's node

Question 37

What is an intercalary bone?

Answer 37

small bony ossicle in the anterior vertebral interspace

Question 38

What does it represent?

Answer 38

calcification of the ALL or outer annular fibers

Question 39

What is a nuclear impression?

Answer 39

endplate depression or invagination secondary to notochordal remnant

Question 40

What is agenesis of the lumbar pedicle?

Answer 40

absence of lumbar pedicle, which is a failure of ossification within the neural arch

Question 41

What is spina bifida vera?

Answer 41

bony defect in posterior arch in more than one segment, with protrusion of spinal cord contents

Question 42

What is a lumbosacral transitional vertebrae?

Answer 42

lowest lumbar or upper sacral vertebrae has characteristics of both areas

Question 43

What is sacralization?

Answer 43

L5 has sacral characteristics, resulting in 4 lumbar vertebrae

Question 44

What is lumbarization?

Answer 44

S1 has lumbar characteristics, resulting in 6 lumbar vertebrae

Question 45

What is facet tropism?

Answer 45

variations in the plane of zygapophyseal joints of more than 5 degrees

Question 46

What is a knife-clasp deformity?

Answer 46

elongation of L5 SP, invaginating into a spina bifida occulta

Question 47

What is a von Luschka's bifurcated rib?

Answer 47

anterior end of the upper rib is forked

Question 48

What is a rib foramen?

Answer 48

a foramen in the posterior part of a lower rib develops

Question 49

What is rib synostosis?

Answer 49

fusion between ribs (can be several segments)

Question 50

What is a Srb's anomaly?

Answer 50

partial or complete fusion of first and second ribs

Question 51

What is pectus axcavatum?

Answer 51

exaggerated anterior concavity of sternum

Question 52

What is pectus carinatum?

Answer 52

sternum bowed anteriorly and creates a pigeon breast chest

Question 53

What is straight back syndrome?

Answer 53

similar to pectus excavatum inferiorly angled ribs, horizontal posterior ribs, depressed sternum, thoracic kyphosis is reduced

Question 54

What does straight back syndrome cause?

Answer 54

- ejection murmurs (decreases when sitting or inspiring) - increased incidence of mitral valve prolapse

Question 55

What is coxa vara & valga?

Answer 55

normal femoral angle between neck and shaft: 120-130 coxa vara: <120 coxa valga: >130

Question 56

How is coxa vara caused?

Answer 56

by the failure of the medial growth of the physeal plate