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TEC1 - Semester 2 > PNA 3 > Flashcards

PNA 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basilar impression?

A

describes the condition of a relative cephalad position of the cervical vertebrae in relation to base of skull (vertebrae is positioned higher than normal)

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2
Q

What is occipitalzation of the atlas?

A

= fusion of atlas with occiput

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3
Q

Where are the sites of fusion in a complete fusion?

A

fusion of anterior + posterior arches with occiput & bilateral atlanto-occipital joint fusion

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4
Q

How is an incomplete fusion called and where does it occur?

A

= hemi-occipitalization

fusion of anterior OR posterior arch with occiput & fusion or asymmetry of C0-C1 articulations

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5
Q

What is agenesis of the atlas posterior arch?

A

lack of ossification of posterior arch of the atlas

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6
Q

What is the characteristic triad of a complete agenesis?

A

absence of atlas posterior arch, union of posterior tubercle to axis SP, (compensatory) enlargement and sclerosis of anterior arch

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7
Q

What can C1-C2 accessory joints result in?

A

limited flexion and extension, suboccipital pain

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8
Q

What is spina bifida occulta of atlas?

A

failure in midline ossfication of C1 neural arch

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9
Q

What is spondyloschisus?

A

non-union of the posterior arches of the atlas

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10
Q

What are ponticles of the atlas?

A

calcification of oblique portion of atlanto-occipital membrane

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11
Q

What does the atlanto-occipital membrane bridge?

A

posterior lateral mass and posterior arch

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12
Q

What is ossiculum terminale of Bergmann?

A

a single ossicle that lies adjacent to the tip of the odontoid process

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13
Q

What is os odontoideum?

A

non-union of the dens with axis body

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14
Q

What is a hypoplastic odontoid process?

A

the odontoid process is an abbreviated remnant stump

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15
Q

What indicates instability in the case of an hypoplastic odontoid process?

A

a lateral shift of atlas on axis

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16
Q

What is an agenetic odontoid process?

A

complete lack of an osseous odontoid process; no stump

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17
Q

When can instability be observed in the case of an agenetic odontoid process?

A

on flexion and extension; since the odontoid process is missing, atlas can translate significantly

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18
Q

Whats a block vertebrae?

A

failure of normal spinal segmentation which results in fusion of one ore more vertebral segments

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19
Q

What is arthrodesis?

A

surgically fused vertebrae

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20
Q

What is synostosis?

A

congenital fusion of vertebrae

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21
Q

What is Sprengel’s deformity?

A

shoulder fails to descend properly from neck to final position

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22
Q

What other conditions is Sprengel’s deformity usually associated with?

A

Klippel-Feil syndrome, congenital scoliosis, fused rubs, omovertebral bone (extra bone between scapula and cervical vertebra) and spina bifida

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23
Q

What is Klippel-Feil Syndrome?

A

congenital fusions of more than one segment

24
Q

What else does it go along with?

A

short, webbed neck
low hairline
Sprengel’s deformity
reduced cervical ROM

25
Q

What is cervical spondylolisthesis?

A

anterior or posterior translation of the vertebral body

26
Q

What is it the result of?

A

congenital or traumatic separation between vertebral body and posterior neural arch

27
Q

What is a cervical rib?

A

a bony process that originates from C7 and form articulations with TP and vertebral body

28
Q

What is a nuchal bone?

A

ossification of the ligamentum nuchae

29
Q

What is a butterfly vertebrae?

A

failure of regression of chorda dorsalis or failure of lateral ossification centers of vertebral bodies to unite

30
Q

What is a hemivertebrae?

A

lack of formation of one half of a vertebrae

31
Q

What does a lateral hemivertebrae result in?

A

scoliosis

32
Q

What does a dorsal hemivertebrae result in?

A

focal angular kyphosis

33
Q

What is the winking owl sign?

A

absence of one pedicle

34
Q

What are Schmorl’s nodes?

A

when the NP breakes through the vertebral endplate into intraosseous areas

35
Q

What is a limbus bone?

A

a triangular bony ossicle. its typically located anterosuperiorly or anteroinferiorly

36
Q

What does it represent?

A

anterior herniation of disc material. it’s considered a type of Schmorl’s node

37
Q

What is an intercalary bone?

A

small bony ossicle in the anterior vertebral interspace

38
Q

What does it represent?

A

calcification of the ALL or outer annular fibers

39
Q

What is a nuclear impression?

A

endplate depression or invagination secondary to notochordal remnant

40
Q

What is agenesis of the lumbar pedicle?

A

absence of lumbar pedicle, which is a failure of ossification within the neural arch

41
Q

What is spina bifida vera?

A

bony defect in posterior arch in more than one segment, with protrusion of spinal cord contents

42
Q

What is a lumbosacral transitional vertebrae?

A

lowest lumbar or upper sacral vertebrae has characteristics of both areas

43
Q

What is sacralization?

A

L5 has sacral characteristics, resulting in 4 lumbar vertebrae

44
Q

What is lumbarization?

A

S1 has lumbar characteristics, resulting in 6 lumbar vertebrae

45
Q

What is facet tropism?

A

variations in the plane of zygapophyseal joints of more than 5 degrees

46
Q

What is a knife-clasp deformity?

A

elongation of L5 SP, invaginating into a spina bifida occulta

47
Q

What is a von Luschka’s bifurcated rib?

A

anterior end of the upper rib is forked

48
Q

What is a rib foramen?

A

a foramen in the posterior part of a lower rib develops

49
Q

What is rib synostosis?

A

fusion between ribs (can be several segments)

50
Q

What is a Srb’s anomaly?

A

partial or complete fusion of first and second ribs

51
Q

What is pectus axcavatum?

A

exaggerated anterior concavity of sternum

52
Q

What is pectus carinatum?

A

sternum bowed anteriorly and creates a pigeon breast chest

53
Q

What is straight back syndrome?

A

similar to pectus excavatum
inferiorly angled ribs, horizontal posterior ribs, depressed sternum, thoracic kyphosis is reduced

54
Q

What does straight back syndrome cause?

A
  • ejection murmurs (decreases when sitting or inspiring)
  • increased incidence of mitral valve prolapse
55
Q

What is coxa vara & valga?

A

normal femoral angle between neck and shaft: 120-130

coxa vara: <120
coxa valga: >130

56
Q

How is coxa vara caused?

A

by the failure of the medial growth of the physeal plate

TEC1 - Semester 2 (10 decks)

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