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TEC1 - Semester 2 > TEC1 - Semester 2: Lower Extremity > Flashcards

TEC1 - Semester 2: Lower Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the LE?

A
  • locomotion
  • carry weight of entire erect body
  • subject to exceptional forces
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2
Q

What are the components of the LE?

A

femur, patella, tibia & fibula, bones of foot

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3
Q

Describe the femur.

A
  • largest, longest and strongest bone
  • larger Q-angle in women
  • articulates with acetabulum, tibia and patella
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4
Q

Describe the patella.

A
  • sesamoid bone; contained within patellar ligament
  • improves leverage of thigh muscles
  • articulates with femur
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5
Q

Describe the tibia.

A
  • receives body weight from femur and transmits it to foot
  • articulates with femur, fibula (proximally and distally), interosseous membrane
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6
Q

Describe the fibula.

A
  • NOT weight bearing
  • increases surface for muscle attachment
  • stabilizes ankle joint
  • articulates with tibia, lateral talus and interosseous membrane
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7
Q

Describe the hip joint.

A
  • between femur and acetabulum
  • ball and socket joint
  • multiaxial synovial, diarthrodial
  • good ROM
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8
Q

Describe the knee joint (femur + tibia)

A
  • modified hinge joint
  • biaxial synovial, diarthrodial
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9
Q

Describe the knee joint (femur + patella)

A
  • plane joint
  • uniaxial synovial, diarthrodial
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10
Q

Describe the proximal tibia + fibula joint.

A
  • plane gliding
  • synovial, diarthrodial
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11
Q

Describe the distal tibia + fibula joint.

A
  • fibrous
  • synarthrotic
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12
Q

Describe the ankle joint.

A
  • between tibia, fibula, talus
  • hinge
  • uniaxial synovial, diarthrodial
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13
Q

What does the joint stability in the lower limb depend on?

A
  • stability in hip, knee and ankle joints
  • stability of dynamic structures (muscle, tendon, fascia): ability to adjust length in response to demands
  • integrity of ligaments in flexion and extension
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14
Q

What is the Angle of Inclination?

A

angle between long axis of neck of femur and shaft in frontal plane

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15
Q

Where is the normal angle of inclination?

A

115-140 degrees. usually less in women

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16
Q

What is Coxa Vara?

A

when angle is less than 115 degrees

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17
Q

What does coxa vara result in?

A
  • shortening of limb
  • reduction of load on femoral head
  • load on femoral neck increased
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18
Q

Causes for coxa vara?

A

trauma, congenital, Paget’s disease, Perthe’s disease, osteomyelitis, osteogenesis imperfecta, tumors

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19
Q

What is coxa valga?

A

when angle is greater than 140 degrees

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20
Q

What does coxa valga result in?

A
  • lengthening of limb
  • reduction of load on femoral neck
  • load on femoral head is increased
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21
Q

Causes for Coxa Valga?

A

skeletal disease, spasticity, cerebral palsy, spinal dystrophism, poliomyelitis

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22
Q

What is the angle of torsion?

A

angle of femoral neck in the transverse planew

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23
Q

what is the normal angle of torsion?

A

12-15 degrees

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24
Q

What is anteversion?

A

angle of torsion is >15 degrees

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25
Q

What happens to the femur in anteversion?

A

internal rotation of femur -> toes face inward

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26
Q

What is retroversion?

A

angle of torsion is <15 degrees

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27
Q

What happens to the femur in retroversion?

A

external rotation of femur -> toes out

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28
Q

Name the hip ligaments.

A

iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, ligamentum teres

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29
Q

Describe the iliofemoral ligament.

A
  • one of the strongest in the body
  • anterior
  • v-shaped
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30
Q

Describe the pubofemoral ligament.

A
  • medial inferior
  • blends with iliofemoral
  • limits abduction and external hip rotation
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31
Q

Describe the ischiofemoral ligament.

A
  • posterior
  • spirals around to ant greater trochanter
  • limits internal rotation
32
Q

Describe the ligamentum teres.

A
  • intracapsular lig
  • attaches head of femur to floor of acetabulum
  • contains an artery
33
Q

Which function do all four ligs perform?

A

limit extension of the hip

34
Q

Where is the COG and how is the weight distributed in bilateral limb stance?

A

COG: between the two hips, equal force exerted on both hips
weight: body weight minus that of the legs is supported equally on femoral heads

35
Q

What happens in single leg stance?

A
  • COG moves distally and away from the supporting leg
  • non-supporting leg becomes a part of the body mass and acts upon weight-bearing hip
  • stance leg abductors offset the change in COG
36
Q

What does the knee joint do?

A

flexion and extension in sagittal plane, small rotational component in transverse plane

37
Q

Which muscle tendons reinforce the capusle?

A

quadriceps, semimembranosus

38
Q

What is the Q angle?

A

angle formed between the quadriceps muscles and the patella tendon

39
Q

What is the normal Q angle in males and females?

A

m: 10-14
f: 15-17

40
Q

What is genu valgum & varus?

A

genu valgum: >20
genu varus: <10

41
Q

Name the ligaments of the knee.

A

medial & collateral ligaments, ACL, PCL, ligamentum patallae

42
Q

What do the medial & lateral collateral ligaments do?

A

protect against valgus strain

43
Q

Which function do all ligaments perform?

A

prevent excessive extension

44
Q

What is the Pes Anserine of the knee?

A

insertion of the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus muscles

45
Q

Describe the ACL and PCL.

A

ACL: protects against anterior shear forces. Taut during extension.
PCL: protects against posterior
shear forces. Taut during Flexion

46
Q

What are functions of the menisci?

A
  • shock absorption
  • increase congruency between condyles of femur and those of tibia
  • moves synovial fluid through joint
47
Q

What happens in the locking mechanism of the knee?

A

femoral condyles roll on tibial condyles mostly in sagittal plane. in the last few degrees of extension, it slightly rotates in transverse plane to lock the knee

48
Q

How does the locking mechanism effect the tibia and the ACL?

A

tibia: rotates laterally
ACL: becomes taut -> also causes external rotation of tibia

49
Q

How is the knee unlocked?

A

by contraction of popliteus -> femur rotates laterally and tibia medially

50
Q

What are the functions of the patella?

A
  • reduce tendon/ligament strain
  • spread forces to condyles
  • increase force of quadriceps
51
Q

What are the ligaments of the prox. tibiofibular joints?

A

Anterior & Posterior Tib-Fib, Lat collateral ligament

52
Q

What are the main joints of the foot and ankle?

A
  • ankle: tibia/fibula and talus
  • intertarsal and tarsal-metatarsal
  • metatarsal-phalangeal
    -interphalangeal
53
Q

Describe the ankle joint.

A

Hinge, uniaxial, synovial, diarthrodial

54
Q

Describe the intertarsal & tarsal-metatarsal joints.

A
  • Plane, ball and socket, condyloid
  • Synovial, diarthrodial
55
Q

Describe the metatarsal-phalangeal joints.

A

Condyloid, synovial, diarthrodial

56
Q

Describe the interphalangeal joints.

A

Hinge, uniaxial, synovial, diarthrodial

57
Q

What are the functions of the foot and ankle?

A
  1. support of body weight
  2. lever to propel body forward
  3. shock absorber
58
Q

What are distal tib-fib ligaments?

A

inf. ant. & post. tib-fib, transverse tib-fib ligaments

59
Q

Other joints of ankle and foot?

A

> talo-crural
subtalar
talo-calcaneal-navicular
calcaneo-cuboid

60
Q

Describe the talo-crural joint.

A
  • synovial, uniaxial, hinge
  • between sup. talus and inf. surface of medial malleolus (of tibia)
  • between lat. talus and med. surface of lateral malleolus (of fibula)
61
Q

Lateral collateral Talo-crural ligaments?

A

Anterior & posterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament

62
Q

What is their function?

A

resist inversion of ankle

63
Q

Medial collateral talo-crural ligaments?

A

Anterior & Posterior tibiotalar lig., tibiocalcaneal and tibionavicular

64
Q

What is their function?

A

resist eversion of ankle

65
Q

Which movements does the joint allow?

A

plantarflexion and dorsiflexion

66
Q

Describe the subtalar joint.

A
  • synovial condyloid
  • between ant, post and middle facets of talus and facets on calcaneus
67
Q

Ligaments of that joint?

A

interosseous, lateral, medial, posterior and anterior talo-calcaneal

68
Q

What is their function?

A

stabilize against excessive movements

69
Q

Which movements does the joint allow?

A

pronation and supination -> movement in all three axes

70
Q

Describe the talo-calcaneo-navicular joint

A
  • synovial, multi-axial, tri-planar ball and socket joint
  • between distal head of talus, prox. surface of navicular and plantal calcaneonavicular ligament
71
Q

Which movements does the joint allow?

A

pronation/ supination, inversion/eversion

72
Q

Ligaments of the joint?

A
  • talonavicular, interosseous talocalcaneal and plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
73
Q

Describe the calcaneocuboid joint.

A
  • between distal surface of calcaneus and prox. surface of cuboid
  • least mobile joint in the body
74
Q

Why is the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (=spring ligament) so important?

A

is a static restraint of medial longitudinal arch. supports head of talus from plantar and medial subluxation when standing

75
Q

Describe the interphalangeal joints.

A
  • synovial hinge joints
  • flexion and extension
76
Q

Describe the metatarsophalangeal joints.

A
  • condyloid joints
  • permit flexion, extension, adduction, abduction
77
Q

Describe the intermetatarsal joints.

A
  • plane gliding joints

TEC1 - Semester 2 (7 decks)

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