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Bacteriology I > Taxonomy & Genetics (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Taxonomy & Genetics (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the founder of modern taxonomy?

A

Carl Linnaeus

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2
Q

What are the 2 parts of the binomial nomenclature?

A
  1. genus
  2. specific epithet
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3
Q

Term for observable characteristics of bacterial cell.

A

phenotype

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4
Q

Term for total genetic complement of bacterial cell.

A

genotype

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5
Q

What is the most important genetic method used to produce phylogenetic trees for bacteria?

A

mass spectrometry

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6
Q

What domain are fungi in? Protists? E. coli?

A

fungi: eukarya
protist: eukarya
E. coli: bacteria

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7
Q

Which technique is used to identify a bacterium? Which is used to sequence a bacterial genome?

A

ID: mass spectrometry
sequence: 16S ribosomal RNA analysis

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8
Q

How many genes would be on the E. coli chromosome?

A

~3000

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9
Q

Two methods by which bacteria acquire new characteristics.

A
  1. vertical gene transfer
  2. horizontal gene transfer
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10
Q

What enzyme makes mistakes which can lead to bacterial mutations?

A

DNA polymerase

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11
Q

(T/F) All mutations change the coding sequence for proteins in bacteria.

A

False

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12
Q

3 major methods for genetic transfer between bacteria.

A
  1. transformation
  2. transduction
  3. conjugation
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13
Q

Match the genetic transfer process to each description:

  1. DNA transfer by viruses
  2. naked DNA transfer
  3. bacterial mating via direct contact
A
  1. transduction
  2. conjugation
  3. transformation
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14
Q

3 domains of the living world.

A
  1. bacteria
  2. archaea
  3. eukarya
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15
Q

________ gene transfer is DNA transfer to a non-daughter cell while _______ gene transfer is inheritance of chromosomes by daughter cells.

A

horizontal
vertical

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16
Q

Transformation requires ________ for incorporation into the bacterial chromosome.

A

recombination

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17
Q

__________ are viruses which infect bacteria.

A

bacteriophages

18
Q

What are the 2 types of transduction cycles that can occur?

A
  1. lytic cycle
  2. lysogenic cycle
19
Q

The _________ transduction cycle is where viral DNA remains dormant inside bacterial chromosome until it is under stress.

A

lysogenic cycle

20
Q

The __________ transduction cycle is when viral DNA is injected and takes over the bacterial host and eventually releases new viruses.

A

lytic

21
Q

Bacterial conjugation is important in spreading ______________.

A

antibiotic resistance

22
Q

What bacterial structure is required for conjugation to occur?

A

pilus

23
Q

Plasmids may encode virulence factors such as _______ and _______.

A

adhesions
toxins

24
Q

What causes bacteria to become a pathogen?

A

virulence plasmids

25
Q

Function of virulence plasmids.

A

allow for damage/killing of host cells or attachment for invasion

26
Q

Specialized transduction is when DNA viral is inserted near ________ in bacteria.

A

gal gene

27
Q

When viral DNA is integrated into bacterial chromosome via specialized transduction, what ability does it develop?

A

ability to metabolize galactose (due to gal gene)

28
Q

What process differs from specialized transduction in that viral DNA causes bacterial DNA to break down and become packaged into a new bacterium?

A

general transduction

29
Q

The difference of general transduction with specialized transduction is due to ____________.

A

random packaging

30
Q

What process is a high frequency event which is not accidental, compared to specialized or general transduction?

A

lysogenic conversion

31
Q

Regarding lysogenic conversion, viral DNA causes what in a bacterium?

A

new bacterial phenotype (converted to toxic strain)

32
Q

_______ plasmid cannot move itself while ________ plasmid can move itself during bacterial mating.

A

mobilizable
conjugative

33
Q

DNA segments which mediate movement of DNA within genomes.

A

mobile genetic elements

34
Q

What is the significance of mobile genetic elements?

A

increase antibiotic resistance genes

35
Q

Term for large chromosomal regions which are only present in pathogenic strains of bacteria.

A

pathogenicity islands

36
Q

Pathogenicity islands in bacterial chromosomes are next to ______ encoding genes so that this is present in all bacteria.

A

tRNA

37
Q

(T/F) Pathogenicity islands have no essential proteins, only virulence factors or accessory proteins in bacterial DNA.

A

True

38
Q

Term for the “jumping genes” where an entire region of genes can move to different plasmids or chromosome sites within a bacterium.

A

transposons

39
Q

What can transposons alter in bacteria?

A

genetic composition (up antibiotic resistance)

40
Q

(T/F) Transposons and insertion sequences are self-replicating.

A

False - only move antibiotic resistance genes between replicating molecules

Bacteriology I (15 decks)

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