Systemic Effects (Exam 1)

Question 1

What are the 3 major points in the disease triad?

Answer 1

1. host
2. environment
3. pathogen

Question 2

Term for maintenance of body in a “steady state”.

Answer 2

homeostasis

Question 3

Chief sign of bacterial infection.

Answer 3

fever

Question 4

Along with fever, what other signs are seen with bacterial infection? (4)

Answer 4

1. vasoconstriction
2. shivering
3. piloerection
4. increased metabolism

Question 5

Synonym of fever.

Answer 5

pyrexia

Question 6

Term for lack of appetite.

Answer 6

anorexia

Question 7

What is the internal body mediator of fever?

Answer 7

hypothalamus (thermoregulatory center)

Question 8

Source of endogenous pyrogens in the body.

Answer 8

mast cells

Question 9

What two types of pyrogens do mast cells produce in the body?

Answer 9

histamines + prostaglandins

Question 10

What two effects are seen in response to pyrogen production by mast cells?

Answer 10

vasodilation + vasoconstriction

Question 11

________ infection is caused by nonpathogenic normal flora bacterial species occurring due to breakdown in body defenses.

Answer 11

opportunisitc

Question 12

(T/F) Opportunistic infection usually occurs in immunocompromised individuals.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

________ infection is one which has “self-originated” or “without known cause”.

Answer 13

idiopathic

Question 14

_________ infection is acquired during residence in a veterinary hospital.

Answer 14

nosocomial

Question 15

________ infection is a result of poor veterinary surgical techniques.

Answer 15

iatrogenic

Question 16

A pyogranulomatous inflammatory response is one where the blood/tissues have ________ with greater than ____% of ______ cells.

Answer 16

neutrophils
15%
mononuclear

Question 17

A “left shift” is defined as:

Answer 17

increase in immature neutrophils

Question 18

Two principal causes of anemia from bacterial infection (during sepsis):

Answer 18

1. depression of bone marrow
2. hemolysis of RBC

Question 19

The major cause of shock in animals with bacterial infections is:

Answer 19

hypoxia (decreased oxygen delivery)

Question 20

Severe sepsis from bacterial infections leads to continuous ________ and ________ abnormalities.

Answer 20

hypotension
perfusion

Question 21

Term for presence of bacteria in circulatory system with concurrent acute and severe clinical response of the host.

Answer 21

septicemia

Question 22

Term for presence of bacteria in circulatory system with or without significant clinical response by the host.

Answer 22

bacteremia

Question 23

What major category of receptors are involved in the sepsis cascade associated with endotoxin?

Answer 23

toll-like receptors (TLR)

Question 24

What specific TLR is important in endotoxic-mediated inflammation? What does it bind?

Answer 24

TLR4
LPS

Question 25

Endotoxin refers to a toxic fraction of certain bacteria which can be isolated from:

Answer 25

cell wall of gram-negative bacteria

Question 26

Rough mutants used for vaccination to control endotoxemia have a deficiency in which part of the lipopolysaccharide?

Answer 26

outer variable oligosaccharide region

Question 27

The ability of certain bacteria to cause “shock” in an animal is related to the:

Answer 27

high level of lipopolysaccharide in the cell wall

Question 28

3 things useful in prevention/treatment of endotoxemia.

Answer 28

1. microbiome
2. probiotics/prebiotics
3. symbiotics

Question 29

Two symbiotics which can be useful in preventing endotoxemia.

Answer 29

colostrum, IgA