Systemic Effects (Exam 1) Flashcards
What are the 3 major points in the disease triad?
- host
- environment
- pathogen
Term for maintenance of body in a “steady state”.
homeostasis
Chief sign of bacterial infection.
fever
Along with fever, what other signs are seen with bacterial infection? (4)
- vasoconstriction
- shivering
- piloerection
- increased metabolism
Synonym of fever.
pyrexia
Term for lack of appetite.
anorexia
What is the internal body mediator of fever?
hypothalamus (thermoregulatory center)
Source of endogenous pyrogens in the body.
mast cells
What two types of pyrogens do mast cells produce in the body?
histamines + prostaglandins
What two effects are seen in response to pyrogen production by mast cells?
vasodilation + vasoconstriction
________ infection is caused by nonpathogenic normal flora bacterial species occurring due to breakdown in body defenses.
opportunisitc
(T/F) Opportunistic infection usually occurs in immunocompromised individuals.
True
________ infection is one which has “self-originated” or “without known cause”.
idiopathic
_________ infection is acquired during residence in a veterinary hospital.
nosocomial
________ infection is a result of poor veterinary surgical techniques.
iatrogenic
A pyogranulomatous inflammatory response is one where the blood/tissues have ________ with greater than ____% of ______ cells.
neutrophils
15%
mononuclear
A “left shift” is defined as:
increase in immature neutrophils
Two principal causes of anemia from bacterial infection (during sepsis):
- depression of bone marrow
- hemolysis of RBC
The major cause of shock in animals with bacterial infections is:
hypoxia (decreased oxygen delivery)
Severe sepsis from bacterial infections leads to continuous ________ and ________ abnormalities.
hypotension
perfusion
Term for presence of bacteria in circulatory system with concurrent acute and severe clinical response of the host.
septicemia
Term for presence of bacteria in circulatory system with or without significant clinical response by the host.
bacteremia
What major category of receptors are involved in the sepsis cascade associated with endotoxin?
toll-like receptors (TLR)
What specific TLR is important in endotoxic-mediated inflammation? What does it bind?
TLR4
LPS
Endotoxin refers to a toxic fraction of certain bacteria which can be isolated from:
cell wall of gram-negative bacteria
Rough mutants used for vaccination to control endotoxemia have a deficiency in which part of the lipopolysaccharide?
outer variable oligosaccharide region
The ability of certain bacteria to cause “shock” in an animal is related to the:
high level of lipopolysaccharide in the cell wall
3 things useful in prevention/treatment of endotoxemia.
- microbiome
- probiotics/prebiotics
- symbiotics
Two symbiotics which can be useful in preventing endotoxemia.
colostrum, IgA
