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Bacteriology I > Morphology (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Morphology (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Most bacteria have ___ chromosome(s) that is/are (linear/circular).

A

1 circular chromosome

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2
Q

While most bacterial chromosomes are single circular chromosomes, a few bacteria differ. What 3 species of bacteria have two circular chromosomes?

A

Leptospira
Vibrio cholerae
Brucella

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3
Q

While most bacterial chromosomes are single circular chromosomes, a few bacteria differ. What 3 species of bacteria have two circular chromosomes?

A

Leptospira
Vibrio cholerae
Brucella

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4
Q

While most bacterial chromosomes are single circular chromosomes, a few bacteria differ. What 3 species of bacteria have two circular chromosomes?

A

Leptospira
Vibrio cholerae
Brucella

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5
Q

While most bacterial chromosomes are single circular chromosomes, a few bacteria differ. What single species has 1 linear chromosome?

A

Borrelia

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6
Q

Size of mammalian vs. bacterial ribosomes

A

Mammalian: 80S
Bacterial: 70S

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7
Q

Mammalian ribosomes are made of ____S + ____S while bacterial are made of ____S + ____S.

A

60S + 40S
50S + 30S

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8
Q

Major function of ribosomes

A

translation (protein synthesis)

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9
Q

How are mitochondria uniquely linked to bacteria?

A

have bacterial ribosomes

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10
Q

Term for small pieces of self-replicating DNA in some bacteria, sometimes which contain important toxins.

A

plasmids

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11
Q

Site of protein synthesis and translation.

A

ribosomes

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12
Q

Term for nuclear material / DNA in a prokaryote.

A

nucleoid

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13
Q

What compound is present in mammalian cytoplasmic membranes but not most bacterial ones?

A

sterols (especially cholesterol)

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14
Q

Most bacterial cytoplasmic membranes do not have sterols. Which species is the exception?

A

mycoplasma

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15
Q

What are the 3 functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?

A
  1. selective barrier
  2. energy metabolism
  3. cell wall component synthesis
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16
Q

The selective barrier of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes control _______ balance and transport.

A

osmotic

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17
Q

Who created a stain which separates common bacterial pathogens into two groups based on their cell wall structure?

A

Hans Christian Gram

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18
Q

Match each characteristic to gram negative or gram positive:

  1. thin vs. thick peptidoglycan
  2. peptidoglycan in periplasm vs. outer membrane
  3. teichoic acids vs. no teichoic acids
A

Negative: thin, periplasm, no teichoic
Positive: thick, outer membrane, teichoic

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19
Q

Gram positive bacteria stain _______ while Gram negative stain ________.

A

purple
pink

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20
Q

Peptidoglycan is a structural component of ______ in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

A

cell wall

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21
Q

What are the two main components of peptidoglycan?

A

NAM + NAG

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22
Q

NAM and NAG are connected by __________ within peptidoglycan.

A

pentaglycine cross-links

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23
Q

What component is found in the cell envelope of gram-positive bacteria, but not gram-negative?

A

teichoic acids

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24
Q

(T/F) Gram-positive bacteria has a periplasm while gram-negative does not.

A

False - opposite

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25
Q

What structures in the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria are used for transportation of compounds?

A

porins

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26
Q

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is synonymous with _______.

A

endotoxin

27
Q

What is the toxic portion of lipopolysaccharide?

A

Lipid A

28
Q

Endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria is toxic and causes __________.

A

local/general shock

29
Q

What are the 4 compounds which make-up a lipopolysaccharide?

A
  1. core polysaccharide
  2. lipid A
  3. KDO
  4. outer variable oligosaccharide region
30
Q

What part of the lipopolysaccharide is responsible for antigenic specificity?

A

O-specific side chain

31
Q

What test is used to test for presence of endotoxin in pharmaceuticals?

A

limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)

32
Q

LPS is a ______, which is fever-causing.

A

pyrogen

33
Q

When a label on an injectable vial states the contents are pyrogen-free, this means it does not contain ________.

A

LPS

34
Q

In LPS, what are the conserved regions which are targeted for use in LPS core vaccines?

A

KDO

35
Q

What strain of LPS can be used for live attenuated vaccines?

A

rough mutants

36
Q

A “rough mutant” is a bacteria whose LPS lacks _________ so it can be used for vaccines.

A

o-specific side chain

37
Q

What two species of bacteria are rough mutants?

A
  1. E. coli
  2. Salmonella typhimurium
38
Q

What shape is Mirococcus luteus?

A

coccus (spherical)

39
Q

What is the alternate name for rod-shaped bacterium?

A

bacillus

40
Q

What is the size range of a typical bacterium?

A

~1 uM (micrometer)

41
Q

1 m = ___ mm = ___ um = ___ nm

A

1000 mm
1 million um
1 billion nm

42
Q

What genus of bacteria stains with acid-fast stain? Why?

A

mycobacterium
complex cell wall structure

43
Q

What genus of bacteria lacks a cell wall (peptidoglycan layer)?

A

mycoplasma

44
Q

Since Mycoplasma do not have a cell wall, what structure must they contain for rigidity?

A

sterol

45
Q

Term for bacteria without a cell wall but have genes to produce one if necessary.

A

L-forms

46
Q

Term for network of polymers on outer layer of bacteria.

A

glycocalyx

47
Q

The glycocalyx of gram-positive bacteria is located _________ while gram-negative’s is located __________.

A

outside cell wall
outer membrane

48
Q

What are the 2 types of glycocalyx in bacteria?

A

capsules
biofilms

49
Q

________ is a community structure of secreted polymers of polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA while ________ is a polysaccharide layer around an individual bacterium.

A

biofilms
capsules

50
Q

3 reasons biofilms are of clinical importance.

A
  1. present in chronic infections
  2. resist host defenses
  3. resistant to antimicrobial/disinfectant
51
Q

What is the term for communication between bacteria in biofilms?

A

quorum sensing

52
Q

What is the structure of S-layers of bacteria?

A

dense crystalline protein arrays (protein “lattice”)

53
Q

S-layers in gram-positive bacteria are attached where? Gram-negative?

A

gram positive: attached outside peptidoglycan

gram negative: attached to outer membrane

54
Q

What are the 3 functions of capsules, biofilms, and S-layers?

A
  1. antiphagocytic
  2. protect from environment
  3. adhesion to surfaces
55
Q

What group of bacteria has endoflagella?

A

spirochetes

56
Q

Hair-like projections on bacterial cell surface which functions to transfer genetic material between bacteria.

A

pilus (pili)

57
Q

Hair-like projections on bacterial cell surface which functions in adhesion and attachment.

A

fimbria

58
Q

Two genera of bacteria that produce spores.

A
  1. bacillus
  2. clostridia
59
Q

Spores can survive in the environment long-term because:

A

low water content, can remain dormant for many years

60
Q

Term for method of bacterial reproduction.

A

binary fission

61
Q

What term is used to describe bacteria due to no nuclear membrane?

A

prokaryote

62
Q

What structure is unique to bacteria (which differentiates it from archaea)?

A

peptidoglycan

63
Q

Term for nuclear membrane present to describe mammalian cells.

A

eukaryote

Bacteriology I (15 decks)

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