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Bacteriology I > Morphology (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Morphology (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Most bacteria have ___ chromosome(s) that is/are (linear/circular).

A

1 circular chromosome

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2
Q

While most bacterial chromosomes are single circular chromosomes, a few bacteria differ. What 3 species of bacteria have two circular chromosomes?

A

Leptospira
Vibrio cholerae
Brucella

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3
Q

While most bacterial chromosomes are single circular chromosomes, a few bacteria differ. What 3 species of bacteria have two circular chromosomes?

A

Leptospira
Vibrio cholerae
Brucella

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4
Q

While most bacterial chromosomes are single circular chromosomes, a few bacteria differ. What 3 species of bacteria have two circular chromosomes?

A

Leptospira
Vibrio cholerae
Brucella

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5
Q

While most bacterial chromosomes are single circular chromosomes, a few bacteria differ. What single species has 1 linear chromosome?

A

Borrelia

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6
Q

Size of mammalian vs. bacterial ribosomes

A

Mammalian: 80S
Bacterial: 70S

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7
Q

Mammalian ribosomes are made of ____S + ____S while bacterial are made of ____S + ____S.

A

60S + 40S
50S + 30S

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8
Q

Major function of ribosomes

A

translation (protein synthesis)

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9
Q

How are mitochondria uniquely linked to bacteria?

A

have bacterial ribosomes

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10
Q

Term for small pieces of self-replicating DNA in some bacteria, sometimes which contain important toxins.

A

plasmids

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11
Q

Site of protein synthesis and translation.

A

ribosomes

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12
Q

Term for nuclear material / DNA in a prokaryote.

A

nucleoid

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13
Q

What compound is present in mammalian cytoplasmic membranes but not most bacterial ones?

A

sterols (especially cholesterol)

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14
Q

Most bacterial cytoplasmic membranes do not have sterols. Which species is the exception?

A

mycoplasma

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15
Q

What are the 3 functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?

A
  1. selective barrier
  2. energy metabolism
  3. cell wall component synthesis
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16
Q

The selective barrier of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes control _______ balance and transport.

A

osmotic

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17
Q

Who created a stain which separates common bacterial pathogens into two groups based on their cell wall structure?

A

Hans Christian Gram

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18
Q

Match each characteristic to gram negative or gram positive:

  1. thin vs. thick peptidoglycan
  2. peptidoglycan in periplasm vs. outer membrane
  3. teichoic acids vs. no teichoic acids
A

Negative: thin, periplasm, no teichoic
Positive: thick, outer membrane, teichoic

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19
Q

Gram positive bacteria stain _______ while Gram negative stain ________.

A

purple
pink

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20
Q

Peptidoglycan is a structural component of ______ in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

A

cell wall

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21
Q

What are the two main components of peptidoglycan?

A

NAM + NAG

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22
Q

NAM and NAG are connected by __________ within peptidoglycan.

A

pentaglycine cross-links

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23
Q

What component is found in the cell envelope of gram-positive bacteria, but not gram-negative?

A

teichoic acids

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24
Q

(T/F) Gram-positive bacteria has a periplasm while gram-negative does not.

A

False - opposite

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25
What structures in the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria are used for transportation of compounds?
porins
26
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is synonymous with _______.
endotoxin
27
What is the toxic portion of lipopolysaccharide?
Lipid A
28
Endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria is toxic and causes __________.
local/general shock
29
What are the 4 compounds which make-up a lipopolysaccharide?
1. core polysaccharide 2. lipid A 3. KDO 4. outer variable oligosaccharide region
30
What part of the lipopolysaccharide is responsible for antigenic specificity?
O-specific side chain
31
What test is used to test for presence of endotoxin in pharmaceuticals?
limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)
32
LPS is a ______, which is fever-causing.
pyrogen
33
When a label on an injectable vial states the contents are pyrogen-free, this means it does not contain ________.
LPS
34
In LPS, what are the conserved regions which are targeted for use in LPS core vaccines?
KDO
35
What strain of LPS can be used for live attenuated vaccines?
rough mutants
36
A "rough mutant" is a bacteria whose LPS lacks _________ so it can be used for vaccines.
o-specific side chain
37
What two species of bacteria are rough mutants?
1. E. coli 2. Salmonella typhimurium
38
What shape is Mirococcus luteus?
coccus (spherical)
39
What is the alternate name for rod-shaped bacterium?
bacillus
40
What is the size range of a typical bacterium?
~1 uM (micrometer)
41
1 m = ___ mm = ___ um = ___ nm
1000 mm 1 million um 1 billion nm
42
What genus of bacteria stains with acid-fast stain? Why?
mycobacterium complex cell wall structure
43
What genus of bacteria lacks a cell wall (peptidoglycan layer)?
mycoplasma
44
Since Mycoplasma do not have a cell wall, what structure must they contain for rigidity?
sterol
45
Term for bacteria without a cell wall but have genes to produce one if necessary.
L-forms
46
Term for network of polymers on outer layer of bacteria.
glycocalyx
47
The glycocalyx of gram-positive bacteria is located _________ while gram-negative's is located __________.
outside cell wall outer membrane
48
What are the 2 types of glycocalyx in bacteria?
capsules biofilms
49
________ is a community structure of secreted polymers of polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA while ________ is a polysaccharide layer around an individual bacterium.
biofilms capsules
50
3 reasons biofilms are of clinical importance.
1. present in chronic infections 2. resist host defenses 3. resistant to antimicrobial/disinfectant
51
What is the term for communication between bacteria in biofilms?
quorum sensing
52
What is the structure of S-layers of bacteria?
dense crystalline protein arrays (protein "lattice")
53
S-layers in gram-positive bacteria are attached where? Gram-negative?
gram positive: attached outside peptidoglycan gram negative: attached to outer membrane
54
What are the 3 functions of capsules, biofilms, and S-layers?
1. antiphagocytic 2. protect from environment 3. adhesion to surfaces
55
What group of bacteria has endoflagella?
spirochetes
56
Hair-like projections on bacterial cell surface which functions to transfer genetic material between bacteria.
pilus (pili)
57
Hair-like projections on bacterial cell surface which functions in adhesion and attachment.
fimbria
58
Two genera of bacteria that produce spores.
1. bacillus 2. clostridia
59
Spores can survive in the environment long-term because:
low water content, can remain dormant for many years
60
Term for method of bacterial reproduction.
binary fission
61
What term is used to describe bacteria due to no nuclear membrane?
prokaryote
62
What structure is unique to bacteria (which differentiates it from archaea)?
peptidoglycan
63
Term for nuclear membrane present to describe mammalian cells.
eukaryote

Bacteriology I (15 decks)

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