Pathophysiology of Diarrhea (Exam 3) Flashcards
Diarrhea is the increase in ______, ______, and 24-hour volume of feces eliminated (relative to the norm for that species).
frequency, fluidity
Acute diarrhea is <_____ days while chronic diarrhea is >____ days.
14
What classification of diarrhea is used only in small animal practice? Why?
small vs. large bowel
LA have greater absorptive capacity
The tip of the intestinal villus has (old/new) cells and is (secretory/absorptive) while the crypts have (old/new) cells and are (secretory/absorptive).
old, absorptive
new, secretory
(T/F) Only one mechanism is typically for diarrhea.
false
List the 5 mechanisms of diarrhea.
- abnormal intestinal motility
- osmotic diarrhea
- malabsorption
- increased permeability
- hypersecretion
Diarrhea caused by abnormal intestinal motility can appear as an increase in peristalsis, or _________, or as bacterial overgrowth causing __________.
hypermotility
hypomotility
_________ causes giant aboral contractions which leads to hypermotility and therefore, diarrhea.
platelet-activating factor
Why can hypermotility leading to diarrhea be a medical emergency?
massive dehydration and electrolyte loss
Overgrowth of bacteria leads to breakdown of bile salts and secretion of damaging factors which leads to ______ causing diarrhea.
hypomotility
_______ diarrhea occurs when there is an increase in particles in the GI lumen.
osmotic
(T/F) Osmotic diarrhea is often infectious.
False
What is the most common cause of osmotic diarrhea?
incorrect mixing of milk replacer
(T/F) Osmotic diarrhea causes no inflammation or damage to the gut.
True
_______ diarrhea usually occurs with villous atrophy.
malabsorption
In malabsorption diarrhea, villous atrophy loses the ________ capacity of the intestines.
absorptive
What disease causes malabsorption diarrhea?
viral enteritis
(T/F) Malabsorption diarrhea is seen grossly with bloody mucus.
False - no blood
Which mechanism of diarrhea causes significant inflammation?
increased permeability
What are the 4 different causes of increased permeability leading to diarrhea?
- bacterial
- viral
- autoimmune
- neoplastic
Due to the significant inflammation in diarrhea via increased permeability, there is (active/passive) leakage into the GI lumen creating ________.
passive
exudate
Grossly, diarrhea from increased permeability is called:
dysentery (bloody feces)
In small animals, dysentery is classified further as ________, if damaged small intestine, and _________, if damaged large intestine.
melena
hematochezia
_______ cause intestinal damage, such as Salmonella, leading to increased permeability and therefore, diarrhea.
infectious agents
(T/F) Increased permeability leading to diarrhea can be caused by both infectious and non-infectious agents.
True
What are two non-infectious agents that can cause increased permeability and therefore, diarrhea?
intestinal lymphoma
IBD
In _________ diarrhea, there is nothing physically wrong with the GI tract, just an increase in secretion rate.
hypersecretion
Hypersecretion diarrhea occurs when ________ increase secretion.
crypts
What mediates hypersecretion mechanism of diarrhea?
cAMP
___________ in neonate livestock causes hypersecretion diarrhea via toxin secretion which upregulate cAMP.
colibacillosis
How does hypersecretion diarrhea appear grossly?
very watery
What two things are important to do on a physical exam of a patient with diarrhea?
abdominal palpation
rectal palpation
What laboratory tests should be used to assess hydration?
hematocrit, total protein
Typically, you want to pursue radiographs for (acute/chronic) diarrhea which is more life-threatening.
chronic
