Taxonomy Flashcards
levels of taxonomic classification
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
six kingdoms
eubacteria, archaebacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
three domains
archaea, bacteria, eukarya (eukaryota)
kingdoms of eukarya
protista, fungi, animalia, plantae
kingdoms of bacteria
eubacteria
kingdoms of archaea
archaebacteria
kingdom: eubacteria
domain: bacteria
cell wall made of peptidoglycan (gram +: more peptidoglycan, gram -: drug resistance & pathogenic)
ex. cyanobacteria - contain chlorophyll and photosynthetic abilities
kingdom: archaebacteria
domain: archaea
cell wall made of polysaccharides
-bacteria that can live in extreme conditions
kingdom: protista
domain: eukarya
basically all types
-primarily unicellular eukaryotes, but some are colonial/ display multicellularity
-movement through pseudopods, flagellum, cilia
-nucleus & membrane-bound organelles
-autotrophic/ heterotrophic
-phyla are divided into three main groups: protozoa (animal-like), algae (plant-like), and fungus-like protists
-ex. protozoa, algae, amoeba
kingdom: fungi
domain: eukarya mostly multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from environment (extracellular digestion so hydrolyzed food can diffuse in) -decomposers -filamentous structure -multinucleate -no digestive system; absorptive feeding -cell walls made of chitin -reproduce sexually/asexually ex. lichen, yeast (unicellular), mold, mushrooms
kingdom: animalia
domain: eukarya
- multicellular, mobile, heterotrophic eukaryotes
- reproduce sexually with fertilization
- classified by embryonic development and anatomical features
kingdom: plantae
domain: eukarya
- multicellular autotrophic eukaryotic cells
- non-motile
- cell walls made of cellulose
- carry out photosynthesis through chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids
- store carbohydrates as starch in roots
- reproduce sexually through alteration of generations
- vascular and nonvascular
domain: archaea
- unicellular prokaryotes
- no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
- circular DNA genome
- share some characteristics with Bacteria and Eukarya (ex presence of multiple types of RNA pol)
ex. extremophiles (extreme halophiles, methanogens, and extreme thermophiles) - some perform conjugation
domain: bacteria
- unicellular prokaryotes
- decomposers
- pathogenic
- ribosomes, circular DNA genome
- no introns, nucleus, or membrane-bound organelles
- some perform conjugation
domain: eukarya
- multicellular eukaryotic cells
- nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, linear DNA
archaea: extreme halophiles
archaebacteria that thrive in environments with high salt concentration
archaea: extreme thermophiles
archaebacteria that thrive in environments with high temperatures
plant and some algae life cycle
alternation of generations
-multicellular diploid sporophyte undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores. spores divide mitotically, forming multicellular haploid gametophytes. Through mitosis, gametophytes form gametes, in which fertilization results in diploid zygote that will develop into next sporophyte generation.
fungi and protists life cycle
diploid zygote undergoes meiosis, forming haploid cells that develop into unicellular descendants or haploid multicellular adult organisms. the haploid organism carries out further mitosis, producing cells that will develop into gametes.
phylum: porifera
- kingdom: animalia
- ex. sponges
- sessile (nonmoving) animals
- perforated body walls with two layers of cells (diploblastic)
- water flows into the central space through pores, bringing in food and oxygen, where it is trapped and ingested,
- water flows out through large opening, disposing of waste and CO2
- no specialized tissue, symmetry, muscles, nerves, movement
- most sponges live in marine environments
8 phyla of kingdom animalia
Porifera (sponges), echinodermata (echinoderms), cnidaria (coelenterates), platyhelminthes (flatworms), annelida (segmented worms), mollusca (mollusks), arthropoda (arthropods), chordata (chordates)
phylum: echinodermata
- mostly sessile
- bilateral symmetry (grow into radial symmetry)
- shed endoskeletons, spiny exoskeletons
- water vascular system ending in tube feet that function in feeding, gas exchange, and movement
- ex. sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars
phylum: cnidaria
coelenterates
- ex. hydra, jellyfish, sea anemones
- body walls made of two layers of cells (diploblastic)
- radial symmetry
- central, saclike digestive system
- no specialized tissue or transport (circulatory system)
- stinging cells
phylum: platyhelminthes
flatworms
ex. planaria (nonparasitic), flukes & tapeworms (parasitic)
- bilateral symmetry
- three cell layers
- moderate cephalization (formation of head and brain through concentration of sense organs, nervous control)
- one opening for digestion, no organ systems
- diffusion with environment (gas & food exchange)
- protostomes (animals whose embryos develop mouth first)
phylum: annelida
- segmented worms
ex. earthworms, leeches - closed circulation with mouth & anus
- excrete waste through metanephridia
- bilateral symmetry
- complete digestive system
- protostomes (animals whose embryos develop mouth first)
- little sensory organs
- circulatory system with blood and hemoglobin
- reproduce sexually and asexually
phylum: mollusca
mollusks
- ex. snails, oysters, clams
- soft-bodied animals w/ hard external calcium shells
- exceptions: squids, octopi (have only reduced, nternal shells)
- bilateral symmetry in three major body regions:
- head-foot: sensory organs, movement
- visceral mass: digestive/reproductive organs
- mantle: specialized tissues, secretes calcium shell
- open circulatory system
- protostomes (animals whose embryos develop mouth first)
- rodula acts as tongue
phylum: arthropoda
arthropods
- ex crustaceans, insects, arachnids
- jointed appendages
- largest and most diverse phylum
- hard exoskeleton containing chitin
- segmented body (head, thorax, abdomen)
- open circulatory system
- eliminate waste through malpighian tubules
- trachea
- protostomes (animals whose embryos develop mouth first)
phylum: chordata
chordates
- ex. fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
- solid notochord (flexible axis)
- pharyngeal gill slits
- dorsal nerve cord
- tail (or at some point in their development) for movement and balance
- mostly vertebrates
- ectothermic/endothermic
class: chondrichthyes
cartilaginous fishes - kingdom animalia, phylum chordata
ex. sharks, stingrays
- flexible skeletons made of cartilage
- well-developed jaws and fins
- breathe with gills
- some lay eggs while others bear live young
- first group to be entirely aquatic animals
- ectothermic
class: amphibia
amphibians - kingdom animalia, phylum chordata
- well-adapted to both land and water
- lay eggs in water that lack shells
- breathe with gills for certain period of time in aquatic larval stage, although some retain gills into adulthood
- aquatic larval stage and undergo metamorphosis into terrestrial adult
- breathe through lungs and/or skin
- ectothermic
- ex. frogs, salamanders
class: reptilia
reptiles - kingdom animalia, phylum chordata
- terrestrial
- thick, scaly skin adapted to resist water loss
- lay eggs with shells to resist dehydration or bear live young
- live well in dry areas, some inhabit water
- breathe through lungs
- ex. crocodiles, lizards, snakes
class: osteichthyes
bony fish - kingdom animalia, phylum chordata
ex. bass, tuna, trout
- first group of chordates with true bone skeleton
- breathe through gills
- lay large numbers of eggs, which lack shells
- live in freshwater and marine environments
- ectothermic
class: aves
birds - kingdom animalia, phylum chordata
- tetrapods with forelimbs modified as wings
- breathe through lungs
- lay eggs with brittle shells
- endothermic
- four-chambered heart
- have feathers and capacity for flight
- complex behaviors
class: mammalia
mammals - kingdom animalia, phylum chordata
- endothermic
- hair
- nourish young through mammary glands
- breathe through lungs
- most bear live young, some have eggs (ex. platypuses)
archaea: methanogens
extreme anaerobes that release methane gas as waste product
phylum rhizopoda
amoebas - kingdom protista unicellular -movement through pseudopodia -found in soils, freshwater & marine environments -some are parasitic
phylum apicomplexa
sporozoans - kingdom protista
- animal parasites
- cause malaria
- life cycles with sexual & asexual stages that require two or more different host species
phylum ciliophora
ciliates - kingdom protista
- unicellular organisms use cilia for movement and feeding
- ex. paramecium
phyla myxomycota and asarsiomycota
slime molds - kingdom protista
- contain many nuclei
- resemble overgrown amoeba
phylum euglenophyta
euglena - kingdom protista
- unicellular, photosynthetic algae
- move with a flagellum
phylum bacillariophyta
diatoms - kingdom protista
- unicellular organisms with glass-like walls, that form the sediments known as diatomaceous earths when the organism dies (filtering medium)
- live in freshwater & marine environments
- important producers in phytoplankton
phylum phaephyta
brown algae - kingdom protista
- aka seaweeds
- largest and most complex of plant-like protists
- multicellular
- most live in marine environments
- ex. giant kelp
division Bryophyta
nonvascular plants - kingdom plantae
- lacks xylem and phloem
- live in damp areas where water is abundant
- require water for fertilization
- no true stems, leaves, roots
- ex. mosses, liverworts, hornworts
division pterophyta
ferns - kingdom plantae
- contain xylem and phloem
- vascular
- true stems, leaves, roots
- no seeds, but spores that are scattered by the wind
division coniferophyta
conifers - kingdom plantae
- true vascular plants
- cones carry seeds
- ex. large evergreen trees (pines, firs, cedars)
- “naked-seed” plants (gymnosperms) bc seeds are not protected by seed coat; no flowers
division anthophyta
flowering plants - kingdom plantae
- true vascular plants
- produce flower and pollen
- seeds are protected by fruits and nuts
- ex. apples, lima beans, tomatoes, melons
class monocots
monocots - kingdom plantae, division anthophyta
- single seed leaves (cotyledons)
- parallel veins in leaves
- flower parts in multiples of threes
- complex arrangement of vascular tissue in stems (scattered)
- fibrous root system
class dicots
- kingdom plantae, division anthophyta
- two seed leaves (two cotyledons)
- netlike veins in leaves
- flower parts in multiples of four/five
- vascular tissue arranged in a ring
- taproot system
division zygomycota
kingdom fungi
- reproduce sexually
- ex. common molds & mycorrhizae (mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi)
division basidiomycota
club fungi - kingdom fungi
- 25,000 members
- ex. mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs
- some are edible
FARBM
mnemonic device to remember the order in which phylum chordata evolved Fish Amphibian Reptiles Birds Mammals
phyla of kingdom protista
rhizopoda (amoeba), apicomplexa (sporozoans, ciliophora (ciliates), myxomycota and acrasiomycota (slime molds), euglenophyta (euglena), bacillariophyta (diatoms), phaeophyta (brown algae)
divisions of kingdom plantae
byrophyta (nonvascular plants), pterophyta (ferns), coniferophyta (conifers), anthophyta (flowering plants)
classes of division anthophyta
monocots, dicots
divisions of kingdom fungi
zygomycota, basidiomycota (club fungi)
classes of phylum chordata (chordates)
chondrichthyes (cartilagionous fishes), osteichthyes (bony fishes), amphibia (amphibians), reptilia (reptiles), aves (birds), mammalia (mammals)
