Semester 1 Final: The Structure & Function of Macromolecules

Question 1

dehydration synthesis

Answer 1

Monomers are connected by a dehydration reaction:
– One monomer provides the hydroxyl group & the
other provides a hydrogen to form a water molecule that is lost
- this process is repeated continuously with the help of enzymes

Question 2

hydrolysis

Answer 2

Polymers are disassembled to monomers through the addition of a water molecule to breaks the bonds between monomers
– One monomer receive the hydroxyl group & the other gets the hydrogen

Question 3

lipids: monomers and polymers

Answer 3

monomers: fatty acids and glycerol
polymers: phospholipids, fats, steroids

Question 4

carbohydrates: monomers and polymers

Answer 4

monomers: monosaccharides
polymers: disaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 5

proteins: monomers and polymers

Answer 5

monomers: amino acids
polymers: polypeptides

Question 6

Carbohydrates: function

Answer 6

– in cellular respiration, stored energy is extracted from glucose molecules
– Storage material until hydrolyzed into sugar for cells
• Starch: plant storage made of glucose monomers- stored in plastids.
• Glycogen: human storage found in the liver and muscles
– Building material for protective structures
• Cellulose: part of the tough cell wall of plants
• Chitin: builds exoskeletons in arthropods & found in fungi cell walls

Question 7

Lipids: function

Answer 7

fats provide energy storage
– Adipose in animals
– Seeds in plants
phospholipids are the main component of cell membranes (the phospholipid bilayer)
unsaturated fats and cholesterol maintain cell membrane fluidity
sex hormones (ex. testosterone and estrogen) act as chemical messengers

Question 8

Proteins

Answer 8

– Structural support
– Storage
– Transport
– Hormone Signaling
– Defense against foreign substances
– Speed up chemical reactions (enzymes)
– Digestion

Question 9

Protein Structure: Primary

Answer 9

The unique sequence of amino acids

Question 10

Protein Structure: Secondary

Answer 10

Folds & coils in the polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonds between repeating sections

• α helix
• β pleated sheet
• due to attraction of partially negative carboxyl group and partially positive amino group

Question 11

Protein Structure: Tertiary

Answer 11

Overall shape of the polypeptide due to the interactions between side chains (R groups)

• Hydrophobic interactions
• Disulfide bridges
• Ionic bond
• Hydrogen bond

Question 12

Protein Structure: Quaternary

Answer 12

-same type of interactions as tertiary structure

Two or more polypeptide chains create one protein

Question 13

nonpolar and nonpolar amino acids form

Answer 13

hydrophobic interactions (Van der Waal)

Question 14

polar and polar amino acids form

Answer 14

hydrogen bonds

Question 15

positively charged base and negatively charged acid form

Answer 15

ionic bonds

Question 16

sulfhydryl interacts to form

Answer 16

disulfide bridge