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AP Biology > Cell Organelle > Flashcards

Cell Organelle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Vesicles

A

membrane sacs used to transport materials within, into, or out of the cell

  • vacuoles, transport vesicles, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles
  • found in both plant and animal cells
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2
Q

Cilia

A

propel organisms through water and move fluid over the surface of the tissue

  • generate a force perpendicular to the axis and occur in large numbers on the cell surface
  • anchored in the cell by a basal body, dynein are responsible for bending movements
  • found mostly in animal cells
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3
Q

Lysosome

A

membrane-enclosed sac with hydrolytic enzymes used to digest macromolecules and recycle intracellular materials

  • digestion products (ie simple sugars, amino acids, and other monomers) pass into the cytosol and become nutrients for the cell
  • found in animal cells
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4
Q

Nucleolus

A

structure within the nucleus comprised of various chromosomes that synthesizes ribosomal RNA and assembles proteins into large and small ribosomal subunits
-found in both plant and animal cells

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5
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

bound ribosomes attached to rough ER produce secretory proteins (mostly glycoproteins) and membranes, which are distributed from the ER by transport vesicles

  • also makes hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membrane
  • found in both plant and animal cells
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6
Q

Cell Wall

A

protects the cell, maintains cell shape, holds plants upright against gravity, and prevents excessive uptake of water

  • comprised of polysaccharides, cellulose, and protein
  • found in plant cells
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7
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that functions in structural support, maintenance of cell shape, cell motility, regulation of biochemical activities in the cell through signal transmission, and anchorage of organelles
-found in both plant and animal cells

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8
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • maintenance of and changes in cell shape through tension-bearing elements
  • muscle contraction through interactions with myosin
  • cleavage furrow formation in cell division
  • amoeboid movement through pseudopodia
  • cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
  • support for microvilli
  • found in both plant and animal cells
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9
Q

Nucleus

A

contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell, directs protein synthesis by synthesizing messenger RNA that will exit through nuclear pores and be translated

  • regulates cellular metabolism, growth, and division through gene expression
  • found in both plant and animal cells
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10
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae involved in lipid synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids, -metabolism of carbohydrates, storage of calcium ions, and detoxification of poisons and drugs
-found in both plant and animal cells

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11
Q

Centriole

A

located within the centrosome, region where microtubules initiate and replicate before a cell divides and also help organize microtubule assembly
-found in animal cells

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12
Q

Flagella

A

propel organisms through water (ex. sperm) and move fluid over tissue surface; longer than cilia and usually limited to one/two per cell

  • generate force parallel to axis
  • anchored in the cell by a basal body, dynein are responsible for bending movements
  • found in mostly animal cells and some plant sperm
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13
Q

Microtubule

A
  • maintain cell shape through compression-resisting girders, cell motility (cilia and flagella), chromosome movement in cell division, and serve as tracks for organelle movement through motor proteins
  • found in both plant and animal cells
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14
Q

Plastids

A
  • a family of closely related plant organelles:
    • amyloplasts store starch (amylose) in roots and tubers
    • chromoplasts have pigments that give fruits and flowers their orange and yellow hues
    • chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, enzymes, and other molecules that function in photosynthesis
  • found in plant cells
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15
Q

Vacuoles

A

carry out hydrolysis

  • food vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis and fuse with lysosomes so hydrolytic enzymes can digest food particles
  • contractile vacuoles only in protists pump excess water out of cells to maintain appropriate concentrations of salts and other molecules
  • central vacuole in plant cells functions in digestion, storage of organic compounds (proteins) and inorganic ions (ex. potassium, chloride), waste disposal, cell growth, protection, and maintenance of turgor pressure
  • found in both plant and animal cells
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16
Q

Chloroplast

A

contain chlorophyll, enzymes, and other molecules that function in photosynthesis (which converts light energy to chemical energy - glucose)
-found in plant cells

17
Q

Golgi Body

A

modifies, stores, sorted, and routes products of the endoplasmic reticulum to other parts of the cell through transport vesicles. After transport vesicles coalesce to form new cis golgi cisternae, the cisternae progress forward during cisternal maturation, carrying and modifying products until transport vesicles depart from the trans face with molecular identification tags
-found in both plant and animal cells

18
Q

Mitochondria

A

contains mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes that catalyze metabolic steps of cellular respiration in the mitochondrial matrix
-bound in both plant and animal cells

19
Q

Ribosome

A
  • carry out protein synthesis
  • free ribosomes in the cytosol mostly make enzymes that function in the cytosol
  • bound ribosomes attached to the ER and nuclear envelope make enzymes for insertion into membranes, packaging within certain organelles, or for export from the cell
  • sites of DNA translation by facilitating the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains
  • found in both plant and animal cells
20
Q

Cell Membrane

A

exhibits selective permeability to regulate the transport of substances into and out of the cell, provides a physical barrier that separates cell’s environment from the surroundings, controls endocytosis and exocytosis, cell signaling and communication

  • enzymatic pathways, cell-to-cell recognition, intercellular joining, signal transduction attachment to ECM and cytoskeleton
  • found in both plant and animal cells
21
Q

Organelles with double membrane

A

mitochondria, plastids, nucleus

22
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
  3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells
23
Q

Who is credited with the cell theory?

A

Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow

24
Q

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

A

Prokaryotic: pili, capsule, DNA in nucleotide region
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic: ribosomes, plasma membrane, chromosomes, flagella, cell walls
Eukaryotic: cytoskeleton, endomembrane system, mitochondria, membrane-bound organelles, DNA located in the nucleus

25
Q

Endomembrane System

A

responsible for metabolism and movement of lipids, detoxification of poisons, and protein synthesis and protein transport to membranes, organelles, or out of the cell

  • membranes are related either through direct physical continuity or by the transfer of vesicles
  • nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane
26
Q

What challenges does a cell face that undergoes as it increases in size?

A

volume increases at a greater rate than surface area. A greater surface area to volume ratio is desirable to sustain metabolic requirement and maintain efficient transport of substances across the membrane and within the cell

27
Q

How can cell overcome challenges related to surface area to volume as it increases in size?

A

divide into smaller cells, become multinucleated, cytoplasmic streaming

28
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory of Eukaryotic Cell Origin

A
  • the prokaryotic ancestors of mitochondria and plastids entered a heterotrophic host cell, became endosymbioants, and developed a mutually beneficial symbiosis over time
  • some of the genes originally present in mitochondria and plastids were transferred to the nucleus
  • eventually evolved to the modern eukaryotic cell
29
Q

What structural evidence supports the Endosymbiotic Theory of Eukaryotic Cell Origin?

A

presence of mitochondria or genetic remnants of the organelle, in all eukaryotes

  • enzymes and transport systems of inner membranes of both mitochondria and plastids are homologous to those found in the plasma membranes of living prokaryotes
  • replication process of both organelles is similar to binary fission in certain prokaryotes
  • each organelle has a singular, circular DNA molecule that is not associated with histones or other proteins (like bacteria)
  • the ribosomes of mitochondria and plastids are more similar to prokaryotic ribosomes than to cytoplasmic ribosomes of eukaryotic cells in size, nucleotide, sequence, and sensitivity to certain antibiotics
30
Q

lysosomes & vacuoles

A

food vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis and then fuse with a lysosome, whose hydrolytic enzymes digest food particles

31
Q

endoplasmic reticulum & golgi apparatus

A

secretory proteins and membrane synthesized by the rough endoplasmic reticulum are transferred to the cis face by transport vesicles → cisternal maturation → golgi products leave at the trans face in transport vesicles to other locations in the cell, or to be transported backwards to newer golgi cisternae, or the endoplasmic reticulum

32
Q

centrioles & cilia

A

centrioles form the basal body required for the formation of cilia that anchors the cilia in the cell
-in many animals, the basal body of fertilizing sperm’s flagellum enters the egg and becomes a centriole

33
Q

ribosomes & endoplasmic reticulum

A

bound ribosomes attached to the ER synthesize proteins and membranes

  • as the polypeptide chain produced by ribosomes are threaded into the ER lumen through pores in the ER membrane, it folds into its native conformation. The ER membrane keeps the secretory protein separate and the secretory protein will depart in the membranes of vesicles at the transitional ER.
  • bound ribosomes can also form polypeptides that will form membrane proteins as the polypeptides are inserted into the ER membrane and anchored by hydrophobic regions
34
Q

golgi apparatus & vesicles

A

transport vesicles carrying ER products are transferred to the cis face of the golgi apparatus from the ER. Vesicles depart from the golgi body and carry specific proteins to other locations within the cell or to the plasma membrane for secretion at the trans face.

35
Q

nucleolus & ribosomes

A 
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized from instructions in DNA
proteins imported from the cytoplasm are assembled with rRNA into large and small subunits of ribosomes, which can be assembled into a ribosome once the subunits exit the nucleus through nuclear pores
36
Q

mitochondria & flagella of a sperm tail

A

The midpiece of sperm contains a large amount of mitochondria for ATP production in order to power the conformational changes in dynein for flagellar locomotion.

37
Q

smooth ER & cell membranes

A

enzymes in the smooth ER synthesize lipids, including cholesterol and phospholipids, which are essential to the production of new cellular membrane

AP Biology (30 decks)

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