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AP Biology > Animal Behavior > Flashcards

Animal Behavior Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Behavior Ecology

A

places an emphasis on the evolutionary significance of behavior and how they result in increased fitness

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2
Q

Proximate Causation

A

focuses on the environmental stimuli that triggers behavior and the mechanism that allowed for the behavior to occur

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3
Q

Ultimate Causation

A

focus on the evolutionary significance of the behavior and how it contributes to survival and/or reproductive fitness

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4
Q

example of Proximate Causation

A

seasonal change, visual stimulus, hormonal changes, touch stimulus

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5
Q

example of Ultimate Causation

A

wolves exhibit agonistic behavior to increase social standing in order to gain more resources (ie mates, territory, food)

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6
Q

Ethology

A

The scientific study of how animals behave,

especially in their natural environments

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7
Q

Ethology Scientists

A

Karl Von Frisch, Niko Tinbergen, &

Konrad Lorenz

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8
Q

Karl Von Frisch

A

“fresh bees”

-discovered that bees have color vision and dance to communicate

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9
Q

Niko Tinbergen

A

Studied fixed action patterns
Developed four essential questions to study
behavior

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10
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A 
"Lauren's mom"
Study the critical period in
the imprinting of geese &
determine the effects of
incorrect imprinting
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11
Q

Innate Behaviors definition

A 
Genetically
programmed behaviors
that do not require
learning
Despite different
circumstances all
individuals exhibit the
same behavior
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12
Q

Innate Behavior examples

A

early survival &
reproduction
Fixed Action Pattern
Directed Movements (kinesis and taxis)

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13
Q

Learned Behaviors

A 
Behaviors that are
modified by
experiences
Flexible & changeable
within a complex &
changing environment
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14
Q

examples of Learned Behaviors

A

associative learning (operant & classical conditioning) and habituation

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15
Q

examples of Fixed Action Patterns

A

egg rolling in geese, courtship dance in fruit flies, red belly of intruding stickleback male that releases aggression

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16
Q

Kinesis

A

innate behavior - directed movement
– Directed movement
– A change in activity or turning rate based on a
stimuli
– Once desirable conditions are obtained the
movement will decrease

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17
Q

Taxis

A

innate behavior - directed movement
– Automatic directional movement toward (positive)
or away (negative) from a specific stimuli
– Examples: phototaxis, chemotaxis, geotaxis

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18
Q

Innate & Learned Behavior

A

Imprinting, Migration, Communication

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19
Q

Imprinting

A

innate & learned behavior
A critical period when a young animal comes to
recognize another animal as a parent
– Irreversible
– Innate: result of an imprinting stimulus that is
genetically programmed
– Learned: once imprinting has occurred the animal
will learn appropriated behaviors

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20
Q

Imprinting

A

innate & learned behavior
A critical period when a young animal comes to
recognize another animal as a parent
– Irreversible
– Innate: result of an imprinting stimulus that is
genetically programmed
– Learned: once imprinting has occurred the animal
will learn appropriate behaviors

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21
Q

Proximate & Ultimate Cause of Imprinting

A

P: the young geese observe their mother moving away from them and calling in an early, critical developmental stage
U: Geese that follow and imprint on their mother receive more care and learn necessary skills, and thus have a greater chance of surviving than those that do not follow their mother

22
Q

Migration

A

innate & learned behavior
Animals pass from one region/climate to another for
feeding or breeding
– Innate: the need to migrate has been found to
polygenic & passed between generations
– Seen in the blackcap study on migratory restlessness
– Learned: parents teach young many aspects
associated with migratory patterns

23
Q

Communication (behavior)

A

innate & learned behavior
– The transmission, reception of, & response to
signals
– Signal: a behavior that causes a change in the
behavior of another animal
– Some types of communication are innate while others are learned

24
Q

Visual Communication

A

Visual displays relay essential information

– Useful for animals that are diurnal

25
Q

Chemical Communication

A

– Odors relay essential information
– Useful for nocturnal animals
– Pheromones: a released chemical that affects the
behavior/physiology of others in the same species
– Alarm pheromones
– Trail pheromones
– Sexual attractants

26
Q

Examples of Chemical Communication

A
  • spiders use moth sex pheromones to lure its prey

- female mosquitos use CO2 concentrations to locate victims

27
Q

Sound/Auditory

Communication

A

– Vocalizations are used to relay essential
information
– Useful for both diurnal & nocturnal species

28
Q

Associative Learning

A

learned behavior
Learning to associate a stimulus with a
consequence
– Accomplished through personal experience,
parental teaching, & observations of other members
of the species
– Animals learn to modified their behavior based on
feedback from their environment
-operant and classical conditioning

29
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

– AKA Trial & Error Learning
– Learning where an animal associates its own
behavior with punishment or rewards
– Positively reinforced behavior will increase in
frequency while negatively enforced behaviors are
stopped quickly
– voluntary behavior is followed by stimuli (reward/punishment)

30
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

– An arbitrary stimulus followed by involuntary behavior is associated with a reward
or punishment
– Pavlov’s dogs were trained to drool at the sound of a
bell

31
Q

Habituation

A

learned behavior
The loss of responsiveness to a stimuli that conveys
little or no information
– Essential for survival because it allows animals to
focus on relevant information only

32
Q

What are the three types of communication?

A

-visual, chemical, and sound

33
Q

What are the two types of associative learning and which behavioral ecologists studied which?

A 
Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner)
Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
34
Q

Social Behavior

A

Behaviors that are the result of being social
organisms
– Often this is selfish behavior that benefits only one member

35
Q

examples of Social Behavior

A
  • communication/language
  • agonistic behaviors
  • dominance hierarchy
  • cooperation
  • altruism
36
Q

Communication/Language (social behavior)

A

The ability for members of
the same species to
communicate essential
information

37
Q

Agonistic Behavior

A

Ritualized contests that determine which
competitor gains access to resources including
mates, food, & territory
-death and maiming are rare

38
Q

Dominance Hierarchy

A

– Arises when members of a social group interact to
create a ranking system
– Most are patriarchal & determined by agonistic
behavior

39
Q

Cooperation

A

– Members of social groups working together to
complete tasks that would be too difficult alone or
for safety

40
Q

Examples of Communication/Language

A

– bee’s dancing &

whale songs

41
Q

Examples of Cooperation

A

– hunting in packs, bird flocking, & fish

schooling

42
Q

Altruism

A

When animals behave in a way that decreases their
fitness but increase the fitness of others in the
population
*kin selection

43
Q

Kin selection

A

increasing survival of close relatives

to keep those genes in the population

44
Q

Key Behaviors for

Reproductive Success:

A

– Optimal Foraging Theory

– Mating & Mate Choice Behavior

45
Q

Optimal Foraging Theory

A

– A compromise between the benefits of nutrition &
the costs of obtaining food
– Focuses on energy costs & predation costs
– Decrease energy expenditure and risk to increase return

46
Q

Mating & Mate Choice

Behavior

A

– Seeking, choosing,
attracting, & competing
for a mate

47
Q

Mating Systems

A

The system is based on the amount of parental care
needed for successfully raising young
-result in physical differences between the sexes (sexual dimorphism)
-promiscuous, monogamous, polygamous

48
Q

Promiscuous

A

no lasting bonds due to little parental

care

49
Q

Monogamous

A

long relationships with mating pairs due

to need for lots of parental care

50
Q

Polygamous

A

one individual mates with many
– Polyandry: one female
– Polygyny: one male

51
Q

Sexual Selection

A

– Mate choice by one gender affects that appearance
& behavior of the other gender
– Typically this is females picking characteristics in
males that correlate with male quality often
resulting in exaggerated characteristics & agonistic
behavior

AP Biology (30 decks)

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