taxonomy

Question 1

overview

Answer 1

• learning or re-learning of a certain skill
• being able to understand the acquiring of the skill
• using the processes examined for therapeutic practice

Question 2

goal-directed behavior

Answer 2

• accomplishment of a goal is a behavior that is most common in our lives
• intentional and linked to the produced outcomes
• guided consequences and feedback is provided

Question 3

two types of goal directed behavior

Answer 3

1. Investigatory Behaviors

2. Adapted behaviors

Question 4

investigatory behaviors

Answer 4

• info gathered from the environment
• using any of our five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch
  ex) running our hands on an object and obtaining info such as texture, temp, shape

Question 5

adapted behaviors 2 types

Answer 5

functional behaviors

communicative behaviors

Question 6

adapted behaviors

Answer 6

1. Functional behaviors
   - allow us to interact with the physical environment
   - involves changing or maintaining body orientation, position of an object or doing both concurrently
2. Communicative behaviors
   - involves interaction with the social environment
   - the purpose of these behaviors is the transmission of the information from one person to another

Question 7

levels of analysis: action

Answer 7

• the outcome resulting from the performer-environment interaction and does not implicate how the end is achieved
• the intended outcome is called the action-goal
• ex) asking someone to change clothes
• action occurred if that person changes
• no action occurred id that person does not change
• actions are not always successful
• clothes may be out of place

Question 8

levels of analysis: movement

Answer 8

• movement is the means through which action-goals are accomplished
• bernstein suggested that a movement pattern can be described in terms of its overall form (topology) or in terms of specific spatial/temporal parameters
• environmental features such as regulatory conditions and non regulatory conditions

Question 9

regulatory vs non regulatory conditions

Answer 9

1. regulatory: are those environment features to which the movement must hold mold to successfully reach the action-goal
2. non-regulatory: irrelevant to movement organization and any background features
   ex) color of the basketball

Question 10

levels of analysis neuromotor processes

Answer 10

• organized in advance of the observable movement
• neural processes associated with motor planning are not restricted to one site within the CNS
• distributed over several subsystems, located at different sites within the CNS
• one subsystem might influence movements general form, another subsystem may constrain spatial or temporal movement, and others may provide rule for coordination

Question 11

relationship of all levels of analysis

Answer 11

• relationship between these levels can be characterized as many-to-one0 which is also called motor equivalence
• many movements can be used to achieve an action-goal
• processes are dynamic and flexible to the task being achieved
  ex) layup in basketball

Question 12

skill

Answer 12

• achieving a skill with fixed relationship between action, movement and neuromotor processes
• the organizing of movement patterns to produce an action-goal
• movement patterns very between performer and environment
• one skill to achieve one goal connot be sued for another goal of similar circumstances
  ex) climbing wooden stairs vs climbing carpeted stairs

Question 13

analysis of tasks

Answer 13

• taxonomy of tasks that provide a framework that assists with the understanding of skill acquisition
• two dimension:
  1. Environment context
  2. Action’s functional role

Question 14

environmental: regulatory conditions during performance

Answer 14

1. Stationary environment
   - involved a fixed terrain and stationary objects
   - controls the spatial parameters of the movement
   - timing is not specified which means the movement is self-paced
   - the performer can visually scan surroundings in an unhurried fashion
2. Motion in the environment
   - involves objects, other people, or supporting surfaces in motion
   - spatial and temporal features of the environment constrain the performer’s environment causing movement timing to be determined by the external environment

Question 15

environmental: regulatory conditions

Answer 15

• tasks are analyzed to determine whether the regulatory conditions remain the same or change from one performance to the next
• variation from one attempt to the next (“intertrial variability”) has important implications for skill acquisition
• three factors affected: demands placed on attentional processes, the organization of movement and the mode of representation in memory

Question 16

intertrail variability absent

Answer 16

• intertrial variability: absent
• info processing is minimal
• specification of the movement’s temporal and spatial parameters becomes more precise
• attempts a movement -reproduction become more refined and consistent with practice

Question 17

intertrial variability present

Answer 17

• environmental conditions changes from one attempt to another, movement must be adapted to certain circumstances
• variables practice develops a flexibility organized, movement repertoire: each movement pattern shaped in whole or in part to variation in environment events

Question 18

environment context

Answer 18

• movement must be shaped to match features of the enviornement to achieve the action-goal
• tasks are organized by:
• specifying regulatory conditons during performance
• determining whether these conditions change from one attempt to another

Question 19

structure of tasks

Answer 19

1. Closed tasks
   - objects, people, supporting surfaces that are stationairy
   - focused more on control due to less interactions between performer and enviornment
2. Variable motionless tasks
   - environment is staionary but spatial features change with each attempt
3. Consistent motion tasks
   - objects and supporting surfaces are in motion but through each attempt there is no change
4. Open tasks
   - supporting surfaces are in motion and conditons change
   - performer and envionrment interact dynamically
   - most complex and requires more effort from the performer
5. Artifically imposed timing controls
   - humans devised ways of articfical timing persciptions on actions
   ex) traffic light
   - red light indicates stop, green indicates go

Question 20

functional role

Answer 20

• primary action is to maintain or help regulate body orentiation, position of objects, or both at the same time
• body orientation and interaction with objects

Question 21

body orientation 2 types

Answer 21

body stability

body transport

Question 22

body orientation

Answer 22

• body orientation is specified by the action-goal
  1. Body stability
• maintaining of stable body position
• information processing demands are low
• boundary falls with reaching distance
  2. Body transport
• transporting from one place to another
• info processing deamdns are high
• boundary expands constantly in the movment direction

Question 23

interaction with objects with and without manipulation

Answer 23

manipulation: absent
- task simply requires control of body orientation
- stability is enhanced because number of the increase of body segments in contact with the surface ex) sitting on a chair both feet touching the ground
manipulation: present
- freeing some segements of the body from stability position to interact with objects ex) single leg wall squat

Question 24

taxonomy of task

Answer 24

• completee task taxonomy based on environmental context and the actions functional role
• 16 task categories that result from the combinations of the two dimensions
• complexity of the task increases as you proceed diagonally from upper left (easiest) to the lower right (hardest)

Question 25

applications of taxonomy

Answer 25

• provides a framework that can be used for the evaluation of patients
• provides guidance in the selection of therapeutic activities
• taxonomy can be used to define a patients peformance deficit
• therapists can use the taxonomy to chart progress
• provides insight into skill acqusistion processes

Question 26

current studies

Answer 26

• why older adults participate in complex motor skills
  results: suggest older adults show interest in participating in a range of challenging activities- if offered. However, suitable progression is important. Is the skill ability and pace of an activity is not suited to the participant, particiuarly when starting out, older adults may discontinue particpantation, to avoid injury or embarrassment

Question 27

activity

Answer 27

1. catching a ball
   - this is a closed/body stability task
   - two hands, dominant, non dominant and then two balls with two hands
2. Catching a ball while on a balance board
   - this is a open/body transport task
   - two hands, dominant, non dominant and then two balls with two hands

Question 28

when is this mostly used

Answer 28

rehabilitation perspective: learning to do a movement better, or even from scratch

Question 29

analysis of task

Answer 29

environmental changes: intertrial variability
structure of the task
functional role: body transport body stability, body orientation