especial skills Flashcards
especial skill definition
a skill or skills that are distinguished amongst others of the same class as being superior in performance -performance results are seen as very invariant
how are they acquired
- extensive amounts of repetition and rehearsal, over a long period of time
- consistent practice settings/environments
- any simple/fundamental skill of a closed loop nature can become an especial skill
are they transferable
- due to specificity of training parameters, there is very little ability for skill to have transfer to other tasks
- “especial” title steams from an increased ability in that one skill, under the exact same environmental and physiological factors
study over view
consisted of:
-experienced basketball players that had massive amount of practice specifically at 15ft from the basket (free throw line) yet only minimal amounts of practice attempts at any other distances
what was examined
-the possibility that general memory representation existed for the control of the entire class of set shots (ranged from 9-21 ft) but that performance at the foul line (15ft) would be distinguished among the others in the class
the experiments
Experiment 1 -males -2 days, 50 shots per distance Experiment 2 -females -with and without tarp -2 days, 30 shots per distance Experiment 3 -same participants as in 2nd -jump shot
overview of experiments
1: different distances= finding of especial skill
2: changing visual cues= vision of marking has no influence on especial skill
3: changing the task= no advantage for the jump shot at the foul line (different skill)
summary of results
key result (particularly experiments 1&2): the accuracy at the foul line was significantly greater than that predicted by the performances at the adjacent shot distances
-not many especial skill in one’s repertoire
-concept of especial skills seems only relevant to closed skills
incidental findings: the effect of trial position
effect in sport
- athletes can have their specific “spots” on the court sheet of ice or other playing surfaces
- this certain sport provides that athletes with a sense of comfort and leads to their ability to provide exceptional performance
how can especial skills be considered within theories about he skill learning
- especial GMP
- parameter specification
- a weighting model
especial GMP
- when faced with high levels of practice of a skill, a new GMP is developed for the action that optimizes that action an especial GMP
- a GMP according to Schmidt’s theory does not eliminate the “storage problem”
- But, this GMP is going to be suboptimal for especial skills
parameter specification
- massive amount of practice does not produce a new GMP but creates parameters for the skill
- not consistent with schema theory
a weighting model
- predicts that effects of high levels of practice at 15ft should transfer most to its nearest neighbors
- they did not see evidence of this in their data
current research studies
- archery: concluded that especial skills only occur after very constant and specific practice
- similar to OG experiment
- only performers in the control group (normal basket court) showed superior performance at the free throw line
- visual context info influences the presence of specificity effects in experienced performers
- baseball pitching
- accuracy at the regulation distance was significantly better indicating a especial skill
- this concept is only relevant to closed skills
activity
bean bag toss
1st trial: 15 underhand tosses from 10 feet
2nd trial: 3 separate trials of underhand from 5, 8, 10, 12, 15 feet
3rd trial: 3 separate trials of overhand from 5, 8, 10, 12, 15 feet
-go back to the first 10 feet underhand (this should be your especial skill now & should be good at it)
