Schema theory Flashcards
what is visual schema
- a set of rules determine which category a new set of visual stimuli should be classified into
- stereotypes
- classifying a dog as a “dog” without having ever seen that particular dog before
what are the two states of memory in adam’s theory
- Memory trace: initiates a movement and its initial trajectory
- Perceptual trace: guides the limb to the correct location through the movement
- perceptual trace is then compared with feedback to make adjustments to correct the limb position
- accuracy of movement improves the strengthening perceptual trace by exposure to feedback and KR
is adams theory open or closed loop
closed loop
limitations of adams theory
- storage problem
- store a motor program for every single movement - Novelty problem
- how do you learn a new skill if you have never performed it
schema theory of discrete motor skills
attempts to explain how we learn -discrete perceptual motor skills
- focuses on the development of motor programs and their response specifications
- 3 things required to perform a skill:
1. Generalized motor program
2. Recall schema
3. Recognition schema
recall schema
- engaged BEFORE deciding on a movement response
- assesses initial conditions and response specifications to determine GMP
GMP
- pre-structured commands for a number of movements if the specific response specifications are provided
- parameters that can be varied before the movement begins
recognition schema
- evaluates the movement from sensory info
- expected proprioceptive feedback
- anticipated exteroceptive feedback
- used during and after the movement response
- expected sensory consequences are compared to the actual sensory consequences of the ongoing movement to evaluate efficiency of response
what is error labeling
comparing actual and expected sensory consequences
two ways for error labeling
- KR: more accurate at updating our recall schema
- Subjective reinforcement: used in absence of KR
goal: to update our recall schema and help minimize errors
- error labeling system: a schema for labeling sensory signals
steps to producing a movement
- Response specifications are selected
- Simultaneously expected feedback is selected
- the movement can now be initiated - Error is fed back to the schema
- KR is fed back to the schema
- learning is possible by feeding back the essential error info to the schemata
what was the activity for schema
- beer pong
- throwing a ping pong ball is a discrete action
- it require the use of recall and recognition schema for each successive attempt
- its measurable
where are we know with schema theory
- 44-year-old theory, that is still on of the most influential theories in motor learning, behavior and control
- dubbed a citation classic in 1994
- appealed to more than just scientists in traditional motor learning
- researchers are calling on a new theory to be developed
support for schema
- the generalized motor program is still widely used term and the restrained arm experiment supports the idea of GMP
- error labelling system supported by Newell and Boucher
- recall schema supported by being able to accurately write out your signature small or large
a contending theory to schema
- dynamic systems theory
- movement behavior is the result of complex interactions between many different subsystems in the body, the task at hand and the environment
rapid vs slow movement
Rapid movement: feedback at the end
Slow movement: feedback during the movement
active vs passive
Active- activating your muscles to do something
Passive- someone’s moving your body for you- physio therapy
application of the research
- coaches should regulate feedback as it can have positive effects on the GMP
- random practice better for the GMP than block practice
- pairing these two leads to best results when teaching and learning a GMP as it forces the learner to reconstruct the solution each trail
