Lecture 4 Flashcards
stages of processing
- Input
- Stimulus identification
- Response selection
- Movement programming
- Output
stimulus identification
- Analyze input- vision, audition, touch, kinesthesis, and smell
- Assembling these many components- visual info goes to the correct place
- Patterns of movement are detected
response selection
- Provided info about the environment
- We then decide what response to make given the environment
- essentially is a transition process between sensory input and the movement output
organization of the motor system
- lower-level mechanisms in the brain-stem and spinal cord are readied for action
- motor program that drives the movement output is retrieved and organized
- reaction time (RT) is used to measure this process in a research setting
- reaction time is how long it takes someone to react to a stimulus
reaction time
- performance measure for the speed and effectiveness of decision making
- demonstrates how quickly humans are able to process and respond to a stimuli
- reaction time measured: response time = reaction time and movement time
decision making
- what is the measure of decision making? = reaction time
- factors that may influence your decision making
1. The number of possible responses - single possibility ex) see the light- press a button (no choices)
- multiple possibilities ex) driving a car- the number of evasive driving strategies possible
measuring factors of decision making
a) Simple reaction time
- one response choice
b) Choice reaction time
- more than one response choice
- S-R time
- the time required to detect and recognize the stimulus, and initiate the proper response
- more options= longer reaction time
Hicks law
-linear relationship between choice RT and the # of S-R options
-logarithmic equation
-in theory, if you have double the choices it doubles your reaction time
Is it that simple?
compatibility of S-R: the extent to which the stimulus and the response it evokes are connected in an intuitive way
ex) to make a right turn when driving, you turn the wheel to the right
ex) to turn right when sailing, the sailor must turn the tiller to the left
-which example takes more time? Why?
practice
- the higher the amount of practice, reaction time will get faster. Why? More efficient synapses
- with high amount of practice, extremely skilled learners can produce RTs that approach automatic processing ex) high performance athletes, surgeons, professional dancers, concert musicians
anticipation
- highly skilled performers are able to predict behavior/consequences
- know what stimuli may occur, where and when they will occur
- illusion of “all the time they need”
types of anticipation
- spatial- when we know where something is going to occur (badminton)
- Temporal- knowing when something is going to occur
Benefits: allows us to decrease our reaction time, allows us response effectively and efficiently = increase RT
Cost: what happens may not be what we anticipated, take alternative method= decrease RT
three memory systems involved in movement control
- short term sensory store
- short-term memory
- long term memory
short term sensory store
- Short term sensory store (STSS)
- retain sensory info for a short period of time
- holds info for only 1 second
short term memory
- Short-term memory (STM)
- working memory
- repetition/rehearsal
- if you don’t study it, it will go away
long term memory
- Long term memory (LTM)
- contains well learned info from over the course of a lifetime
- storage is effortful
- applies to movement skills as well
- needs repetition, practice, and correcting
- info in LTM is thought to be coded and connected to other info such as imagery, sounds, smells
