Lecture 4 Flashcards
stages of processing
- Input
- Stimulus identification
- Response selection
- Movement programming
- Output
stimulus identification
- Analyze input- vision, audition, touch, kinesthesis, and smell
- Assembling these many components- visual info goes to the correct place
- Patterns of movement are detected
response selection
- Provided info about the environment
- We then decide what response to make given the environment
- essentially is a transition process between sensory input and the movement output
organization of the motor system
- lower-level mechanisms in the brain-stem and spinal cord are readied for action
- motor program that drives the movement output is retrieved and organized
- reaction time (RT) is used to measure this process in a research setting
- reaction time is how long it takes someone to react to a stimulus
reaction time
- performance measure for the speed and effectiveness of decision making
- demonstrates how quickly humans are able to process and respond to a stimuli
- reaction time measured: response time = reaction time and movement time
decision making
- what is the measure of decision making? = reaction time
- factors that may influence your decision making
1. The number of possible responses - single possibility ex) see the light- press a button (no choices)
- multiple possibilities ex) driving a car- the number of evasive driving strategies possible
measuring factors of decision making
a) Simple reaction time
- one response choice
b) Choice reaction time
- more than one response choice
- S-R time
- the time required to detect and recognize the stimulus, and initiate the proper response
- more options= longer reaction time
Hicks law
-linear relationship between choice RT and the # of S-R options
-logarithmic equation
-in theory, if you have double the choices it doubles your reaction time
Is it that simple?
compatibility of S-R: the extent to which the stimulus and the response it evokes are connected in an intuitive way
ex) to make a right turn when driving, you turn the wheel to the right
ex) to turn right when sailing, the sailor must turn the tiller to the left
-which example takes more time? Why?
practice
- the higher the amount of practice, reaction time will get faster. Why? More efficient synapses
- with high amount of practice, extremely skilled learners can produce RTs that approach automatic processing ex) high performance athletes, surgeons, professional dancers, concert musicians
anticipation
- highly skilled performers are able to predict behavior/consequences
- know what stimuli may occur, where and when they will occur
- illusion of “all the time they need”
types of anticipation
- spatial- when we know where something is going to occur (badminton)
- Temporal- knowing when something is going to occur
Benefits: allows us to decrease our reaction time, allows us response effectively and efficiently = increase RT
Cost: what happens may not be what we anticipated, take alternative method= decrease RT
three memory systems involved in movement control
- short term sensory store
- short-term memory
- long term memory
short term sensory store
- Short term sensory store (STSS)
- retain sensory info for a short period of time
- holds info for only 1 second
short term memory
- Short-term memory (STM)
- working memory
- repetition/rehearsal
- if you don’t study it, it will go away
long term memory
- Long term memory (LTM)
- contains well learned info from over the course of a lifetime
- storage is effortful
- applies to movement skills as well
- needs repetition, practice, and correcting
- info in LTM is thought to be coded and connected to other info such as imagery, sounds, smells
pathway of memories
Info task environment body short term sensory store short term memory 3: practice, repetition, rehearsal long term memory
