Taxonomy Flashcards
Classification
grouping and naming organisms based on similarities
Taxonomy
the science of grouping and naming organisms
Carolus Linnaeus
developed the best system of classification, based on physical similarities
Binomial nomenclature
(2 names) world-wide scientific system of naming
Scientific Name
combination of genus and species
RULES
1.) written in Latin
2.) written in italics
3.) has at least 2 words
4.)1st word capitalized, 2nd is not
Dichotomous key
tool for identification of organisms
Also finds genus and species (AKA scientific name)
VIRUSES
Tiny Non-living particles that invade and then replicate inside a host cell
How large are viruses
Viruses are smaller than bacteria and very simple in structure
Protein coat
protects the virus
Capsid
contains the genetic material
Surface proteins
allow it to attach to the host cell. These act like a lock & key & are specific to the type of cell that the virus can invade
Envelope
some viruses may also have an outer membrane
ACTIVE
Lytic Phase (lysis)
Virus attaches to the cell. The viral genetic material takes over and begins to replicate immediately (can take 1-12 days)
HIDDEN
Lysogenic Phase (lay low)
Genetic material is combined with the cell’s and lies dormant until it is ready to become active (can take years)
How do viruses reproduce?
- Virus attaches to the cell
- Virus releases genetic material into cell
- Cell is instructed to make more virus parts
- Virus parts are assembled
- New viruses emerge from cell, destroying it in the process
BACTERIA
Prokaryotic; unicellular organisms with NO nucleus and NO membrane-bound organelles
Two Kingdoms
KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
COCCUS
round shaped (Ex. Staphylococcus aureus- staph infection)
STREPTOCOCCUS
round shaped in a chain (Ex. Streptococcus pneumoniae- cause of pneumonia
BACILLUS
Rod-shaped (Ex. Bacillus coagulans- good bacteria found in yougurt that helps your digestive system.
SPIRILLUM
spiral-shaped (Ex. Campylobacter jejuni- leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans)
PHOTOSYNTHETIC
Autotrophs use energy from the sun to make food
CHEMOSYNTHETIC
Autotrophs use energy in chemicals to make food
RESPIRATION
Heterotrophs consume food and use oxygen to make energy
ASEXUAL
BINARY FISSION
one parent divides to form two identical offspring
CONJUGATION
exchange genetic material through a tube that connects them
STATIONARY
Don’t move!
FLAGELLA
Long whip-like tail
PROTISTA
Unicellular eukaryotes that can be animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like and mostly live in moist surroundings
PLANT-LIKE energy
Photosynthesis
ANIMAL-LIKE energy
Consuming other organisms
FUNGUS-LIKE energy
Absorbing decaying materials
PLANT-LIKE moving
Flagella and floating
ANIMAL-LIKE moving
Pseudopodia, cilia, flagella, or by using host
FUNGUS-LIKE moving
Ooze using pseudopodia
What are viruses?
non-living
What are bacteria?
prokaryotic and unicellular
What are protists?
eukaryotic and unicellular
FUNGI
Multicellular or unicellular (yeast) eukaryotic heterotrophs that absorb decaying material and live in warm moist places
main characteristics of Fungi
All are haploid (half the number of chromosomes)
Cell walls are made of chitin
Mycelium: underground root-like system
PARASITIC energy
From living host, harming it in the process
Fungal Infections like Athlete’s foot
MUTUALISTIC energy
From a beneficial relationship with another organism
Lichens
DECOMPOSER
From breaking down decaying materials
Mushrooms
Hyphae
(roots) grow into food source
Digestive enzymes
are released into organism
Hyphae absorb …
nutrients
SEXUAL fungi reproduction
Hyphal exchange
hyphae fuse together
& trade genetic material
ASEXUAL fungi reproduction
Budding
Identical organism grows from the parent
Fruiting Body
structure that makes asexual spores
PLANTAE
NON-VASCULAR
Multicellular eukaryotic autotrophs that do not have tubes (no roots, stems or leaves)
characteristics of non-vascular plants
Low growing plants that get materials directly from surroundings
Cells are supported using cell walls made of cellulose
Autotroph: make their own food using energy from the sun through photosynthesis
What three parts do plant cells have that animal cells do not have?
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Large vacuole
PLANTAE
VASCULAR Multicellular eukaryotic autotrophs that have a system of tubes (roots, stems and leaves)
characteristics of vascular plants
Retain water
Transport materials; have tubes called xylem and phloem to transport materials
Autotroph: make their own food using energy from the sun through photosynthesis
PHOTOTROPISM
Plant grows toward light (+)
GRAVITROPISM
Plant grows away from gravity (-)
THIGMOTROPISM
Plant wraps around object when near – vines (+)
Waxy cuticle
helps the plant to retain water.
Makes the plant almost “waterproof”.
mesophyll layer
responsible for the majority of photosynthesis
xylem
carries water from the roots to the leaf.
phloem
carries nutrients from the leaf to the rest of the plant.
stomata
taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.
While the stomata is open, water can evaporate out of the stomata (transpiration).
The stomata being open/closed is regulated by guard cells.
embryo
the part that will turn into a plant once the seed germinates
cotyledon
stores food for the seed until it is ready to grow
seed coat
protects the seed.
STAMEN
The MALE part
made of the anther and filament.
PISTIL
The FEMALE part
made of the STIGMA, STYLE, and OVARY
PETALS
attract pollinators.
Invertebrate
animals without a backbone
Vertebrate
animals with a backbone
ANIMALIA: INVERTEBRATES
Multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs that do not have a backbone
PORIFERA characteristics
Filter feed using collar cells
Lives in water and stays in one place (sessile)
CNIDARIA characteristics
Have stinging cells called cnidoblasts used for defense and to capture prey
Two body plans
Often live in colonies
ECHINODERMATA characteristics
Water vascular system (fluid filled tubes)
Sticky tube feet used to move and capture prey
ARTHROPOD characteristics
Has an outer skeleton (exoskeleton)
Segmented body
Largest group of animals
WORM characteristics
Simplest organism with a brain
Three main phyla:
Nematoda: long, cylindrical body
Platyhelminthes: all are parasitic
Annelida: has a closed circulatory syste
ANIMALIA: VERTEBRATES
Multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs that have a backbone
PISCES characteristics
Ectothermic
Three main groups:
Jawless fish: do not have jaws
Cartilaginous fish: endoskeleton made of cartilage
Bony fish: endoskeleton made of bone
AMPHIBIA characteristics
Ectothermic with smooth moist skin
Goes through metamorphosis
Three main groups:
Salamanders
Frogs & Toads
Caecilians
REPTILIA characteristics
Dry scaly skin adapted for life on land
Soft, leathery amniotic eggs laid on land
Three main groups:
Crocodilians & alligators
Turtles
Lizards & Snakes
REPTILIA characteristics
Dry scaly skin adapted for life on land
Soft, leathery amniotic eggs laid on land
Three main groups:
Crocodilians & alligators
Turtles
Lizards & Snakes
AVES characteristics
Endothermic
Closed circulatory system with four-chambered heart
Lays hard-shelled eggs
Most care for young after they hatch
MAMMALIA characteristics
Endothermic with fur
Closed circulatory system with four-chambered heart
Give birth to live young (with a few exceptions)
