Protein Synthesis Flashcards
Protein Synthesis
process where amino acids are joined together to make a protein
(polypeptide protein chain)
DNA to RNA (mRNA)
Takes place in nucleus
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
acts like a messenger, carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes
Transcription
DNA acts as a model/pattern for making RNA
Translation
RNA translates DNA’s instructions to ribosomes, who make proteins
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
brings instructions from DNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
brings amino acids to the ribosome
Codon
3 letters on mRNA, code for protein
Anticodon
bottom of tRNA, matches the codon
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
in ribosomes, put amino acids in the right order
Mutation
DNA is damaged, resulting in wrong protein being made
Are all mutations bad?
Some are good, most are bad, but they cause diversity in life
Genetic Disease
Caused by mutations in DNA
Can’t cure
Inherited, not caught
EX: Down Syndrome
Viral/Bacterial Disease
Caused by bacteria or virus
Can cure
Transmitted by air, water, contact
EX: Salmonella, AIDs
Point mutation (substitution)
one of the DNA nitrogen bases is wrong
What can happen as a result of the point mutation?
Silent Mutation
Missense Mutation
Nonsense Mutation
Silent Mutation
A mutation that has no effect on the protein being made.
Missense Mutation
A point mutation that results in a different amino acid instead of the normal amino acid.
Nonsense Mutation
A point mutation that results in a stop codon instead of the normal amino acid.
Frameshift mutation
a nitrogen base is missing or added and causes all other bases to shift right or left
Types of Frameshift Mutations
Insertion
Deletion
Insertion
nitrogen base is added
Deletion
nitrogen base is deleted
Where are proteins synthesized?
Ribosomes
