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Consciousness > Task1.1 > Flashcards

Task1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by THIRD person data ? And what are the tools for meassuring the data ?

A
  • A third person can Identify if you are conscious via
    1. Brain Processes
    2. Behaviour of the participant
    3. Enviormental process
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2
Q

How are brain processes regarding Third person consciousness being meassured and are the tools working preceisly?

A
  • EEG, Brain imaging
  • Needs good language/daiagram for expressing the data -> formalism
  • > This is very well developed
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3
Q

What is meant by FIRST person data ? And what are the tools to meassure the data ?

A
  • subjective conscious experience

- Unturtered Introspection and verbal reports

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4
Q

Are the tools for studying first person data of concsciousness working preceisly?

A
  • No because:
    1. probelm of formalism
    2. the lack of full access to our experience
    3. introspecting an experience changes the experience
    4. the possibility of “grand illusions”
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5
Q

What is meant by formalism ?

A
  • if you use introspection to determine consciousness u should agree on a structued language which can be understand universally.
  • Key for analyzing first person data
  • But maybe first perosn data can not be put in words (emotions)
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6
Q

How is consciousness generally being studied? “Science of consciousness”

A
  • Only via relating third person data to first person data

- Goal would be to devlop broad connection principles and eventuelly form them into simple and univeral laws

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7
Q

What is the problem with how consciousness is currently being studied?

A
  • The problem is that 3 person data can never explain first person data
  • But third person data could play an essential role in understaing it
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8
Q

what is meant by broad connection principles?

A

= certain sorts of experience go along with certain processes in the brain

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9
Q

What is meant by “fundamental theory” of consciousness ?

A
  • to devlop broad connection principles and eventuelly form then into simple and univeral laws
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10
Q

What can we develop to gain a better formalism regarding first person persepctive ?

A
  • develop formalisms for capturing the structure of experience
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11
Q

What is meant by NNC ?

A
  • neural correlate of consciousness -> neural system or systems primarily associated with conscious experience.
  • Brain activites taht correspond to consciousness
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12
Q

what is the issue with the NCC ?

A
  • can not be meassured preceisly
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13
Q

Where can we find most likely the NCC?

A
  • NCC is an interaction between thalamus and the cortex
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14
Q

What are common principles which we need to determine if someone is consciouss ?

A
  • Pre-experimental bridging principles

- >Chambler

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15
Q

What is meant by Pre-experimental bridging principles ? Also name two types of brdiging principles ?

A
  • They are used to create inferences from facts about processing to facts about consciousness
  • Also acriteria that must be fulfilled to say that someone is conscious and what they are conscious off
    1. Principle of verbal report
    2. principle of availabilty for global control
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16
Q

What is meant by the principle of verbal report ?

A
  • when sth is verbally reported it is conscious

- very save / clear principle to detrmine consciousness

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17
Q

What is menat by the principle of availabilty for global control ?

A
  • When information is directly
    available for global control in a cognitive system, then it is conscious
    -> pressing a bar in response to a stimuli in a certain way
  • not a very clear principle to determine consciousness
18
Q

Explain champlers Syllogism:

A
  1. Consciousness = brdiging principle
  2. bridging principle = neuronal principle
  3. Consciusness = Neural process
    - > basically with the principles we can produce rational reconstructions to detct the NCC
19
Q

What is meant by the vegetative state?

A
  • People are wakefull (can breath, ope eyes, normal sleep wake rythm)
  • > But no conscious awareness
  • > every action is only controlled via subcortical actions !!
20
Q

How do you diagnois a vegetative state ?

A
  • Based on evidence of purposeful behaviour in response to external stimuli
  • Or sometimes the meassuring of brain functions
21
Q

How can someone become in a vegetative state?

A
  • Severe brain injury or coma
22
Q

Which subcortical brain structures show activity during a vegetative state?

A
  • Medula, pons, midbrain and thalamus
23
Q

Explain the important vegetative state study:

A
  • Fmri scan with a woman which fullfield all crriterias for being in a vegetative state
  • During the Fmri Scan she had to conduct two task
    1. measure her neural responses
    during the presentation
    of spoken sentences + compared to accoustic
    2. spoken instructions
    to perform two mental imagery (tennis) + (visitng all of the roomes in your house)
24
Q

What did the resecher identified during the first task of the vegetative state study?

A
  • Speech-specific activity was observed bilaterally in the middle and
    superior temporal gyri,
  • Also sentences with ambigious words showed semantic processing which are critical for speech comprehension
    -> just like a normal human
25
Q

Why where the findings not as relevant as previusoly thought ?

A
  • because the neuronal response to words can not be linked to consciousness
  • The human cognition including speech can go on in the absence of conscious
26
Q

What did the resecher identified during the second task of the vegetative state study?

A
  • supplementary motor area activity during the mental image of playing tennis
  • activity was observed in the parahippocampal
    gyrus, the posterior parietal cortex, and the lateral
    premotor cortex during the mental image of walking around the house
    -> Same activity as a healthy human
27
Q

What is the overall conclusion of the vegetative state study ?

A
  • It was proven that the patient still had the abilty to understand spoken commands and to respond to them
    through her brain activity
  • > Consciously aware !!
28
Q

What were certain critiques regrding the vegetative state task?

A
  • Patient had only few cerebral lesions in comparison to others
  • No long-range neural integration was observed
  • The question of why could she not perform intentional motor acts given that there was no functional lesion
  • Owen did not collect a report which supports the fundamental property of consciousness
  • Maybe the brain activites (ilands) were rather subconscious processes (cocktail party)
  • Huge ethical dilema
29
Q

What is the fundamental property of consciousness ?

A
  • The ability to report one’s own mental state
  • Example: “I read the word consciousness on this
    page,”
30
Q

What are alternatives to the fundamental property of consciousness?

A
  1. Active maintenance of mental representations
  2. Strategical processing
  3. Spontaneous intentional behaviour
31
Q

Which of the alternatives to the fundamental property of consciousness was proven in owens study ?

A
  • Active maintenance of mental representations

- Support for his study since in his study the network was active for 30 seconds

32
Q

Name some facts about the vegetative state patients:

A
  • they coast between 1 to 7 billion a year
33
Q

What are the cons of using an fmri machine to determine a consciousness state:

A
  • transition from unconscious to conscious perception can not be seen in an fmri
  • because consciousness is not detected by a specific brain area
34
Q

Why are the bridging principles so key ?

A
  • bcause they seem to fit the
    first-person evidence
  • The key pre-empirical criterion for the ascription of consciousness.
35
Q

How do you determine if someone is consciouss in a medical sense ?

A
  • awareness = shows evidence of purposeful behavior in response to the
    environment
  • Arousal = is awake (eye opening
36
Q

Give an example of the factor awareness:

A
  • Recognition or identifying subjective experience
37
Q

How can we become unconscious ?

A
  • Via a brain concusion
38
Q

Which brain structures are crucial for consciousness

A
  • Reticular formation
  • Thalamus (gate for consciousness)
  • cerbel cortex (frontal and parietal + corpus collosum
39
Q

What is the definition of a coma ?

A
  • Absence of arousal and awareness (→ unconsciousness)

- Persistence for at least 1 hour

40
Q

What is meant by brain death ?

A
  • Final breakdown of all brain functions: no spontaneous breathing, no brain
    stem reflexes
41
Q

what is meant by the locked in Syndrome ?

A
  • Fully conscious and awake state

- complete/incomplete lose of motor function 8varies)

Consciousness (11 decks)

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