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Consciousness > Task 3.3 > Flashcards

Task 3.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by introspection ?

A
  • looking into our own minds and reporting what we discover there
  • searching for a state of consciousness
    1. It is a thought process /thinking about ones past primary conscious experiences = retrospection
    2. Data comes from memory
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2
Q

What is the most well known tool to discover cosnciousness ?

A
  • Introspection -> Since it is yet the best method to study consciousness
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3
Q

How do participants report there introspection ?(define the two types)

A
  • Mostly informal = what ever comes up in your mind

- Formal = introspection in a systematic manner

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4
Q

How did introspection differ between past and current ?

A
  • In the past it was thought that all mentall process are consciouss -> So you could report on them
  • Cureently we know that some mental process are unconsciousness and some are consicious -> So not all mental procces can be reported via inrospection
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5
Q

What is the difference between introspection and introspective verbal report?

A
  • introspective verbal report = is a verbal description of your conscious
    experience
  • Introspection is = you oberving for yourself ur conscious experience
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6
Q

What are some major weakness regarding introspection ? (only if we accept reconstruction = intrrospection)

A
  • recalling can lead to reconstruct prior events with filling the gaps
  • we base a lot on prior beliefs
  • introspection is limited via memory storage and retrieval process
  • > basicall it is restricted by limitations of memory storage and retrieval processes
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7
Q

What are the 3 types of introspection ?

A
  1. Analytic
  2. Descriptive
  3. Interpretive
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8
Q

What is meant by Analytic introspection ?

A
  1. Describe experiences in terms of elementary constituents
  2. Those elements can be identified via introspection
  3. it is based on modern structualism
  4. Example: describing a table in 3D terms
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9
Q

What are some limitations regarding the analytic introspection ?

A
  • Theoretical foundation “struturlism was exchanged by the Gestalt psychology = it is more about unified configurations rather then elemants
  • unreliable (same condition = differnt reports)
  • elementary bases are just to basic for complex thoughts
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10
Q

What is meant by descriptive phenomenal introspection?

A
  • description of one’s conscious experience in natural language term
  • What did I perceive/think/feel?
  • try to report as closely as possible to the way we originally experienced them
  • Usually connected to dreams
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11
Q

What is meant by interpretive introspection?

A
  • intended to discover the causes of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.
  • Asking yourself WHY you feel these things
  • Try to identify antecedents (vorläufer) = relevant prior events and thoughts which make us think the way we do think
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12
Q

What are some limitations of the interpretive introspection?

A
  • Some doubt that we know the causes of our own thoughts
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13
Q

What is issue between desrciptive and interpretive introspection?

A
  • The distinction is quiet tricky
  • Sometimes we can not really say if for example Love is what we feel or why we feel certain thinks
  • Only way to distinluish those terms is via identifying the intentions of the particpant
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14
Q

What are some critiques on IVR ?

A
  • Behaviourists: consciousness plays no role in causing people to behave the way they do -> thefore reporting them makes no sense
  • Psychologist: IVR are inaccurate and unreliable
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15
Q

What are the major limitations of IVR ?

A
  • Forgetting
  • Reconstruction errors
  • Verbal discription errors
  • Distortion Through Observation
  • Censorship
  • Lack of Independent Verification
  • Substitution of Inferences for Observations
  • Experimental demands
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16
Q

What is meant by forgetting ?

A
  • Based on multistore model
  • You can only report memory in STM or if they have been tansferred to LTM and can be retrieved from STM
  • everything which is not stored by the LTM is forgotten
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17
Q

Name 4 facts when verbal reports will be incomplete or inaccurate ? (regarding forgetting)

A
  1. Never attended to the event so not available in STM
  2. Info might be available for reporting but for some reason you don’t report it (Censorship protecting prvate information)
  3. Wasn’t transferred into LTM
  4. Cannot be retrieved from LTM
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18
Q

How can we assure that verbal reports are accurate ?

A
  1. Emotional attachment
  2. Rehersal
  3. Collecting the memory when still in STM
  4. Put awareness on the participant
  5. No pressure
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19
Q

What is meant by reconstruction errors ?

A
  1. recall is a combination of actuall recalling and partly on filling in the gaps with plausible details
  2. memory has a different order then actual event to create a coherent story line
    - > errors done by patient
    - mostly for LTM
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20
Q

What is meant by verbal description difficulties ?

A
  • Conscious experiences cannot be adequately described in words or people report same stuff differently
  • mostly strong emotions
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21
Q

How do you overcome the verbal description difficulty ?

A
  • training to use special vocabulary !!
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22
Q

What is meant by Distortion through Observation ?

A
  • when u observe someone while he knows that he will be observed his stream of memory does not reflect his every day memory stream
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23
Q

How to overcome the Distortion Through Observation ?

A
  • do not give a head ups prior to the observation

- or make us of a double blind study

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24
Q

What is meant by a double blind study ?

A
  • A double-blind study is one in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving which particular treatment
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25
Q

What does censorship mean ?

A
  • you choose to keep secrets instead or reporting everything (aggressive or sexual thoughts)
26
Q

How can you overcome the problem of censorship ?

A
  • Ask only about general experience not specific

- give the participants categorize

27
Q

What is meant by experimenatl demands ?

A
  • Those are situational cues from which subjects try to figure out what the experimenter expects them to do
  • Subjects want to be helpful so they are more likely to report what the research wants them to report
  • use exaggeration (übertreibung)
28
Q

What is meant by lack of indipendent verification ?

A
  • Researchers have no way to independently check/verify on the accuracy of subjects’ reports
29
Q

How can the poblem of indipendent verification be overcome ?

A
  • check of consistency with other reports (from different or same person)
  • look at other eternal cues (facial expression)
  • Check if the reported information go along with prior theories
30
Q

What is meant by substitution of Inferences for Observations ?

A
  • Similar to reconstruction

- Make plausible inferences using a priori theories about the causes of human actions instead of reporting actual facts

31
Q

Which methods study the ongoing stream of consciousness ? (methods of obtaining introspective reports)

A
  • Thinking out loud
  • Thought sampeling
  • Retrospective report
32
Q

Which further methods which are not driectly study the ongoing stream of consciousness ?

A
  • Event recording
  • Diaries
  • Group questionnaires
33
Q

Define thinking out loud and name the pros and cons of the method:

A
  • Continuous verbal report while solving a task
  • PRO: Lots of detailed info about stream of consciousness (real time) + basically no forgetting
  • CON: introspection and report may alter thought process
34
Q

Define thought sampeling and name the pros and cons of the method:

A
  • Whenever there is a signal, they should report what they were thinking at that
    moment
  • PRO: less distortion in thought procces + no forgetting
  • CON: Not as much detailes as thinking out loud
35
Q

Define retrospective reports and name the pros and cons of the method:

A
  • Does not study the ongoing stream
  • used to collect data about thoughts that
    occurred on a specified previous occasion
  • PRO: Doesn’t interfere with ongoing thought process during the main task
  • CON: Forgetting, reconstruction errors, also substituting inferences from observations could occur
36
Q

Define event recording and name the pros and cons of the method:

A
  • It is more about identifying a type of thoughts rather then the full range of content
    -> done via a notebook or on a tape recorder
  • PRO: helps to tracing changes in the frequency of a particular type
    of thought -> if treamtent is working
  • CON: Forgett to report relevant stuff because of habbit reporting
37
Q

Define diaries and name the pros and cons of the method:

A
  • Diary = narative report
  • PRO: Lots of content + large range of consciouss experience
  • CON: Very selective + unsystematic + reconstruction error + uncontrolled reporting (could cheat) -> Not usefull for testing a hypotheiss
38
Q

Define group questionnaires and name the pros and cons of the method:

A
  • Get a lot of data from a lot of people as quickly and cheaply as possible.
  • PRO: Only useful to comapre thoughts between a large group
  • CON: Forgetting, closed questions responses must fit in a given format which leads to less discovery
39
Q

How do we figure out neural correlates of conscious visual awareness?

A
  • contrast neural correlates of stimulus processing culminating in visual awareness
    from neural correlates of stimulus processing unaccompanied by awareness
  • We need to identify neural events reliably and uniquely
    correlated with states of consciousness therfore we need to earse a stimulus from visual awareness
40
Q

What are the two key components for the stratgeies that identify “neural correlates of conscious visual awareness”

A
  • The startegy must mirror a stimulus conditions in everyday visual experiences
  • Technique must clearly sepperate awareness from unawareness
41
Q

What is a comman mistake while detecting “neural correlates of conscious visual awareness”: (dont know about this

A
  • Degraded visual stimulation
  • or to use a to overwhelming stimuli
  • does not typify everyday
    vision
42
Q

What does degraded visual stimulation ? ( dont know about this)

A
  • Removing a visual stimuli from awareness

- Present stimuli too briefly for detection

43
Q

When is the degraded visual stimulus useful ? (dont know about this)

A
  • when u sued it to cover up the perception based on limitations of the central neuronal process (qualia)
  • i does not make any sense to give a unclear stimulus input such as an optic blur
44
Q

Neme the 7 strategies to detect the”neural correlates of conscious visual awareness”

A
  1. Visual Backward Masking
  2. Visual Crowding
  3. Bistable Perception
  4. Binocular Rivalry
  5. Motion-Induced Blindness
  6. Inattentional and Change Blindness
  7. Attentional Blink
45
Q

What are the 8 criterias which each of the method has been tested for ?

A
  • Variety of stimuli
  • Stimulus size
  • Visual flied location
  • Temporal aspects of stimulation
  • Unambiguous invisibility
  • Invariant stimulation
  • Duration
  • Predictability
46
Q

What is meant by Variety of stimuli ?

A
  • is the technique effective at a wide variety of stimuli
47
Q

What is meant by Stimulus size ?

A
  • does the technique work over a wide range of stimulus sizes
48
Q

What is meant by Visual flied location ?

A
  • does the technique work equally well in central and in peripheral vision?
  • outer edges of retina
  • central vision = within the foveaa
49
Q

What is meant by Temporal aspects of stimulation ?

A
  • Is there any time restriction
50
Q

What is meant by Unambiguous invisibility ?

A
  • does the state of unawareness involve complete, unambiguous invisibility of the stimulus
51
Q

What is meant by Invariant stimulation ?

A
  • does the physical stimualtion stays the same when visual awareness fluctuates (tired)
52
Q

What is meant by Duration ?

A
  • do the periods of unawareness last for longer than a few hundred milliseconds
53
Q

What is meant by Predictability ?

A
  • is the onset of unawareness controllable, and are the durations of unawareness predictable
54
Q

Explain the strategie of visual masking and compare it to the tested criterias:

A
  • Backward maskinking = Brief target stimulus followed shortly by a mask
  • Forward masking = First the mask and then the target
  • Mask = A different picture
  • A currently popular theory posits that the mask disrupts feedback signals associated with the target -> it halts’ the processing of the target,
  • disruption in peripheral stages of processing
  • Yellow: Stimulus size, Unambiguous invisibility, invariant stimulation
  • RED: Duration and temporal
55
Q

Explain the strategie of visual crowding and compare it to the tested criterias:

A
  • Normally visible figure can be unrecognisable when flanked by other, nearby stimuli (identifying one person in the crowd)
  • Question: Variety of stimuli and stimulus size
  • Yellow: /
  • Red: field location (only for peripheral), Unambiguous invisibility, invarient stimulation
56
Q

Explain the strategie of Bistable Perception and compare it to the tested criterias:

A
  • Ambiguous figures lead to fluctuations in perception despite/(trotz) unchanging visual stimulation
  • Brain focus first one interpretation and then on the other (two competing states of awareness)
    Example: bistable figure
  • works with ambiguity
  • Yellow: /
  • Red: Variety of stimuli
    Predictabiliy
57
Q

Explain the strategie of Binocular Rivalry and compare it to the tested criterias:

A
  • Presenting dissimilar monocular patterns to corresponding areas of the two eyes produces fluctuations in visual awareness
  • works with visual conflict
  • Yellow: /
  • RED: Stimulus size, predictability
58
Q

Explain the strategie of motion induced blindness and compare it to the tested criterias:

A
  • Small object in larger optic flow (moving) field -> the object can disappear from awareness
    for several seconds at a time
  • Yellow: Variety of stimuli and stimulus size
  • Red: Visual field location and predictability
59
Q

Explain the strategie of “distracted attention” and compare it to the tested criterias:

A
  • Visual awareness of an object can be disrupted by
    distracting an observer’s attention from that object
  • IB: attention focused on one object or event can manipulate people temporarily ‘blind’
  • CB:when viewing two successive pictures separated by a blank interval, observers might fail to notice a change in the picture
  • Yellow: Visual field location,temporal aspects, (predictability, duration invarient stimulation,unambigious invisability only for IB)
  • RED: only for CB predictability
60
Q

Explain the strategie of “Attentinoal” Blink and compare it to the tested criterias:

A
  • When 2 visual targets are closely followed up you most likly miss the second target
  • but A stimulus made invisible by the AB
    can still impact visual processing
  • Yellow: unambigious invisibility
  • RED:temporal aspects, duration

Consciousness (11 decks)

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