Task 5 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two set of arguments which seperate consciousness from attention ?
A
- Pschological theoreticl one
2. Neurobiological one
2
Q
What is a fundamental assumption of consciousness ?
A
- that it needs selective attention
- It is the gate system
3
Q
What does selective attention mean ?
A
- we are not aware of everything we lay our eyes on
- Certain stimuli might never reach consciousness, not even when attended even though they undergo sensory processing (CALLED non selective attentional mechanism)
4
Q
Which studies proove selective attention ?
A
- IB and CB
- CB and IB are not failures of consciousness but failures of conscious memory
5
Q
How can u manipulate selective attention ?
A
- Preceding stimuli: via cueing a certain stimuli
- it forms a neural representation of almost the whole scene in WM
- it leaves a trace of activation - Salient stimuli
6
Q
What are the three clases of processing a stimuli ?
A
- unconscious, unattended or attended
7
Q
Which of the 3 classes of processing reach awareness ?
A
- Only Attended
8
Q
What is meant by the block theory ?
A
-Block distinguish between ‘phenomenal’ and ‘access’ awareness to describe consiousness
9
Q
What is realted to phenomenal awareness ?
A
- sensory memory
- Example: Cue works also long after the item has disappeared - > representation still present and attention can select from it
- So it is the pool of information
10
Q
What is realted to access awareness ?
A
- working memory
11
Q
What is essential according to block to come from phenomenal to access awareness or form sensory to working memory ?
A
- Attentional selection = Selective attention
12
Q
Based on the neurobiological persepctive what is meant by attention ?
A
- Attention is a selection process where some inputs are processed faster, better or deeper than others,-> better chance of being memorized
13
Q
How does the brain determine which stimuli will be attended to ?
A
- depending on the state of the brain when stimuli arrive it chooses either one or the other
- It depnds also on the combination of sensory processing with short and long-term memory explains
14
Q
Which brain state do we have ?
A
- Neutral brain state
- biased brain state
15
Q
What is meant by the neutral brain state ?
A
- Stimulus is choosen because it better matches with stored synaptic weight
16
Q
What is meant by the bias brain state ?
A
- processing of a previous stimulus has left a short-term trace of activity
- The stimuli which follows a similar path will be choosen
17
Q
What is the major function of competition during neuronal proccesing ?
A
- it prevents all inputs from reaching output areas of the brain
18
Q
What is meant by the localizationist approach ?
A
- The search of what kind of neural activity is, capable of producing awareness
19
Q
Accoring to the article what replaced the localization approach ?
A
- By the distinction between Feedforward sweep (FFS) and recurrent processing (RP)
20
Q
What is meant by FFS ?
A
- It is about passing on activaition of cells in cortical areas hierachly
- Very fast
- It is an unconscious process - no visaul awareness
21
Q
What is meant by RP ?
A
- occurs after the FFS
- It is about recurrent interactions between neurons which are mediated by feedback–feedforward circuits
- This leads to manifastion of certain information
- consouisses
22
Q
Where does the FFS start ?
A
- V 1= 40ms (uncosncious )
- Most visual areas = 80 ms (unconscious)
- Motor cortex = 120ms (consciousness)
23
Q
What did certain studies about FFS and RP reveal ?
A
- Backwards masking -> revealed that FFS is still active even though it is invisble / but it supressed the RP which is why we can not see it
- TMS study -> feedback from MT to V1 is necessary for motion awareness
- Anesthetized animals - > FFS still worked but RP did not
24
Q
What is meant by phenomenal awareness /consciousness ?
A
- no reportability
- You do not have any control over them
- Sensory experience and emotions
- is capable of handeling multiple stimulus cause of limited compettition (both stimuli)
25
What is meant by acces awarenes / consciousness ?
- reportability
- You have control over them
- reasoning
26
When does phenomenal awareness occur ?
- During a late satge of FFS when the early visual areas start to to engage in recurrent interaction
27
When does acces awareness occur ?
- when the recurrent interactions grows and grows
- when the visual information (phenomenal awareness) is put into the context of the systems’ current needs, goals and full history -> Acces awareness
- depends also on how much the visual areas incoperate with actiona nd memory areas
28
What determines if phenomenal awareness will become access awareness ?
- it depends on the extend of cooperation between visaul areas and action/memory realted areas
29
What is the overall conclusion according to the article about attention and awareness ?
- attention and awareness are intricately related but distinguish!
- BUT: there seems more overlap between mechanisms of memory and awareness
30
What is meant by awareness ?
- consiousness
31
Explain the goal of the study done by Koch:
- dissociate selective visual attention from visual consciousness/awarenss
32
Explain the set up of the experience done by Koch: What was the manipulation of attention ?
- Participant lay in a magnetic scanner while they had to carry out one of two attention task while supressing a distraction cycle
- 1. Asking participant to report the presence of a target letter when it appeared in a stream of letters (RSVP)
- 2. report whether they could see the target grating and ignoring the letters
- > used as manipulation of attention
33
What are the two facts which the experimnet was build around on ?
1. If both were projected into one eye, the cycle/mondrean – and the moving grating (gitter) was visible -> Visbile stumulus block
2. However, when each was projected into a different eye, the target became invisible -> Invisble stimulus block
- Both are 500ms long
34
What does RSVP mean ?
- rapid serial visual presentation
| - many pictures rapidly occuring
35
What are the four conditions of the study done by Koch ?
1. Attending to the visible grating
2. Attending to the invisible grating
3. Attending away from the visible grating
4. Attending away from the invisible grating
36
How did KOCH meassure activity ?
- Via the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal in V1
37
What was the conclusion of the study ?
1. BOLD response was unaffected by whether the participant lying in the scanner saw the target (grating) or not.
2. paying attention to the target consistently and strongly increased BOLD activity
- > V1 neurons do not directly contribute to visual awareness only to attention
38
What study was used to also prove the findings of the first study ?
- A monkey study but they did not use a megentic scaner they used spiking activity in V1
- invasive
39
What were the conclusion of the second study with the monkeys ?
- visual attention
and consciousness are supported by distinct neuronal
mechanisms.
40
What are some limitations on the theory that attention and awareness are different concepts ?
- The phenomenon of blindsight caused by lesions in V1 suggests a role for V1 in awareness
- TMS study revealed that: the feedback activity from the middle temporal area to V1 is crucial for visual awareness
- BUT V1 could also just be a rode to consciousness !! instead of the place for consciousness
41
What ie meant by the block design ?
| How do we manipulate visibality/consciousness ?
- 14 to 2 ratio in both visibule and invisble stimulus block
- over 16 seconds
- Each stimuli as one second
- meassuring BOLDS activity
42
How does a CB Task and WM correlate ?
- Number of items surviving CB correlate with the number of items that can be stored in WM,
43
What is so special about salience ?
- Salienc reflects how long term memory has shaped/modified snensory processing
44
Explain the process of phenomenal awareness and acces awarennes a bit more in detail:
- Multiple stimuls are presented in early stage of FFS
- at Higher stage the receptor fields become larger (compettion)
- Atentional selection solves comeptitiom
- At the same time in early visual areas recurrent interactions started (RP) -> Till there phenomenal awareness
- Then recurrent interactions grow more (selective attention start again) and then visual input will be put in needs and goals (acces awareness)
45
What is the difference between unattended and unconsciousses ?
- in unconsciouss u do not have a phenomenal awareness
46
Explain the first model by lamme:
- No distinction between attended and consciousness
| - There is no unconsciously process (either attended or unattended)
47
Explain the second model by lamme:
- Same as the first model but now there is a unconscious state
- But still no distinction - between attended and consciousness
48
Explain the third model by lamme:
- Simplified version of 2 because it puts attented and conscious together
49
Explain the fourth model by lamme:
- Lammers supports the one
- Switched the other from b
- He says a lot of stimuli reaches our conscious state but does we need attention to report it
