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Consciousness > Task 5 > Flashcards

Task 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two set of arguments which seperate consciousness from attention ?

A
  1. Pschological theoreticl one

2. Neurobiological one

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2
Q

What is a fundamental assumption of consciousness ?

A
  • that it needs selective attention

- It is the gate system

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3
Q

What does selective attention mean ?

A
  • we are not aware of everything we lay our eyes on
  • Certain stimuli might never reach consciousness, not even when attended even though they undergo sensory processing (CALLED non selective attentional mechanism)
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4
Q

Which studies proove selective attention ?

A
  • IB and CB

- CB and IB are not failures of consciousness but failures of conscious memory

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5
Q

How can u manipulate selective attention ?

A
  1. Preceding stimuli: via cueing a certain stimuli
    - it forms a neural representation of almost the whole scene in WM
    - it leaves a trace of activation
  2. Salient stimuli
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6
Q

What are the three clases of processing a stimuli ?

A
  • unconscious, unattended or attended
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7
Q

Which of the 3 classes of processing reach awareness ?

A
  • Only Attended
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8
Q

What is meant by the block theory ?

A

-Block distinguish between ‘phenomenal’ and ‘access’ awareness to describe consiousness

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9
Q

What is realted to phenomenal awareness ?

A
  • sensory memory
  • Example: Cue works also long after the item has disappeared - > representation still present and attention can select from it
  • So it is the pool of information
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10
Q

What is realted to access awareness ?

A
  • working memory
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11
Q

What is essential according to block to come from phenomenal to access awareness or form sensory to working memory ?

A
  • Attentional selection = Selective attention
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12
Q

Based on the neurobiological persepctive what is meant by attention ?

A
  • Attention is a selection process where some inputs are processed faster, better or deeper than others,-> better chance of being memorized
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13
Q

How does the brain determine which stimuli will be attended to ?

A
  • depending on the state of the brain when stimuli arrive it chooses either one or the other
  • It depnds also on the combination of sensory processing with short and long-term memory explains
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14
Q

Which brain state do we have ?

A
  • Neutral brain state

- biased brain state

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15
Q

What is meant by the neutral brain state ?

A
  • Stimulus is choosen because it better matches with stored synaptic weight
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16
Q

What is meant by the bias brain state ?

A
  • processing of a previous stimulus has left a short-term trace of activity
  • The stimuli which follows a similar path will be choosen
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17
Q

What is the major function of competition during neuronal proccesing ?

A
  • it prevents all inputs from reaching output areas of the brain
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18
Q

What is meant by the localizationist approach ?

A
  • The search of what kind of neural activity is, capable of producing awareness
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19
Q

Accoring to the article what replaced the localization approach ?

A
  • By the distinction between Feedforward sweep (FFS) and recurrent processing (RP)
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20
Q

What is meant by FFS ?

A
  • It is about passing on activaition of cells in cortical areas hierachly
  • Very fast
  • It is an unconscious process - no visaul awareness
21
Q

What is meant by RP ?

A
  • occurs after the FFS
  • It is about recurrent interactions between neurons which are mediated by feedback–feedforward circuits
  • This leads to manifastion of certain information
  • consouisses
22
Q

Where does the FFS start ?

A
  • V 1= 40ms (uncosncious )
  • Most visual areas = 80 ms (unconscious)
  • Motor cortex = 120ms (consciousness)
23
Q

What did certain studies about FFS and RP reveal ?

A
  • Backwards masking -> revealed that FFS is still active even though it is invisble / but it supressed the RP which is why we can not see it
  • TMS study -> feedback from MT to V1 is necessary for motion awareness
  • Anesthetized animals - > FFS still worked but RP did not
24
Q

What is meant by phenomenal awareness /consciousness ?

A
  • no reportability
  • You do not have any control over them
  • Sensory experience and emotions
  • is capable of handeling multiple stimulus cause of limited compettition (both stimuli)
25
Q

What is meant by acces awarenes / consciousness ?

A
  • reportability
  • You have control over them
  • reasoning
26
Q

When does phenomenal awareness occur ?

A
  • During a late satge of FFS when the early visual areas start to to engage in recurrent interaction
27
Q

When does acces awareness occur ?

A
  • when the recurrent interactions grows and grows
  • when the visual information (phenomenal awareness) is put into the context of the systems’ current needs, goals and full history -> Acces awareness
  • depends also on how much the visual areas incoperate with actiona nd memory areas
28
Q

What determines if phenomenal awareness will become access awareness ?

A
  • it depends on the extend of cooperation between visaul areas and action/memory realted areas
29
Q

What is the overall conclusion according to the article about attention and awareness ?

A
  • attention and awareness are intricately related but distinguish!
  • BUT: there seems more overlap between mechanisms of memory and awareness
30
Q

What is meant by awareness ?

A
  • consiousness
31
Q

Explain the goal of the study done by Koch:

A
  • dissociate selective visual attention from visual consciousness/awarenss
32
Q

Explain the set up of the experience done by Koch: What was the manipulation of attention ?

A
  • Participant lay in a magnetic scanner while they had to carry out one of two attention task while supressing a distraction cycle
    1. Asking participant to report the presence of a target letter when it appeared in a stream of letters (RSVP)
    1. report whether they could see the target grating and ignoring the letters
  • > used as manipulation of attention
33
Q

What are the two facts which the experimnet was build around on ?

A
  1. If both were projected into one eye, the cycle/mondrean – and the moving grating (gitter) was visible -> Visbile stumulus block
  2. However, when each was projected into a different eye, the target became invisible -> Invisble stimulus block
    - Both are 500ms long
34
Q

What does RSVP mean ?

A
  • rapid serial visual presentation

- many pictures rapidly occuring

35
Q

What are the four conditions of the study done by Koch ?

A
  1. Attending to the visible grating
  2. Attending to the invisible grating
  3. Attending away from the visible grating
  4. Attending away from the invisible grating
36
Q

How did KOCH meassure activity ?

A
  • Via the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal in V1
37
Q

What was the conclusion of the study ?

A
  1. BOLD response was unaffected by whether the participant lying in the scanner saw the target (grating) or not.
  2. paying attention to the target consistently and strongly increased BOLD activity
    - > V1 neurons do not directly contribute to visual awareness only to attention
38
Q

What study was used to also prove the findings of the first study ?

A
  • A monkey study but they did not use a megentic scaner they used spiking activity in V1
  • invasive
39
Q

What were the conclusion of the second study with the monkeys ?

A
  • visual attention
    and consciousness are supported by distinct neuronal
    mechanisms.
40
Q

What are some limitations on the theory that attention and awareness are different concepts ?

A
  • The phenomenon of blindsight caused by lesions in V1 suggests a role for V1 in awareness
  • TMS study revealed that: the feedback activity from the middle temporal area to V1 is crucial for visual awareness
  • BUT V1 could also just be a rode to consciousness !! instead of the place for consciousness
41
Q

What ie meant by the block design ?

How do we manipulate visibality/consciousness ?

A
  • 14 to 2 ratio in both visibule and invisble stimulus block
  • over 16 seconds
  • Each stimuli as one second
  • meassuring BOLDS activity
42
Q

How does a CB Task and WM correlate ?

A
  • Number of items surviving CB correlate with the number of items that can be stored in WM,
43
Q

What is so special about salience ?

A
  • Salienc reflects how long term memory has shaped/modified snensory processing
44
Q

Explain the process of phenomenal awareness and acces awarennes a bit more in detail:

A
  • Multiple stimuls are presented in early stage of FFS
  • at Higher stage the receptor fields become larger (compettion)
  • Atentional selection solves comeptitiom
  • At the same time in early visual areas recurrent interactions started (RP) -> Till there phenomenal awareness
  • Then recurrent interactions grow more (selective attention start again) and then visual input will be put in needs and goals (acces awareness)
45
Q

What is the difference between unattended and unconsciousses ?

A
  • in unconsciouss u do not have a phenomenal awareness
46
Q

Explain the first model by lamme:

A
  • No distinction between attended and consciousness

- There is no unconsciously process (either attended or unattended)

47
Q

Explain the second model by lamme:

A
  • Same as the first model but now there is a unconscious state
  • But still no distinction - between attended and consciousness
48
Q

Explain the third model by lamme:

A
  • Simplified version of 2 because it puts attented and conscious together
49
Q

Explain the fourth model by lamme:

A
  • Lammers supports the one
  • Switched the other from b
  • He says a lot of stimuli reaches our conscious state but does we need attention to report it

Consciousness (11 decks)

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