Task 7

Question 1

Waht is meant by doctrine of concordance ?

Answer 1

• the assumption that behavior, cognition, and phenomenal experience are correlated, if not caused by identical processes.

Question 2

What happens if the doctrine of concordance are dissociated ?

Answer 2

• blindsight, korsakoff`s, neglect

Question 3

Explain the korsakoffs disorder ?

Answer 3

• It is a form of amnesia
• Caused by toxic effects of alcohol and which leasd to a thiamine deficiency
• destruction in mamillary bodies, thalamus, frontal lobes
• First anterograde amnesia then retrograde amnesia
• Classical conditioning and procedural memory is still intact
• uses confabulations

Question 4

What is meant by anterograde amnesia ?

Answer 4

• inability to form new LTM while STM stays intact

Question 5

What is meant by retrograde amnesia ?

Answer 5

• loss of LTM which has already been stored (to a fixed moment = to a fixed episodic moment)

Question 6

Explain the case of HM ?

Answer 6

• Epilepsy
• Part of temporal lobes including both hippocampi removed
• Showed amnesic syndrome but procderual memory was still working

Question 7

Are people with amnesia consciouss ?

Answer 7

• Yes, they are awake, responsive, able to converse, laugh and show emotion
• But: Self trapped in the past and are unrelated to events and people of the present
• can not create memory of continious self

Question 8

According to Weiskrantz are people with amnesia consciouss ?

Answer 8

• No since the lost of interaction between current and stroed info is according to him is the key principle of consciousness

Question 9

How can we temporaily see how people with amnesia work ?

Answer 9

• TMS ( only can deactivate a small part of the brain )

- Barbiturate (schlafmittel) can nock out whole hemisphere -

Question 10

What is meant by neglect ?

Answer 10

• lack of attention
• Condition in which a person with a condition is unaware of having it (deficit of self-awareness)
• Exampeles “ Anosognosia” and “antons syndrome” unilateral neglect

Question 11

What is meant by Anosognosia ?

Answer 11

• Condition in which a person with a condition is unaware of having it (deficit of self-awareness)
• Part of their mind seems to know the facts while another part does not
• only occurs with damage to particular parts of the right parietal lobe
• Condition can be: motoric and sensors
• Core C intact but extended C is not

Question 12

What is meant by the antons syndrome ?

Answer 12

• People are blind but insist that they can see
• use confabulations a lot if they pump into thinks
• damage in the occipital lobe
• It is more about loosing the idea of seeing

Question 13

What is meant by unilateral neglect ?

Answer 13

• neglect, patients seem not to realise that the left-hand side of the world even exists
• Only occurs with brain damage on the right side
• Visual responsiveness can still be detected in neglected areas (emotional stmuli)
• deficit in attention

Question 14

Given example why we ALL might be neglected ?

Answer 14

• Our eyes and ears detect only a small range of wavelengths

Question 15

Explain blindsight:

Answer 15

• Blindness over half of the field of vision (due to removal of V1 on one side)
• V1 also called straite cortex
• Non-cortical visual pathways are left intact
• Type 1 and type 2

Question 16

Explain type one of blindsight:

Answer 16

• When sth is shown to the blind side, patients say they can’t see it, but when you make them guess a certain aspect, they guess correctly
• complete unawareness

Question 17

Explain type two of blindsight:

Answer 17

• Not fully unaware of the things happening in the blind field
• Have a “feeling” of sth happening with no qualia linked to it

Question 18

What is meant by qualia ? And link it to type two of blindsight

Answer 18

• It is the phenomenal content
• you do have awareness but without phenomenal content
  (no qualia)

Question 19

Is the phenomena of blindsight real ? And name disproven theories:

Answer 19

• Yes
• Disproven theories:
  1. Light might’ve strayed from blind into seeing field
  2. Blindsight may not be more than degraded normal vision and degraded matching capability of qualia
  3. Blindseers are just overly cautious about saying they see sth -> their response criterion is raised
  4. Blindsight might depend on residual islands of cortical tissue only V1 which is not true

Question 20

What are the two interpretations of blindsight regarding consciousness ?

Answer 20

1. Blindsight without consciousness (Partial zombie)
   - > fuctionally see but has none qualia to the seeing (against functionalism)
   - > qualia is in V1 but the rest of vision is somewhere else
2. Blindsight there is still conscius
   - Qualia is present but needs to be trained -> Proofed by super blindsight

Question 21

What is meant by super blindsight ?

Answer 21

• giving feedback on correct guessing to train confidence -> confidence means people should be able to talk about, act upon and use information from the blind field just as well as from seeing field
• only works wit training and not just with regular blindsight people
• proof that qualia exist

Question 22

What is meant by the riddoch phenomenon ?

Answer 22

• you are aware of certain kinds of stimuli, esp. fast-moving, high-contrast ones
• works via V5 and not V1
• present in super blindsight

Question 23

What is meant by sensory substitution ?

Answer 23

• substituing one sense for another
• Tounge is very sensitive and with brain machine interface we can connect the sensors to the tounge which are connected to a camera
• Based on sensory feedback from the tounge they can act as if the could see
• In this case tactile senors replace vision

Question 24

What is so special about blindsight patients ?

Answer 24

• Stimuli in the blind

field can prime or bias detection of stimuli in the seeing field (especially strong emotional stimuli)

Question 25

According to Morland what is the general function of V1 ?

Answer 25

• primary visual cortex is not needed for consciousness, but it is needed for binding the features of objects.

Question 26

How dis Milner and goodale explain blindsight ?

Answer 26

• regarding dorsal and ventral streams
• blindisght is controlled via the dorsal stream
• dorsal stream is for stimulus detection (visumotor control)
• ventral stream for object identification (perception)
• no action without perception = Blindsight
• vision has multiple sub systems which need to be integrated in order to function

Question 27

What is meant by acces consciousness ?

Answer 27

• the availability of information for use in reasoning speach and action

Question 28

what is meant by phenomenal consciousness ?

Answer 28

• is the experience of a phenomena (sensory experience)

Question 29

How does block describe the phenomena of consciousness ?

Answer 29

• Both A and P consciousness are present