Task 8 Flashcards
What is meant by ASCs ?
- Altered states of consciousness or other typey of consciousness
What is the objective defintion of ASCs ?
- Defines other consciousess via how they were induced (given rise to)
- Eg: which drug and how long did it took till drug rises
- Eg: defined via physiological patterns (heart rate)
What is the subjective definition of ASCs ?
- Defiing altered state of consciousness via the subjective feeling or the experience of being in an altered state of consciouness
- Different from the way it functions ordinarily
How do we in general determin different states of consciousness ?
- Seeing the changes in mental fucntions which are currently linked to consciousness (perception memory)
- Some ASCs change a lot of mental function compared to normal and other just some
What is the major problem regarding the identfication of ASCs via changes of mental functions ?
- Not clear which consciousness state is the normal consciousness state
What is a particular problem in subjective defintion?
- Know conscious experience has changed but words can not explain the change
What are two types of ASCs ?
- Spontaneously occurring
- psychologically induced
- physiologically induced ASCs
What is meant by psychologically induced ASCs ?
- induced by extreme environment (heat and cold)
What is meant by Spontaneously occurring ASCs ?
- fluctuations in ordinary wakefulness like day dreaming
What are some mental functions regarding which change during ASCs ?
- Attention
- Memory
- Arousal
Explain the change of attention in ASCs:
- Can change in:
1. Attentions direction (regarding controlling of high or low sensory input)
2. Focus in attention (broad or general)
Explain the change of memory in ASCs:
- Changes in memory are linked to changes in thinking and emotion
- mostly linked to reducing short term memory (lose)
Explain the change of arousal in ASCs:
- High or low arousal
Give an example regarding the switch in attentions diretions ?
- Iward: Low sensory input (yoga)
- outward: High sensory input (overloading of stimulus via old rituals)
What are the benefits of mapping consciousness?
- It would make it possible to identify how each ASCs are realted to each other
- to identfy shifts of states
Name the 3 examples of consciousness mapping ?
- Tart consciousness
- Laureys
- AIM Model
- 4D model
Explain tart consicouness mapping:
- First try
- 2 dimensions:
- > irrationality and hallucinate
- 3 major clusters:
- > dreaming, lucid dreaming, ordinary consciousness
- Between clusters there is a forbidden one
What does forbidden zone mean ?
- it is a zone where you can’t have experiences or function
- So only 3 clusters/stages are possible
Explain laureys consicouness mapping:
- Also only 2 dimensions:
- > Arousal (lvl of consciousness) and awareness of enviorment (content of consciousness)
- They both share a positive correlation
- From Coma to wakefulness
- Only exception is Rem sleep and wegetative state
Based on the laureys consicouness mapping on what brain function does arousal and awareness depend on ?
- Arousal = brainstem
- Awarenes = cortex
Explain the AIM model of consicouness mapping:
- 3 Dimensional model
1. Activation energy
2. Input source
3. Mode - > It follows the idea of Brain mind space
What is meant by activation energy according to the AIM model ?
- It means arousal
What is meant by activation energy according to the AIM model ?
- external and internal source of information
What is meant by activation energy according to the AIM model ?
- It is the ratio between amines neurotransmitter and cholines neurotransmitter
- Amines = means rational thoughts and direction of attention (high in awake)
- Cholines: delusional and irrational thinking (high in REM)
What is meant by activation energy according to the AIM model ?
- any state can be positioned in 3d dimension
- opposite of clusters in tarts model
Explain the 4D model of consicouness mapping:
- Activation: low to high arousal
- Awareness: narrow to broad range of contents, available to conscious
- Self-awareness: diminished (less) to heightened (more) self awareness
- Sensory dynamics: reduced (less) to heightened (more) sensations
- All four together create a C space
What is meant by C space ?
- space of states of consciousness
What is meant by B space, according to the 4D model ?
- space of functional brain states
What is the combination between the B space and C space according to the 4D model of consciouness ?
- B and C space create the phenospace
- phenospace = The possibility to move around consicounes states
What is meant by meditation ?
- procedure intended to change one’s state of consciousness by means of voluntary shifts in attention
- a stage between sleep and wakefulness
Does meditation produce ASCs ?
- yes 8 stages of meditation (d-ASC)
- There is a change in network of functional connectivity btw brain regions
- Some d-ASC can be learned via meditation really fast because they have met experienced
- other d-ASC need some time beacuse meditation also changes neuronal structures
What does d- ASC mean ?
- discrete states of consciousness
- something else then the baseline of consciouness
What are some types of ASCs ?
- Spontaneously
- Extreme en
What is meant by physiologically induced ASCs ?
- consiciousness changes due to physiological changes (starvation or orgasm)
Can mental illnesses produce ASCs ?
- Yes they can
Are mentall illness ASCs more psychologically induced or physiologically induced ?
- Mentall illnesess are never just mental. The disorder is linked to feedback loops which connect thoughts emotions and bodily states.
- Seperation is impossible
What is so special regadring ASCs ?
- they are only temporary
- After a while they return normal state of consciousness
- that means that disorders have temporary episoded of ASCs (bipolar) -> Psychotic epsiodes and not psychiatric labels
What changes druing ASCs ?
- Only the representational consciouness not the phenomenal consiciosuenss
What are dreams:
- dreams are a meaningful reflection of unconscious processes
+ dreams function is related to emotion-regulation, learning, and memory (novel events) consolidation
Explaiin the four stages of the contium theory of consciousness:
- Consciousness during wakefulness (aware of external world)
- Consciousness during dreaming (aware of internal world + not recognize own condition)
- Nonconsciousness
- Intermediates states between them
Explain the contium theory of consciousness regarding multiple dimensions:
- No consciousness
- Primary consciousness
- secondary consciousness
What is meant by primary consciousness ?
- simple awareness of perception and emotion
What is meant by secondary consciousness ?
- self-reflective awareness, abstract thinking, metacognition
What is the defintion of metacognition ?
- the processes by which individuals monitor and control their own cognitive processes
What is a unique differnce between dream consciousness and waking consciousness ?
- They have different origin (causal pathways)
- Dreams may be seen as a purer form of consciousness since it follows less constraints
Explain REM sleep:
- High frequency and low amplitude EEG signal
- Everything else would also be high, in comparisson to NREM!
- Most likly have vivid dreams (easy to report)
Explain NREM sleep:
- Low frequency, high amplitude EEG signal
- Everything else would also be low in comparisson to REM!
- Divided in 3 stages
- Contains more thougt like mentation dreams (not good for a report)
Explain lucid dreaming:
- Most rarely
- people achieve awareness of their own state of consciousnes (metacognition)
- Mostly in REM
- High metacognition means u can control ur dreams
What is meant by vivid dream?
- Higher imagery quality vividness, bizarrness emotional and self character
- also more motor content
- Sensation and perception experience are similar to being awake
- BUT no metacognition (DLPFC)
What is meant by thought like mentations ?
- poor imagery quality
- no self caharacter
- Emotionly flat
Explain the brain activity in REM sleep:
- large similarity with weakfulness
- Hyperactivity: occipital temporal visual area and motor cortex abd limbic system
- Hypoactivity:in inferior parietal cortex and DPLFC
Explain the brain activity in NREM sleep:
- Early visual pathway is active and fuiform face area
Explain the brain activity in lucid dreaming:
- Increased fronto-parietal activity = which is linked secondary consciounsess
Accroding to the multiple dimensions of consciousness theory which consciousness is presented during REM sleep ?
- Mostly primary consciousness
Accroding to the multiple dimensions of consciousness theory which consciousness is presented during NREM sleep ?
- Consciousness Varies
- Consciousness does not stop during nREM
Accroding to the multiple dimensions of consciousness theory which consciousness is presented during lucid dream sleep ?
- Hybrid:
- primary AND secondary consciousness
Regarding the study of consciousness. Why is lucid dreaming so important ?
- It may be the only phenomenon to examine changes in primary and secondary consciousness
Name three aspects of consciousness:
- Self determination
- Planing
- intention execution
What is meant by self determination ?
- subjective experience of acting freely according to one’s wil
What is meant by intention exceution ?
- how promptly and determined intentions are executed
Compare the three aspects of consciousness to lucid drema non lucid dream and awake sate:
- Self dermination: High in awake and lucid, low in non lucid
- planing: not existent in lucid and non lucid
- intention executrion: high in lucid and low in awake and non lucid
What has phenomenal similarities to dreams ?
- mental disorders
Name some phenomenal similarities between dreams and mental disorders:
- vivid imagery, bizareness, delusional belief of being awake while dreaming
- bad distinction btw first and third person perspectives
- there might be a shared mechanism between lucid dreams and psychosis
Name some phenomenal differences between dreams and mental disorders:
- judge there menatl disorder as less bizzare eventhough they are just as bizzare
- psychotic people regarding lucid dreams have more contorl of their internal reality at the expense of external reality
What is in general the function of DLPFC ?
- Secondary consciousness
What is in general the function of the frontol parietal cicuits ?
- necessary for waking memory, self-reflective awareness
What is meant by the principle of perceptual equivalence ?
- We use the same parts of our brains in very similar ways when we think about an image of an object and when we are actually looking at the object.
- behaviours share similar neural correlates during wakefulness and dreaming (mostly REM)
