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Task 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by ASCs ?

A
  • Altered states of consciousness or other typey of consciousness
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2
Q

What is the objective defintion of ASCs ?

A
  • Defines other consciousess via how they were induced (given rise to)
  • Eg: which drug and how long did it took till drug rises
  • Eg: defined via physiological patterns (heart rate)
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3
Q

What is the subjective definition of ASCs ?

A
  • Defiing altered state of consciousness via the subjective feeling or the experience of being in an altered state of consciouness
  • Different from the way it functions ordinarily
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4
Q

How do we in general determin different states of consciousness ?

A
  • Seeing the changes in mental fucntions which are currently linked to consciousness (perception memory)
  • Some ASCs change a lot of mental function compared to normal and other just some
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5
Q

What is the major problem regarding the identfication of ASCs via changes of mental functions ?

A
  • Not clear which consciousness state is the normal consciousness state
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6
Q

What is a particular problem in subjective defintion?

A
  • Know conscious experience has changed but words can not explain the change
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7
Q

What are two types of ASCs ?

A
  • Spontaneously occurring
  • psychologically induced
  • physiologically induced ASCs
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8
Q

What is meant by psychologically induced ASCs ?

A
  • induced by extreme environment (heat and cold)
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9
Q

What is meant by Spontaneously occurring ASCs ?

A
  • fluctuations in ordinary wakefulness like day dreaming
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10
Q

What are some mental functions regarding which change during ASCs ?

A
  • Attention
  • Memory
  • Arousal
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11
Q

Explain the change of attention in ASCs:

A
  • Can change in:
    1. Attentions direction (regarding controlling of high or low sensory input)
    2. Focus in attention (broad or general)
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12
Q

Explain the change of memory in ASCs:

A
  • Changes in memory are linked to changes in thinking and emotion
  • mostly linked to reducing short term memory (lose)
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13
Q

Explain the change of arousal in ASCs:

A
  • High or low arousal
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14
Q

Give an example regarding the switch in attentions diretions ?

A
  • Iward: Low sensory input (yoga)

- outward: High sensory input (overloading of stimulus via old rituals)

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15
Q

What are the benefits of mapping consciousness?

A
  • It would make it possible to identify how each ASCs are realted to each other
  • to identfy shifts of states
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16
Q

Name the 3 examples of consciousness mapping ?

A
  • Tart consciousness
  • Laureys
  • AIM Model
  • 4D model
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17
Q

Explain tart consicouness mapping:

A
  • First try
  • 2 dimensions:
  • > irrationality and hallucinate
  • 3 major clusters:
  • > dreaming, lucid dreaming, ordinary consciousness
  • Between clusters there is a forbidden one
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18
Q

What does forbidden zone mean ?

A
  • it is a zone where you can’t have experiences or function

- So only 3 clusters/stages are possible

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19
Q

Explain laureys consicouness mapping:

A
  • Also only 2 dimensions:
  • > Arousal (lvl of consciousness) and awareness of enviorment (content of consciousness)
  • They both share a positive correlation
  • From Coma to wakefulness
  • Only exception is Rem sleep and wegetative state
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20
Q

Based on the laureys consicouness mapping on what brain function does arousal and awareness depend on ?

A
  • Arousal = brainstem

- Awarenes = cortex

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21
Q

Explain the AIM model of consicouness mapping:

A
  • 3 Dimensional model
    1. Activation energy
    2. Input source
    3. Mode
  • > It follows the idea of Brain mind space
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22
Q

What is meant by activation energy according to the AIM model ?

A
  • It means arousal
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23
Q

What is meant by activation energy according to the AIM model ?

A
  • external and internal source of information
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24
Q

What is meant by activation energy according to the AIM model ?

A
  • It is the ratio between amines neurotransmitter and cholines neurotransmitter
  • Amines = means rational thoughts and direction of attention (high in awake)
  • Cholines: delusional and irrational thinking (high in REM)
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25
What is meant by activation energy according to the AIM model ?
- any state can be positioned in 3d dimension | - opposite of clusters in tarts model
26
Explain the 4D model of consicouness mapping:
- Activation: low to high arousal - Awareness: narrow to broad range of contents, available to conscious - Self-awareness: diminished (less) to heightened (more) self awareness - Sensory dynamics: reduced (less) to heightened (more) sensations - All four together create a C space
27
What is meant by C space ?
- space of states of consciousness
28
What is meant by B space, according to the 4D model ?
- space of functional brain states
29
What is the combination between the B space and C space according to the 4D model of consciouness ?
- B and C space create the phenospace | - phenospace = The possibility to move around consicounes states
30
What is meant by meditation ?
- procedure intended to change one’s state of consciousness by means of voluntary shifts in attention - a stage between sleep and wakefulness
31
Does meditation produce ASCs ?
- yes 8 stages of meditation (d-ASC) - There is a change in network of functional connectivity btw brain regions - Some d-ASC can be learned via meditation really fast because they have met experienced - other d-ASC need some time beacuse meditation also changes neuronal structures
32
What does d- ASC mean ?
- discrete states of consciousness | - something else then the baseline of consciouness
33
What are some types of ASCs ?
- Spontaneously | - Extreme en
34
What is meant by physiologically induced ASCs ?
- consiciousness changes due to physiological changes (starvation or orgasm)
35
Can mental illnesses produce ASCs ?
- Yes they can
36
Are mentall illness ASCs more psychologically induced or physiologically induced ?
- Mentall illnesess are never just mental. The disorder is linked to feedback loops which connect thoughts emotions and bodily states. - Seperation is impossible
37
What is so special regadring ASCs ?
- they are only temporary - After a while they return normal state of consciousness - that means that disorders have temporary episoded of ASCs (bipolar) -> Psychotic epsiodes and not psychiatric labels
38
What changes druing ASCs ?
- Only the representational consciouness not the phenomenal consiciosuenss
39
What are dreams:
1. dreams are a meaningful reflection of unconscious processes + dreams function is related to emotion-regulation, learning, and memory (novel events) consolidation
40
Explaiin the four stages of the contium theory of consciousness:
1. Consciousness during wakefulness (aware of external world) 2. Consciousness during dreaming (aware of internal world + not recognize own condition) 3. Nonconsciousness 4. Intermediates states between them
41
Explain the contium theory of consciousness regarding multiple dimensions:
1. No consciousness 2. Primary consciousness 3. secondary consciousness
42
What is meant by primary consciousness ?
- simple awareness of perception and emotion
43
What is meant by secondary consciousness ?
- self-reflective awareness, abstract thinking, metacognition
44
What is the defintion of metacognition ?
- the processes by which individuals monitor and control their own cognitive processes
45
What is a unique differnce between dream consciousness and waking consciousness ?
- They have different origin (causal pathways) | - Dreams may be seen as a purer form of consciousness since it follows less constraints
46
Explain REM sleep:
- High frequency and low amplitude EEG signal - Everything else would also be high, in comparisson to NREM! - Most likly have vivid dreams (easy to report)
47
Explain NREM sleep:
- Low frequency, high amplitude EEG signal - Everything else would also be low in comparisson to REM! - Divided in 3 stages - Contains more thougt like mentation dreams (not good for a report)
48
Explain lucid dreaming:
- Most rarely - people achieve awareness of their own state of consciousnes (metacognition) - Mostly in REM - High metacognition means u can control ur dreams
49
What is meant by vivid dream?
- Higher imagery quality vividness, bizarrness emotional and self character - also more motor content - Sensation and perception experience are similar to being awake - BUT no metacognition (DLPFC)
50
What is meant by thought like mentations ?
- poor imagery quality - no self caharacter - Emotionly flat
51
Explain the brain activity in REM sleep:
- large similarity with weakfulness - Hyperactivity: occipital temporal visual area and motor cortex abd limbic system - Hypoactivity:in inferior parietal cortex and DPLFC
52
Explain the brain activity in NREM sleep:
- Early visual pathway is active and fuiform face area
53
Explain the brain activity in lucid dreaming:
- Increased fronto-parietal activity = which is linked secondary consciounsess
54
Accroding to the multiple dimensions of consciousness theory which consciousness is presented during REM sleep ?
- Mostly primary consciousness
55
Accroding to the multiple dimensions of consciousness theory which consciousness is presented during NREM sleep ?
- Consciousness Varies | - Consciousness does not stop during nREM
56
Accroding to the multiple dimensions of consciousness theory which consciousness is presented during lucid dream sleep ?
- Hybrid: | - primary AND secondary consciousness
57
Regarding the study of consciousness. Why is lucid dreaming so important ?
- It may be the only phenomenon to examine changes in primary and secondary consciousness
58
Name three aspects of consciousness:
- Self determination - Planing - intention execution
59
What is meant by self determination ?
- subjective experience of acting freely according to one’s wil
60
What is meant by intention exceution ?
- how promptly and determined intentions are executed
61
Compare the three aspects of consciousness to lucid drema non lucid dream and awake sate:
- Self dermination: High in awake and lucid, low in non lucid - planing: not existent in lucid and non lucid - intention executrion: high in lucid and low in awake and non lucid
62
What has phenomenal similarities to dreams ?
- mental disorders
63
Name some phenomenal similarities between dreams and mental disorders:
- vivid imagery, bizareness, delusional belief of being awake while dreaming - bad distinction btw first and third person perspectives - there might be a shared mechanism between lucid dreams and psychosis
64
Name some phenomenal differences between dreams and mental disorders:
- judge there menatl disorder as less bizzare eventhough they are just as bizzare - psychotic people regarding lucid dreams have more contorl of their internal reality at the expense of external reality
65
What is in general the function of DLPFC ?
- Secondary consciousness
66
What is in general the function of the frontol parietal cicuits ?
- necessary for waking memory, self-reflective awareness
67
What is meant by the principle of perceptual equivalence ?
- We use the same parts of our brains in very similar ways when we think about an image of an object and when we are actually looking at the object. - behaviours share similar neural correlates during wakefulness and dreaming (mostly REM)

Consciousness (11 decks)

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