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Consciousness > Task 4.4 > Flashcards

Task 4.4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of attention ?

A
  • Prioritised processing of some inputs, from a larger set of selectable items
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2
Q

What is the definition of divided attention ?

A
  • we can focus on multiple things at the same time, but less accurately
  • Example: campaign against driving and texting
  • Depends on 2 factors
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3
Q

What are the 2 dependent factors of divided attention ?

A
  1. how constantly your attention is required for both tasks
  2. the relation and similarities between both tasks
    - > Two task which aquire the same senses (hearing or seeing) are worse then a multitasksking task focusing on 2 different senses
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4
Q

What is meant by covert attention ?

A
  • allocation of attention without making eye movements
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5
Q

What is meant by overt attention ?

A
  • shift in attention accomplished by shift in gaze
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6
Q

What is meant by spatial attention ?

A
  • prioritisation of an area within the visual field
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7
Q

What is meant by feature attention ?

A
  • attention paid to features (colour and brightness)
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8
Q

What is the most famous featured attention task ?

A
  • visual search task: traditional paradigm in which peeps are asked to quickly locate a target in an array of distractors
  • Find Waldow
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9
Q

What is meant by object attention ?

A
  • attention to one object rather than another object
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10
Q

What is the most famous object attention task ?

A
  • The picture with the distinction between face and the house
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11
Q

Explian the four conditions of the method which prooved the existence of object attention:

A
  • Four locations, surrounding a central fixation cross
  • it is possible that in each of the four location a visual cue can show up
  • All four locations are equally far apart
  • you can either have horizantal or vertical rectangle
  • Egyl’s experiment
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12
Q

Explain the solution of the study which prooved the existence of object attention:

A
  • If we would test spatial reaction time then we would need the vertical rectangles and present the cue in the top right and top left corner -> no reaction difference
  • If we test object attention then we need the vertical cues and agagin presenting the cues in the top right and left croner -> which prooved a fast reaction time then condition one since both of the target cues are now in the same objects !
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13
Q

What is meant by temporal attention ?

A
  • surprised when we expect sth to happen at a specific point at time but it doesn’t
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14
Q

What are the two parts of attention ?

A
  • Attention mechanisms

- Attention phenomena

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15
Q

What is meant by attention phenomena ?

A

-limitations, constraints, or even failures of attentional mechanisms (inanttentional blindness)

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16
Q

What is meant by attention mechanism ?

A
  • determine which items are selected
  • Top down
  • Bottom Up
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17
Q

Explain inattentional blindness:

A
  • Miss obvious changes in situation because paid attention to sth else
  • Two criterias:
    1. It was fully visible
    2. Easily perceived in different circumstances
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18
Q

Explain change blindness:

A

Type 1: Simple manipulation between two pictures showing -> screen blank or a noise
Type 2: VERY slow changes without distraction-> Example: COURSE (u do not identify the change cuase they are unmeaningfull in the short term
- > Summary u do not perceive an obvious change

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19
Q

Explain attentional blink:

A
  • series of letters is presented rapidly one after the other on a computer monitor = (RSVP; rapid serial visual presentation)
  • Identify red letters
  • Two red letters after one another
  • Turns out (T1) is reported easily as one would expect. However, the second (T2) is often missed
  • First target grabs your attention so your attention system is then out of commission for a small period after that
  • 200 to 400 ms after T1 partcipan often miss T2
  • 0 – 199 ms is fine
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20
Q

Explain the cocktail party effect:

A
  • Attention system -> is able to voluntarily focus on what we choose to perceive and process
  • In a loud cocktail party we can understand the person opposing to us
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21
Q

Explain the lunch line effect:

A
  • On some level, your perceptual system tracks the environment for particularly salient stimuli
  • Salinet stimuli = Name
  • So even though u focus on a conversation u will know when someone calls u from the other side of the room
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22
Q

What is meant by SOA?

A
  • Time which is needed to process
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23
Q

What is meant by intertarget interval ?

A
  • From the end of one stimuli to the beginning to the next stimuli
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24
Q

What is an analogy of top down processing ?

A
  • Edogenous attention
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25
Q

What is an analogy of bottem up processing ?

A
  • Exogenous attention
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26
Q

Explain top down in depth ?

A
  • Voluntarily focus and purposely select info to process
  • Example: Cocktail party effect
  • internally controlled attention
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27
Q

Explain bottom up in depth ?

A
  • Attention doesn’t shift by choice but automatically by salience of stimuli in our environment
  • lunch line effetc
  • involuntary attention
28
Q

Explain how the posner task is correlated to the top down process ?

A
  • Goal: respond to this visual target as quickly as possible
    Step 1: Fixate at a central cross
    step 2: A symbolic cue will appear (Valid 75%,invalid25%
    Step 3: Respond to target
  • Reaction time for valid cues was much shorter then invalid
  • About 500 ms after the cue the target appears
  • Top down has a beneficial effect on reaction time
29
Q

Explain how the posner task is correlated to the top down process ?

A
  • Same as top down but cues were different, not anymore symbolic but salient cues
  • Valid Salient cue: predicts correct location (50%)
  • Invalid salient cue: predicts wrong location (50%)
  • About 100 ms after the cue the target appeared
  • bottom up has a beneficial effect on reaction time
30
Q

Which theories explain how attention works ?

A
  • Broadbents Filter Theory

- Feature Integration Theory

31
Q

Explain the Broadbents Filter Theory:

A
  • It states that attention works with a hard filter
  • was identified via the Dichotic listening task (different spoken stories to left and right ears -> could only attend to one)
32
Q

What was the issue with Broadbents Filter Theory ?

A
  • It could not explain the lunch line effect
33
Q

What was the solution to boradbents issue ?

A
  • Instead of a hard filter they focused on a Attenuation filter
34
Q

What is meant by an attenuation filter ?

A
  • This means that filtered stimuli are just very much weakened, but not completely blocked
  • Salient stimuli could overcome the filter
35
Q

What were further problems with the original boradbents theory ?

A
  • He placed the filter quite early (allowing only basic stuff to be proccess)
  • Nowdays the filter is placed much later (after the semantic/ word meaning process)
    1. Sensory input 2. Filter 3. Higher lvl processing 4. Working memory
36
Q

What is meant by tspotlight ?

A

Spotlight = Attention

  • A spootlight task would be find waldoow
  • You have some measure of control over the size of your spotlight
  • is conncted to spatial resolution
37
Q

How can u make a spotlight task more simple ?

A
  • Creating a pop out test

- U need to find the correct distance

38
Q

Explain the spatial resolution effect in in spotlight via crowding:

A
  • Crowding effect is the visibility reduction of a target when presented with neighboring distractors
  • Eventhough physical and other features stay the same
39
Q

What is meant by the feature integration theory ?

A
  • Same as boradbents theory, it contains a early selection filter and a attenuation version
  • Stage 1: Early stage filter = Pre attentive stage
  • Stage 2: additionally it contains a focused attention stage
40
Q

According to the FTI theory what happens in the Pre attentative stage ?

A
  • Analysation of only certain features such as
    1. Colour, orientation, intensity…
    2. Automatically and parallel
41
Q

According to the FTI theory what happens in the focused attenttion stage ?

A
  • Features which were encoded in the first stage are combined together via the master map
  • Step 1 : it seperates every fature and encodes indipendently
  • Step 2: Via attention the correct binding together occurs -> it uses spatial location
42
Q

How is it called when the master map incorecctly combines certain feature ?

A
  • illusory conjunctions

- occurs when attention system is meesed up

43
Q

What is meant by the single resource theory of attention ?

A
  • We have one pool of cognitive ressources which can be used for attention
  • This one is fundamentaly limited
  • It can be used flexible over multiple tasks
  • But if the limit is reached the a degredation occurs
44
Q

What is meant by multiple reassource theory ?

A
  • Your body contains several cognitive resources which can be used for attention
  • explains why 2 similar task are more difficult to pay attention to then in comparison 2 dissimilar once
45
Q

In general what happens if u act multitasking ?

A
  • You divid your attention so ur performance will decrease
46
Q

What is meant by the balient syndrome ?

A
  • Defi: Can “see” each but fail to see them all together and cannot accurately describe their locations with respect to each other/the person
  • There is a disturbance in visual attention
47
Q

What is meant by selective attention ?

A
  • attention is allocated among relevant inputs, thoughts, and actions while simultaneously ignoring irrelevant or distracting ones.
48
Q

What are the causes of the balient syndrome ?

A
  • Bilateral damage to regions of the posterior parietal & occipital cortex
49
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of the balient syndrome ?

A
  • Simultanagnosia = only a fe items can be seen combined
  • Ocular apraxia = deficit in making eye movements
  • Optic ataxia = problem in making visually guided hand movements
50
Q

What is meant by unilateral neglect ?

A
  • Unilateral = when the brain’s attention network is damaged in only one hemisphere
  • neglect = can not see the opposing side of the brain damage
51
Q

What are the causes of neglect ?

A
  • most often damage in the right hemiphere
  • In particular a stroke in: the parietal, temporal and frontal cortices , basal ganglia, thalamus, and midbrain.
  • it works contralateral
52
Q

What is so special about neglect people ?

A
  • They are not actually blind - If there is a strong salient cue in the damged visaul field they can detect it
  • it is not a sensory deficits
53
Q

How can neglect people be tested ?

A
  • Eye movements are biased in the direction

- Via the line cancellation test

54
Q

How does the line canellation test work ?

A
  • the patient has to cut mutiple horizontal lines perfectly in half
  • if all are shifted to one side then the patient is neglect
55
Q

What is a unique factor of neglect ?

A
  • It is not only present in the real world but also in the imagination world
56
Q

What is extinction ?

A
  • the presence of a competing stimulus in the ipsilateral hemifield prevents the patient from detecting a contralesional stimulus
  • form of neglect
  • less severe
57
Q

How can extinction be overcome ?

A
  • if the patients attention is directed to the neglected locations of items
58
Q

What are the names of the two different attentional networks ? And to which attentional mechanism do they belong to ?

A
  • dorsal frontoparietal attention network = Top down processing
  • Ventral Attentional Network = Bottom up
  • > Both interact with each other (cooperate)
59
Q

What was mesulam idea of neglect people ?

A
  • that the networks are damaged which caused the neglection and not a specific brain region
60
Q

Which subcortical structures also play a role in attention ?

A
  1. the superior colliculi

2. Pulvinar of the thalamus

61
Q

What is the major role of the superior colliculi regarding attention ? What happends if it is damaged ?

A
  • main: overt attention and control eye movements

- difficulties in shifting attention and slow responding to cued targets

62
Q

What is the major role of the pulvinar of the thalamus regarding attention ?

A
  • main: covert attention, spatial attention and filtering of stimuli
  • As the number of distracting stimuli increases, the activity increases
63
Q

Explain the dorsal frontoparietal attention network more in depth:

A
  • Bilateral: Superior frontal cortex, inferior parietal cortex, superior temporal cortex and insula
  • Goal-directed attention control
  • contains attentional priming
  • generating task-specific, goal-directed attentional control signals
  • > NOT DONE YET
64
Q

Explain the Ventral Attentional Network more in depth:

A
  • Strongly found in unilateral: Temporal-parietal junction (TPJ) & ventral frontal cortex (VFC)
  • Main function: Stimulus-driven attention -> detection of salient targets -> the reorientation of attention.
  • Acts like a circuit breaker: interrupts attentional focus established by the dorsal network
  • Dorsal N provides TpJ with relevant info
65
Q

What is meant by attentional priming ?

A
  • After the cue was presented, but before the target displays appeared, activations were observed in visual cortical regions
  • > Network prepares for upcoming stimuli
66
Q

Still have a look on the dorsal network !! + Look at the graph rearding timing attention

A

!!!!!

Consciousness (11 decks)

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