TAPP by Pedro Flashcards
“A harmonious design requires that nothing be added
or taken away.”
Vitruvius
“A house is a machine for living in.”
Le Corbusier
“Architecture is the learned game, correct and
magnificent, of forms assembled in the light.”
Le Corbusier
“Architecture is the will of an epoch translated into
space.”
Mies van der Rohe
“Less is more.”
Mies van der Rohe
“Less is a bore.”
Robert Venturi
“Architecture is the art of how to waste space.”
Philip Johnson
“Form follows function.”
Louis Sullivan
“The mother art is architecture. Without an
architecture of our own we have no soul of our own
civilization.”
Frank Lloyd Wright
“An idea is salvation by imagination.”
Frank Lloyd Wright
“Space is the breath of art.”
Frank Lloyd Wright
“A great architect is not made by way of a brain nearly
so much as he is made by way of a cultivated,
enriched heart.”
Frank Lloyd Wright
“Organic architecture seeks superior sense of use and
a finer sense of comfort, expressed in organic
simplicity.”
Frank Lloyd Wright
“We shape our buildings; thereafter they shape us.”
Winston Churchill
“The first principle of architectural beauty is that the
essential lines of a construction be determined by a
perfect appropriateness to its use.”
Gustave Eiffel
“When I am asked what I believe in, I say that I believe
in architecture. Architecture is the mother of the arts.
I like to believe that architecture connects the present
with the past and the tangible with the intangible.”
Richard Meier
“A museum is a place where one should lose one’s
head.”
Renzo Piano
“The dialogue between client and architect is about
as intimate as any conversation you can have,
because when you’re talking about building a house,
you’re talking about dreams.”
Robert A.M. Stern
“As an architect you design for the present, with an
awareness of the past, for a future which is
essentially unknown.”
Norman Foster
“Architecture is an expression of values.”
Norman Foster
“Architecture begins where engineering ends.”
Walter Gropius
“Architecture should speak of its time and place, but
yearn for timelessness.”
Frank Gehry
“98% of what gets built today is shit.”
Frank Gehry
“My work is not about ‘form follows function’, but
‘form follows beauty’ or, even better, ‘form follows
feminine.”
Oscar Niemeyer
“You cannot simply put something new into a place.
You have to absorb what you see around you, what
exists on the land, and then use that knowledge along
with contemporary thinking to interpret what you
see.”
Tadao Ando
“Architecture is not based on concrete and steel and
the elements of the soil. It’s based on wonder.”
Daniel Libeskind
“When I’m working on a problem, I never think about
beauty.
But when I’ve finished, if the solution is not beautiful I
know it’s wrong.”
Buckminster Fuller
“Architecture arouses sentiments in man. The
architect’s task therefore, is to make those
sentiments more precise.”
Adolf Loos
“Supply and demand regulate architectural form.”
Adolf Loos
“Designs of purely arbitrary nature cannot be
expected to last long.”
Kenzo Tange
“Architecture is really about well-being. I think that
people want to feel good in a space… On the one hand
it’s about shelter, but it’s also about pleasure. “
Zaha Hadid
“Recognizing the need is the primary condition for
design.”
Charles Eames
“When we build, let us think that we build forever.”
John Ruskin
“The architecture we remember is that which never
consoles or comforts us.”
Peter Eisenman
“To me the drawn language is a very revealing
language: one can see in a few lines whether a man is
really an architect.”
Eero Saarinen
“Always design a thing by considering it in its next
larger context – a chair in a room, a room in a house,
a house in an environment, an environment in a city
plan.”
Eliel Saarinen
“A great building must begin with the immeasurable,
must go through measurable means when it is being
designed, and in the end must be unmeasured.”
Louis Kahn
“Design is not making beauty, beauty emerges from
selection, affinities, integration, and love.”
Louis Kahn
“The essential element in architecture is the
manipulation of space. It is this essence which
separates it from all other arts.”
Paul Rudolph
“Architecture is a dangerous mixture of power and
impotence.”
Rem Koolhaas
“Ornamentation has been, is, and will be polychrome.
Nature does not present us with an object in
monochrome, totally uniform with respect to colour –
not in vegetation, not in geology, not in topography,
not in the animal kingdom. Always the contrast of
colour is more or less lively, and for this reason we
must colour wholly or in part every architectural
element.”
Antoni Gaudi
“I am always searching for more light and space.”
Santiago Calatrava
“I believe that the material doesn’t need to be strong
to be used to build a strong structure. The strength of
the structure has nothing to do with strength of the
material.”
Shigeru Ban
“For me, the excitement in architecture revolves
around the idea and the phenomenon of the
experience of that idea. Residences offer almost
immediate gratification. You can shape space, light,
and materials to a degree that you sometimes can’t in
larger projects.”
Steven Holl
“There is a rumour that I can’t draw and never could.
This is probably because I work so much with
models. Models are one of the most beautiful design
tools, but I still do the finest drawings you can
imagine.”
Jørn Utzon
“Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir men’s
blood.
Make big plans; aim high in hope and work,
remembering that a noble, logical diagram once
recorded will not die, but long after we are gone be a
living thing, asserting itself with ever-growing
insistence.”
Daniel Burnham
“Building art is a synthesis of life in materialised form.
We should try to bring in under the same hat not a
splintered way of thinking, but all in harmony
together.”
Alvar Aalto
“My passion and great enjoyment for architecture,
and the reason the older I get the more I enjoy it, is
because I believe we - architects - can affect the
quality of life of the people.”
Richard Rogers
“Each new situation requires a new architecture.”
Jean Nouvel
“Architecture aims at eternity.”
Christopher Wren
“There will never be great architects or great
architecture without great patrons.”
Edwin Lutyens
“Architects have made architecture too complex. We
need to simplify it and use a language that everyone
can understand.”
Toyo Ito
“In any architecture, there is an equity between the
pragmatic function and the symbolic function.”
Michael Graves
“What surprises me most in architecture, as in other
techniques, is that a project has one life in its built
state but another in its written or drawn state.”
Aldo Rossi
“The purpose of architecture is to create an
atmosphere in which man can live, work, and enjoy.”
Minoru Yamasaki
“Architecture is a visual art, and the buildings speak
for themselves.”
Julia Morgan
“Profit and bottom line, the contemporary mantra,
eliminates the very source of architectural
expression.”
Arthur Erickson
“Architecture is the design of space, both interior and
exterior. So it’s much more closely related to dance
than it is to painting or sculpture.”
Bruce John Graham
“Architecture is not a private affair; even a house
must serve a whole family and its friends, and most
buildings are used by everybody, people of all walks
of life. If a building is to meet the needs of all the
people, the architect must look for some common
ground of understanding and experience.”
John Portman
“The great thing about being an architect is you can
walk into your dreams.”
Harold Wagoner
“Architecture is an art when one consciously or
unconsciously creates aesthetic emotion in the
atmosphere and when this environment produces
well being.”
Luis Barragan
“If a building becomes architecture, then it is art.”
Arne Jacobsen
“Tradition is a challenge to innovation.”
Alvaro Siza
“Architecture is much more than a profession; It’s a
discipline.”
Odile Decq
“Architecture isn’t just about creating new buildings,
sometimes its about retuning what’s already there.”
John Pawson
“Our ultimate goal, therefore, was the composite but
inseparable work of art — the great building — in
which the old dividing line between monumental and
decorative elements would have disappeared
forever.”
Walter Gropius
Abstract thought or speculation resulting in a system
of assumption or principles used in analyzing,
explaining, or predicting phenomena, and proposed or
followed as a basis of action.
Theory
TYPES OF THEORY
▪ Descriptive: simply explains events or phenomena.
▪ Prescriptive: prescribes guidelines.
The art and science of designing and constructing
buildings.
Architecture
The conscious use of skill, craft, and creative
imagination in the production of what is beautiful,
appealing, or of more than ordinary significance.
Art
A branch of knowledge dealing with a body of facts or
truths obtained by direct observation, experimental
investigation, and methodical study, systematically
arranged and showing the operation of general laws.
Science
Architectural systems
The architecture of space,
structure, and enclosure
▪ Organizational pattern,
relationships, hierarchy
▪ Qualities of shape, color,
texture, scale,
proportion
▪ Qualities of surfaces,
edges, and openings
Architectural systems
Experienced through
movement in space and time
▪ Approach and entry
▪ Path configuration
and access
▪ Sequence of spaces
▪ Light, view, touch,
hearing, and smell
Architectural systems
Achieved by means of
technology
▪ Structure and enclosure
▪ Environmental protection and
comfort
▪ Health, safety, and welfare
▪ Durability
Architectural Systems
Accommodating a program
▪ User requirements, needs,
aspirations
▪ Socio-cultural factors
▪ Economic factors
▪ Legal restraints
▪ Historical tradition and
precedents
Architectural Systems
Compatible with its context
▪ Site and environment
▪ Climate: sun, wind,
temperature, and
precipitation
▪ Geography: soils,
topography,
vegetation, and water
▪ Sensory and cultural
characteristics of the
place
The three-dimensional integration of
program elements and spaces
accommodates the multiple functions
and relationships of a house.
Spatial System
A grid of columns support horizontal
beams and slabs.
The cantilever acknowledges the
direction of approach along the
longitudinal axis.
Structural System
Villa Savoye
Four exterior wall planes define a
rectangular volume that contains the
program elements and spaces.
Enclosure System
The stair and ramp penetrate and link the
three levels, and heighten the viewer’s
perception of forms in space and light.
The curved form of the entrance foyer
reflects the movement of the
automobile.
Circulation System
A simple exterior form wraps around a
complex interior organization of forms
and spaces.
Elevating the main floor provides a better
view and avoids the humidity of the
ground.
A garden terrace distributes sunlight to
the spaces gathered around it.
Context
Architectural Orders
Physical
▪ Solids and voids
▪ Interior and exterior
▪ Space
▪ Structure
▪ Enclosure
▪ Machines
Architectural Orders
Perceptual
Sensory perception
and recognition of
the physical
elements by
experiencing them
sequentially in time
▪ Approach and
Departure
▪ Entry and Egress
▪ Movement through
the order of spaces
▪ Functioning of and
activities within
spaces
▪ Qualities of light,
color, texture, view,
and sound.
Architectural Orders
Conceptual
Comprehension of the ordered and
disordered relationships among a building’s elements and systems and responding to the meanings they evoke.
▪ Images
▪ Patterns
▪ Signs
▪ Symbols
▪ Context
A purposeful activity aimed at devising a plan for
changing an existing situation into a future preferred
state.
Design process
Design phases
- Initiation
- Preparation
- Synthesis
- Evaluation
- Action
- Reevaluation
Initiation
Identifying a problem and its social, economic, and
physical context.
Preparation
Collecting and analyzing relevant information and
establishing goals and criteria for an acceptable
solution.
Synthesis
Discovering constraints and opportunities, and
hypothesizing possible alternative solutions.
Simulating, testing, and modifying acceptable
alternatives according to specified goals and criteria.
Evaluation
Action
Selecting and implementing the most suitable
solution.
Reevaluation
Assessing how well an implemented solution in use
satisfies the specified goals and criteria.
Each element is first considered as a
conceptual element, then as a visual
element in the vocabulary of
architectural design.
When made visible to the eye or paper or
in three dimensional space, these
elements become form with
characteristics of substance, shape, size,
color, and texture.
It marks a position in space. Conceptually, it has no
length, width, or depth, and is therefore static,
centralized, and directionless.
Point
Point
As the prime element in the vocabulary
of form, a point can serve to mark:
▪ the two ends of a line;
▪ the intersection of two lines;
▪ meeting of the lines at the corner of
a plane or volume; and
▪ the center of a field.
Point Elements
A point has no dimension. To visibly
mark a position in space or on the
ground plane, a point must be projected
vertically into a linear form, as a column,
obelisk, or tower. Any such columnar
element is seen in plan as a point and
therefore retains the visual
characteristics of a point.
eg. of point
Piazza del
Campidoglio
Rome. \Michelangelo Buonarroti.
The equestrian statue of Marcus
Aurelius marks the center of this urban
space.
Two Points
____ describe a line that connects
them.
Two points
Two points further suggest an axis
perpendicular to the line they describe
and about which they are symmetrical.
eg of Two Points
Torii, Ise Shrine
Mie Prefecture, Japan
In plan, two points can denote a gateway
signifying passage from one place to
another. Extended vertically, the two
points define both a plane of entry and
an approach perpendicular to it.
eg. of 2 points
The National Mall
Washington, D.C.
This lies along the axis established by
the Lincoln Memorial, the Washington
Monument, and the United States Capitol
Building.
eg. 2 points
The National Mall
Washington, D.C.
This lies along the axis established by
the Lincoln Memorial, the Washington
Monument, and the United States Capitol
Building.
Line
An extended point. Conceptually, a line has length,
but no width or depth. It is capable of visually
expressing direction, movement, and growth.
Line
A line can serve to:
▪ join, support, surround, or intersect
other visual elements;
▪ describe the edges of and give
shape to planes; and
▪ articulate the surfaces of planes.
Linear elements
______ elements, such as
columns, obelisks, and towers, have
been used throughout history to
commemorate significant events and
establish particular points in space.
Vertical linear
eg. of Line
Menhir
A prehistoric monument consisting of an
upright megalith, usually standing alone
but sometimes aligned with others.
eg. of line / linear elements
Column of Marcus
Aurelius
Piazza Colonna, Rome
The cylindrical shaft commemorates the
emperor’s victory over Germanic tribes
north of the Danube.
eg of line / linear elements
Obelisk of Luxor
Place de la Concorde, Paris
The obelisk, which marked the entrance
to the Amon Temple at Luxor, was given
by the viceroy of Egypt, Mohamed Ali, to
Louis Phillipe and was installed in 1836.
eg of vertical linear elements
Selim Mosque
Edirne, Turkey
Vertical linear elements can also define a
transparent volume of space.
The four minaret towers outline a spatial
field from which the dome of the Selim
Mosque rises in splendor.
Linear Elements
Linear members that possess the
necessary material strength can perform
structural functions.
In these examples, linear elements:
▪ express movement across space;
▪ provide support for an overhead
plane; and
▪ form a three-dimensional structural
frame for architectural space.
Salginatobel
Bridge
Switzerland. Robert Maillart.
In this example, linear elements express
movement across space.
Beams and girders have the bending
strength to span the space between their
supports and carry transverse loads.
Caryatid Porch,
The Erechtheion
Athens. Mnesicles.
An example showing linear elements
providing support for an overhead
plane.
The sculpted female figures stand as
columnar supports for the entablature.
Katsura Imperial
Villa
Kyoto, Japan
In this example, linear elements form a
three-dimensional structural frame for
architectural space.
Linear columns and beams together
form a three-dimensional framework for
architectural space.
Plane
An extended line in a direction other than its intrinsic
direction. Conceptually, a plane has length and width,
but no depth.
Plane
____ is the preliminary identifying
characteristic of a plane. It is determined
by the contour of the line forming the
edges of a plane.
Shape
Plane
its surface, color, pattern, and texture -
affect its visual weight and stability.
Planar Elements
In architectural design, we manipulate
three generic types of planes:
▪ Overhead plane, which can be either
the roof or the ceiling plane;
▪ Wall plane; and the
▪ Base plane, which can be either the
ground or floor plane.
eg. of plane
Scala de Spagna
(Spanish Steps) Rome. Alessandro
Specchi.
Along with climate and other
environmental conditions of a site, the
topographical character of the ground
plane influences the form of the building
that rises from it.
eg. of plane
Mortuary Temple
of Hatshepsut
Der el-Bahari, Thebes. Senmut.
Three terraces approached by ramps rise
toward the base of the cliffs where the
chief sanctuary is cut deep into the rock.
eg. of plane
S. Maria Novella
Florence, Italy. Alberti.
As a design element, the plane of an
exterior wall can be articulated as the
front or primary facade of a building.
eg. of plane
Piazza San Marco
Venice
In urban situations, these facades serve
as walls that define courtyards, streets,
and such public gathering places as
squares and marketplaces.
eg. of plane
Robie House
Chicago. Frank Lloyd Wright.
The roof plane is the essential sheltering
element that protects the interior of a
building from the climatic elements.
eg. of plane
Fallingwater
(Kaufmann House) Pennsylvania. Frank
Lloyd Wright.
Reinforced concrete slabs express the
horizontality of the floor and roof planes
as they cantilever outward from a central
vertical core.
Volume
A plane extended in a direction other than its intrinsic
direction. Conceptually, a volume has three
dimensions: length, width, and depth.
Volume
All volumes can be analyzed and
understood to consist of:
points or vertices where several planes
come together;
lines or edges where two planes meet;
and
planes or surfaces that define the limits
or boundaries of a volume.
Volume
_____ is the primary identifying
characteristic of a volume. It is
established by shapes and
interrelationships of the planes that
describe the boundaries of the volume.
Form
Volumetric
Elements
_____ that stand as objects in
the landscape can be read as occupying
volumes in space.
Building forms
eg. of building form
Notre Dame du
Haut
Ronchamp, France. Le Corbusier.
eg. of BUilding form
Palazzo Thiene
Vicenza, Italy. Andrea Palladio.
Building forms that serve as containers
can be read as masses that define
volumes of space.
In this structure, the interior rooms
surround a cortile - the principal
courtyard of an Italian palazzo.
____
The formal structure of a work—the manner of
arranging and coordinating the elements and parts of
a composition so as to produce a coherent image.
Form
A method or manner of jointing that makes the united
parts clear, distinct, and precise in relation to each
other.
Articulation
Visual Properties of Form
▪ Shape
▪ Size
▪ Texture
▪ Color
The characteristic outline or surface
configuration of a particular form.
SHAPE
SHAPE
In architecture, we are concerned with
the shapes of:
▪ floor, wall, and ceiling planes that
enclose space;
▪ door and window openings within a
spatial enclosure; and
▪ silhouettes and contours of building
forms.
eg. of Shape
Villa Garches
Vaucresson, France. Le Corbusier.
This architectural composition illustrates
the interplay between the shapes of
planar solids and voids.
This architectural composition illustrates
the interplay between the shapes of
planar solids and voids.
The physical dimensions of length,
width, and depth of a form. While these
dimensions determine the proportions of
a form, its scale is determined by its size
relative to other forms in its context.
SIZE
The visual and especially tactile quality
given to a surface by the size, shape,
arrangement, and proportions of the
parts. Texture also determines the
degree to which the surfaces of a form
reflect or absorb incident light.
TEXTURE
A phenomenon of light and visual
perception that may be described in
terms of an individual’s perception of
hue, saturation, and tonal value.
COLOR
Color is the attribute that most clearly
distinguishes a form from its
environment. It also affects the visual
weight of a form.
Parts of Color
(4)
▪ Hue: another word for color;
▪ Value: describes how light or dark
the color is;
▪ Temperature: relates to the feeling
of warmth or coolness the color
evokes; and
▪ Intensity: measures the range of a
color from dull to vivid. Also called
chroma and saturation.
Color Wheel
▪ Primary: red, blue, and yellow
▪ Secondary: violet, green, and orange.
▪ Tertiary: red-violet, blue-violet,
yellow-green, blue-green, red-orange,
and yellow-orange.
Color Wheel
Colors used to convey emotions:
: exhibit energy and joy
(best for personal messages). They
have a tendency to appear larger.
▪ Warm colors
Color Wheel
Colors used to convey emotions:
convey calmness and
peace (best for office use). They
have a tendency to appear smaller
next to a warm color. They often
work well as a background color.
▪ Cool colors:
Basic color schemes
▪ Complementary
▪ Analogous
▪ Triadic
▪ Split complementary
▪ Tetradic, or double complementary
Basic color schemes
Any two colors opposite each other on
the wheel. For example, blue and orange,
or red and green.
Complementary
Basic color schemes
Use three colors. The scheme takes one
color and matches it with the two colors
adjacent to its complementary color. For
example, blue, yellow-orange and redorange
Split complementary
Basic color schemes
Any three colors next to each other on
the wheel. For example, orange, yelloworange,
and yellow.
Analogous
Basic solor schemes
Any three colors that are equally apart on
the color wheel. For example, red, yellow
and blue.
Triadic
Basic color schemes
Uses four colors together, in the form of
two sets of complementary colors. For
example, blue and orange is paired with
yellow and violet.
Tetradic or Double complementary
Basic color schemes
▪ Tints:
▪ Shades:
▪ Tones:
▪ Achromatic:
▪ Tints: come from adding white to
hues;
▪ Shades: come from adding black to
hues;
▪ Tones: mixing the hue with grey.
▪ Achromatic: use no color, just
shades of grey, black and white. Also
known as greyscale.
Relational properties of form
▪ Position
▪ Orientation
▪ Visual Inertia
The location of a form relative to its
environment or the visual field within
which it is seen.
POSITION
The direction of a form relative to the
ground plane, the compass points, other
forms, or to the person viewing the form.
ORIENTATION
The degree of concentration and stability
of a form. The visual inertia of a form
depends on its geometry as well as its
orientation relative to the ground plane,
the pull of gravity, and our line of sight.
VISUAL INERTIA
VISUAL INERTIA
Milwaukee Art Museum, USA. Santiago
Calatrava.
VISUAL INERTIA
Proposed library in Kazakhstan. BIG
Architects.
VISUAL INERTIA
Ningbo Museum, China. Wang Shu.
Form articulation
A form can be articulated by:
▪ Change in material, color, texture, or pattern;
▪ Developing corners as distinct linear elements;
▪ Removing corners; and
▪ Lighting the form.
eg. of articulation
Hoffman House
New York. Richard Meier.
The color, texture, and pattern of
surfaces articulate the existence of
planes and influence the visual weight of
a form.
eg. of articulation
Palazzo Medici-
Ricardo
Florence, Italy. Michelozzi.
eg. articulation
John Deere &
Company Building
Moline, Illinois. Eero Saarinen.
Linear patterns have the ability to
emphasize the height or length of form,
unify its surfaces, and define its textural
quality.
The linear sun-shading devices
accentuate the horizontality of the
building form.
eg. articulation
CBS Building
New York. Eero Saarinen.
Linear columnar elements emphasize
the verticality of this high-rise structure.
eg articulation
IBM Research
Center
La Guade, Var, France. Marcel Breuer.
The three-dimensional form of the
openings creates a texture of light,
shade, and shadows.
eg. Articulation
First Unitarian
Church
Rochester New York. Louis Kahn.
The pattern of openings and cavities
interrupts the continuity of the exterior
wall planes.
eg. articulation
Everson Museum
Syracuse, New York. I.M. Pei.
The unadorned corners of the forms
emphasize the volume of their mass.
eg. articulation
Einstein Tower
Potsdam, Germany. Eric Mendelsohn.
Rounded corners express continuity of
surface, compactness of volume, and
softness of form.
eg. of articulation (see corners)
Laboratory Tower
Johnson Wax Building, Wisconsin. Frank
Lloyd Wright.
eg articulation
Kaufmann Desert
House
California. Richard Neutra.
Openings at corners emphasize the
definition of planes over volume.
The passage of persons or things from one place to
another or through an area.
Since we move in time through a sequence of spaces,
we experience a space in relation to where we’ve
been and where we anticipate going.
Circulation
Circulation
Elements
▪ Approach
▪ Entrance
▪ Configuration of the path
▪ Path-space relationships
▪ The distant view.
▪ Prior to actually passing into the interior of a building,
we approach its entrance along a path. This is the first
phase of the circulation system, during which we are
prepared to see, experience, and use the spaces within
a building.
Approach
Kinds of approach
▪ Frontal
▪ Oblique
▪ Spiral
Kinds of approach
▪ Frontal
▪ Oblique
▪ Spiral
Kinds of Approach
Leads directly to the entrance of a
building along a straight, axial path. The
visual goal that terminates the approach
is clear.
FRONTAL
eg frontal approach
Villa Barbaro
Maser, Italy. Andrea Palladio.
eg. frontal approach
Qian Men
Beijing, China.
Link between the Forbidden City to the
north and the Outer City to the South.
Portals and gateways have traditionally
served as means of orienting us to the
path beyond and welcoming or guarding
against our entry.
Kinds of Approach
Enhances the effect of perspective on
the front facade and form of a building.
OBLIQUE
Buseoksa Temple
Gyeongsangdo, Korea.
eg. obliqe approach
Glass House
New Canaan, Connecticut. Philip
Johnson.
Kinds of Approach
Prolongs the sequence of the approach
and emphasizes the three-dimensional
form of a building as we move around its
perimeter.
SPIRAL
eg. Spiral Approach
Acropolis
Athens, Greece.
Dotted line indicates the path through
the Propylaea to the east end of the
Parthenon.
eg Spiral Approach
Fallingwater
Pennsylvania. Frank Lloyd Wright.
▪ From outside to inside.
▪ Entering a building, a room within a building, or a
defined field of exterior space, involves the act of
penetrating a vertical plane that distinguishes one
space from another and separates “here” from “there.”
Entrance
Entrances may be grouped formally into
the following categories:
▪ flush;
▪ projected; and
▪ recessed.
Entrance
Maintains the continuity of the surface
of a wall and can be deliberately
obscured.
FLUSH
eg. Flush Entrance
Morris Gift Shop
California. Frank Lloyd Wright.
Elaborated openings within vertical
planes mark the entrance to this
building.
Entrance
Forms a transitional space, announces
its function to the approach, and
provides overhead shelter.
PROJECTED
eg Projected Entrance
Basilica di
Sant’Andrea
Mantua, Italy. Leon Battista Alberti.
Entrances
Also provides shelter and receives a
portion of exterior space into the realm
of the building.
RECESSED
eg Recessed Entrance
Dr. Currutchet’s
House
La Plata, Argentina. Le Corbusier.
A portal marks the entrance for
pedestrians within a larger opening that
includes space for a carport.
The notion of an entrance can be visually
reinforced by:
▪ making the opening lower, wider, or
narrower than anticipated;
▪ making the entrance deep or
circuitous; or
▪ articulating the opening with
ornamentation or decorative
embellishment.
eg. Articulated Entrance
JFK Memorial
Dallas, Texas. Philip Johnson.
eg. Articulated Entrance
Vanna Venturi
House
Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania. Robert
Venturi.
A vertical break or separation in the
facade defines the entrances to these
buildings.
eg. Articulated Entrance
Piazza San Marco
Venice.
View of the sea framed by the Doge’s
Palace on the left and Scamozzi’s
Library on the right. The entrance to the
piazza from the sea is marked by two
granite columns, the Lion’s Column and
the Column of St. Theodore.
Configuration of path
▪ The sequence of spaces.
▪ All paths of movement are linear in nature. And all
paths have a starting point, from which we are taken
through a sequence of spaces to our destination.
Kinds of
Configuration of Path
▪ Linear
▪ Radial
▪ Spiral
▪ Grid
▪ Network
▪ Composite
Path
All paths are linear. A straight path,
however, can be the primary organizing
element for a series of spaces. In
addition, it can be curvilinear or
segmented, intersect other paths, have
branches, or form a loop.
LINEAR
eg. Linear Path
Mortuary Temple
of Hatshepsut
Der-el Bahari, Thebes. Senmut.
eg. linear path
Toshogu Shrine
Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.
eg. Linear path
Toshogu Shrine
Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.
Configuration of Path
A _____ configuration has linear paths
extending from r terminating at a central,
common point.
RADIAL
eg. Radial path
Eastern State
Penitentiary
Philadelphia. John Haviland.
eg Radial Path
University Art
Museum
University of California-Berkeley. Mario
J. Ciampi and Associates.
Configuration of Path
is a single,
continuous path that originates from a
central point, revolves around it, and
becomes increasingly distant from it.
SPIRAL
A spiral configuration
eg. Radial Path
Museum of
Western Art
Tokyo, Japan. Le Corbusier.
eg. Radial Path
Borobudur
Java, Indonesia.
A Buddhist stupa monument.
In circumambulating the monument,
pilgrims passed walls ornamented with
reliefs illustrating the life of buddha and
the principles of his teaching.
eg. Radial Path
Guggenheim
Museum
New York City. Frank Lloyd Wright.
Configuration of Path
consists of two sets
of parallel paths that intersect at regular
intervals and create square or
rectangular fields of space.
GRID
A grid configuration
eg Grid Path
Manhattan, NYC
eg. Grid Path
Intramuros
Manila.
The cuadricula, a system of streets and
blocks laid out in gridiron form. This
method was efficient in maximizing
space and in the supervision of colonial
subjects.
Configuration of Path
consists of
paths that connect established points in
space.
NETWORK
A network configuration
eg. Network Path
Washington, D.C.
Plan by Pierre L’Enfant.
Yi Yuan
Garden of Contentment. Suzhou, China.
Configuration of Path
Employing a combination of the
preceding patterns.
To avoid the creation of a disorienting
maze, a hierarchical order among the
paths and nodes of a building should be
established by differentiating their scale,
form, length, and placement.
COMPOSITE
Path-space relationships
Edges, nodes, and terminations of the path.
Paths may be related to the spaces they link in the
following ways:
▪ Pass by Spaces
▪ Pass through Spaces
▪ Terminate in a Space
Path-Space RElationship
▪ The integrity of each space is
maintained;
▪ The configuration of the path is
flexible;
▪ The mediating spaces can be used
to link the path with the spaces.
Pass by Spaces
eg. Pass by Pass
Bolssonas House
France. Philip Johnson.
Path-Space RElationship
▪ The path may pass through a space
axially, obliquely, or along its edge;
▪ In cutting through a space, the path
creates patterns of rest and
movement within it.
Pass through
Spaces
eg. Pass Through Space
Mortuary Temple
of Rameses III
Medinet-Habu.
Path-Space Relationship
▪ The location of the space
establishes the path;
▪ This path-space relationhip is used
to approach and enter functionally or
symbolically important spaces.
Terminate in a
Space
eg. Terminate in a space
Neur Vahr
Apartment
Germany. Alvar Aalto.
Form of the circulation space
Corridors, halls, galleries, stairways, and rooms.
The form of a circulation space varies according to how:
▪ its boundaries are defined;
▪ its form relates to the form of the spaces it links;
▪ its qualities of scale, proportion, light, and view are
articulated;
▪ entrances open onto it; and
▪ it handles changes in level with stairs and ramps.
A circulation space may be: (3)
▪ Enclosed;
▪ Open on One Side; or
▪ Open on Both Sides.
Form of Circulation
Forming a public galleria or private
corridor that relates to the spaces it links
through entrances in a wall plane.
Enclosed
Form of Circulation
Forming a balcony or gallery that
provides visual and spatial continuity
with the spaces it links.
Open on one side
Form of Circulation
Forming a colonnaded passageway that
becomes a physical extension of the
space it passes through.
Open on both
sides
is the creation and organization
of formal elements in a work of art.
Design
is a fundamental and
comprehensive concept of visual
perception for structuring and aesthetic
composition.
Design principle
Principles of Design
▪ Proportion and Scale
▪ Contrast
▪ Balance
▪ Hierarchy
▪ Rhythm
The proper harmonious relation of one part to another
or to the whole.
Proportion
PROPORTIONING SYSTEMS
They can visually unify the multiplicity of elements in an
architectural design by having all of its parts belong to
the same family of proportions.
They can provide a sense of order in, and heighten the
continuity of, a sequence of spaces.
They can establish relationships between the exterior
and interior elements of a building.
PROPORTIONING SYSTEMS
▪ Golden Section
▪ Regulating Lines
▪ Classical Orders
▪ Renaissance Theories
▪ Modulor
▪ Ken
▪ Anthropometry
Proportioning System
______ can be defined as
the ratio between two sections of a line,
or the two dimensions of a plane figure,
in which the lesser of the two is to the
greater as the greater is to the sum of
both.
Golden Section
The Golden Section
The Greeks recognized the dominating
role the Golden Section played in the
proportions of the human body.
Renaissance architects also explored the
Golden Section in their work.
In more recent times, Le Corbusier based
his Modulor system on the Golden
Section.
Golden Section
eg. Golden Proportion
Parthenon
Athens, Greece. Ictinus and Callicrates.
The proportioning begins by fitting the
facade into a Golden Rectangle. Each
analysis then varies from the other in its
approach to proving the existence of the
Golden Section and its effect on the
dimensions and distribution of elements
across the facade.
eg. GOlden Proportion
Tempietto, St.
Pietro
Montorio, Rome. Donato Bramante.
Proportioning System
If the diagonals of two rectangles are
either parallel or perpendicular to each
other, they indicate that the two
rectangles have similar proportions.
These diagonals, as well as lines that
indicate the common alignment of
elements, are called regulating lines.
Regulating Lines
eg. Regulating Lines
World Museum
Geneva. Le Corbusier.
eg. Regulating Lines
Palazzo Farnese
Rome. Antonio da Sangallo the Younger.
eg. REgulating Liens
The Pantheon
Rome
eg. Regulating Lines
Villa Garches
Vaucresson, France. Le Corbusier.
eg. Regulating Lines
Villa Foscari
Malcontenta, Italy. Andrea Palladio.
Proportioning System
To the Greeks and Romans of classical
antiquity, the Orders represented in their
proportioning of elements the perfect
expression of beauty and harmony. The
basic unit of dimension was the
diameter of the column.
Classical Orders
Classical Orders
▪ Tuscan
▪ Doric
▪ Ionic
▪ Corinthian
▪ Composite
Classical Orders
According to Vignola
Tuscan
Classical Orders
According to Vignola
Doric
Classical Orders
According to Vignola
Ionic
Classical Orders
According to Vignola
Ionic
Classical Orders
According to Vignola
Corinthian
Classical Orders
Classification of Temples according to
their intercolumniation.
Vitruvius’ rules for the diameter, height,
and spacing of columns.
enumerate tpyes of Intercolmniation
Proportioning System
The architects of the Renaissance,
believing that their buildings had to
belong to a higher order, returned to the
Greek mathematical system of
proportions.
Renaissance
Theories
Renaissance
Theories
Seven Ideal Plan Shapes for Rooms.
Andrea Palladio (1508–1580) was
probably the most influential architect of
the Italian Renaissance. In The Four
Books on Architecture, first published in
Venice in 1570, he followed in the
footsteps of his predecessors, Alberti
and Serlio, and proposed these seven
“most beautiful and proportionable
manners of rooms.”
Renaissance
Theories
Determining the Heights of Rooms.
Palladio also proposed several methods
for determining the height of a room so
that it would be in proper proportion to
the room’s width and length.
▪ The height of rooms with flat
ceilings would be equal to their
width.
▪ The height of square rooms with
vaulted ceilings would be one-third
greater than their width.
▪ For other rooms, Palladio used
Pythagoras’ theory of means to
determine their heights.
eg. REnaissance Theory
Villa Capra
(The Rotunda)
Vicenza, Italy. Andrea Palladio.
Room sizes: 12 x 30, 6 x 15, 30 x 30
eg. Renaissance Theory
Palazzo Chiericati
Vicenza, Italy. Andrea Palladio.
54 x 16 (18), 18 x 30, 18 x 18, 18 x 12
Villa Thiene
Cicogna, Italy. Andrea Palladio.
18 x 36, 36 x 36, 36 x 18, 18 x 18, 18 x 12
Le Corbusier developed this
proportioning system to order “the
dimensions of that which contains and
that which is contained.”
He based the Modulor on both
mathematics (the aesthetic dimensions
of the Golden Section and the Fibonacci
Series), and the proportions of the
human body (functional dimensions).
Modulor
Modulor
The basic grid consists of three
measures, __ ___ ____centimeters,
proportioned according to the Golden
Section.
113, 70, and 43
Modulor
Le Corbusier saw the Modulor as a
system of measurements that could
govern lengths, surfaces, and volumes,
and “maintain the _____
human scale
everywhere.”
eg. Modulor
Unité d’Habitation
Marseille, France. Le Corbusier.
The principal work of Le Corbusier that
exemplified the use of the Modulor.
It uses 15 measures of the Modulor to
bring human scale to a building.
eg. MOdulor
Unité d’Habitation
Marseille, France. Le Corbusier.
Plans and Section of Typical Apartment
Unit
Proportioning System
The ken was introduced in the latter half
of Japan’s Middle Ages.
Although it was originally used simply to
designate the interval between two
columns and varied in size, the ken was
soon standardized for residential
architecture.
Ken
Ken
The ken evolved into an aesthetic
module that ordered the structure,
materials, and space of Japanese
architecture.
The _____ is a shallow, slightly
raised alcove for the display of a
kakemono or flower arrangement. As the
spiritual center of a traditional Japanese
house, the tokonoma is located in its
most formal room.
tokonoma
Ken
The size of a room is designated by the
number of its ____
floor mats.
Ken
Because of their 1:2 modularity, the floor
mats can be arranged in a number of
ways for any given room size. And for
each room size, a different ceiling height
is established according to the following:
height of the ceiling (shaku), measured
from the top of the frieze board = number
of mats x 0.3.
Ken
In a typical Japanese residence, the ken
grid orders the structure as well as the
additive, space-to-space sequence of
rooms.
The relatively small size of the module
allows the rectangular spaces to be
freely arranged in linear, staggered, or
clustered patterns.
Proportioning System
_____ refers to the
measurement of the size and
proportions of the human body.
It is predicated on the theory that forms
and spaces in architecture are either
containers or extensions of the human
body and should therefore be
determined by its dimensions.
Anthropometry
Anthropometry
Anthropometry
Average dimensions must always be
treated with caution since variations
from the norm will always exist due to
the difference between men and women,
among various age and racial groups,
even from one individual to the next.
Anthropometry
A special field that has developed from a
concern with human factors is
____ —the applied science that
coordinates the design of devices,
systems, and environments with our
physiological and psychological
capacities and requirements.
ergonomics
Anthropometry
The dimensions of the human body also
affect the volume of space we require
for movement, activity, and rest.
The fit between the form and dimensions
of a space and our own body dimensions
can be:
▪ Static;
▪ Dynamic; or
▪ Based on social distances and
personal space.
The size of something compared to a reference
standard or to the size of something else.
Scale
___ refers to how we perceive or judge
the size of something in relation to
something else. In dealing with the issue
of scale, therefore, we are always
comparing one thing to another.
Two types:
▪ Visual scale; and
▪ Human scale.
Scale
It refers to how small or large something
appears to be in relation to its normal
size or to the size of other things in its
context.
Visual Scale
eg Visual Scale
Reims Cathedral
Reims, France.
The recessed entry portals of Reims
Cathedral are scaled to the dimensions
of the facade and can be seen and
recognized at a distance.
As we get closer, however, we see that
the actual entrances are really simple
doors within the larger portals and are
scaled to our dimensions, to a human
scale.
____in architecture is based on
the dimensions and proportions of the
human body.
Of a room’s three dimensions, its height
has a greater effect on its scale than
either its width or length.
Human Scale
Human scale
Human Scale
In addition to the vertical dimension of a
space, other factors that affect its scale
are:
▪ the shape, color, and pattern of its
bounding surfaces;
▪ the shape and disposition of its
openings; and
▪ the nature and scale of the elements
placed within it.
____ of dissimilar elements in a
work of art to intensify each element’s properties and
produce a more dynamic expressiveness.
Contrast
Opposition or juxtaposition
A contrast in form, geometry, or
orientation can also visually reinforce the
identity and independence of the sunken
field from its larger spatial context.
Contrast create visual variety,
excitement and interest to the building
and can be achieved by:
▪ using different sizes;
▪ different material, texture, and
colors; or
▪ manipulating the light, shade, and
shadow of masses.
A state of equilibrium between contrasting, opposing,
or interacting elements. Also the pleasing or
harmonious arrangement or proportion of parts or
elements in a design or composition.
Balance
The exact correspondence in size, form, and
arrangement of parts on opposite sides of a dividing
line or plane, or about a center or axis.
Symmetry
Two types of
Symmetry
▪ Bilateral
▪ Radial
Refers to the balanced arrangement of similar or
equivalent elements on opposite sides of a median axis
so that only one plane can divide the whole into
essentially identical halves.
Bilateral Symmetry
eg. Bilateral Symmetry
Monticello
Virginia. Thomas Jefferson.
Unity Temple
Oak Park, Illinois. Frank Lloyd Wright.
Multiple symmetries, both major and
minor, can add complexity and hierarchy
to a composition as well as
accommodate programmatic and
contextual requirements.
The balanced arrangement of similar, radiating elements
such that the composition can be divided into similar
halves by passing a plane at any angle around a
centerpoint or along a central axis.
Radial Symmetry
eg. Radial Symmetry
Great Stupa
Sanchi, India.
The articulation of the importance or significance of a
form or space by its size, shape, or placement relative
to the other forms and spaces of the organization.
Hierarchy
Hierarchy
For a form or space to be articulated as
being important or significant to an
organization, it must be made uniquely
visible.
This visual emphasis can be achieved by
endowing a form or shape with:
▪ exceptional size;
▪ a unique shape; or
▪ a strategic location.
Hierarchy
____
A form or space may dominate an
architectural composition by being
significantly different in size from all the
other elements in the composition.
Normally, this dominance is made visible
by the sheer size of an element.
by Size
eg. Hierarcy by Size
Savannah
Georgia. James Oglethorpe.
Hierarchy
by _____
A form or space can be made visually
dominant and thus important by clearly
differentiating its shape from that of the
other elements in the composition. A
discernible contrast in shape is critical,
whether the differentiation is based on a
change in geometry or regularity
Shape
eg. hierarchy by shape
Plan of
Montfazier
France.
A medieval town founded in 1284.
Hierarchy
by _____
A form or space may be strategically
placed to call attention to itself as being
the most important element in a
composition.
Placement
eg. Hierarchy by Placement
Villa Trissino
Vicenza, Italy. Andrea Palladio.
eg. Hierarchy by Placement
Florence
Cathedral
Florence, Italy.
View of Florence illustrating the
dominance of the cathedral over the
urban landscape.
eg. Hierarchy by Placement
Legislative
Assembly Building
Chandigarh, India. Le Corbusier.
Movement characterized by a patterned repetition or
alternation of formal elements or motifs in the same
or a modified form.
Rhythm
The act or process of repeating formal elements or
motifs in a design.
Repetition
REPETITION
The simplest form of repetition is a
linear pattern of redundant elements.
They may be grouped according to:
▪ size;
▪ shape; or
▪ detail characteristics.
Classification of
Temples
From Vitruvius’ Ten Books of
Architecture.
Temples classified according to
arrangements of the colonnades.
eg. Repitition
Salisbury
Cathedral
England.
Structural patterns often incorporate the
repetition of vertical supports at regular
or harmonious intervals which define
modular bays or divisions of space.
eg. Rhythm
Katsura Imperial
Village
Kyoto, Japan.
As in music, a rhythmic pattern may be
legato, continuous and flowing, or
staccato and abrupt in its pace or
cadence.
eg. Rhythm
Olympic Arena
Tokyo, Japan. Kenzo Tange.
As in music, a rhythmic pattern may be
legato, continuous and flowing, or
staccato and abrupt in its pace or
cadence.
eg. Rhythm
Residential Care
Unit
Hokkaido, Japan. Sou Fujimoto.
Rhythm is a natural outcome of the way
we lay out the repetitive units of housing
complexes.
eg. Rhythm
Residential Care
Unit
Hokkaido, Japan. Sou Fujimoto.
Rhythm is a natural outcome of the way
we lay out the repetitive units of housing
complexes.
____ is the three-dimensional field in which objects
and events occur and have relative position and
direction, especially a portion of that field set apart in
a given instance or for a particular purpose.
Space
Spatial Relationships
Spaces may be related to each other in several
fundamental ways:
▪ Space within a space;
▪ Interlocking spaces;
▪ Adjacent spaces; and
▪ Spaces linked by a common space.
Space Relationship
In this type of spatial relationship, the larger,
enveloping space serves as a three-dimensional field
for the smaller space contained within it.
Space within a space
eg. Space within a space
Moore House
California, US. Charles Moore.
Space Relationship
______ relationship results from the
overlapping of two spatial fields and the emergence of
a zone of shared space.
Interlocking spaces
An interlocking spatial
eg. INterlocking Space
Plan for St. Peter
Second Version. Donato Bramante and
Baldassare Peruzzi.
eg. INterlocking space
Villa at Carthage
Tunisia. Le Corbusier
Space Relationship
_____ is the most common type of spatial
relationship.
It allows each space to be clearly defined and to
respond, each in its own way, to specific functional or
symbolic requirements.
Adjacent spaces
Adjacency
eg. Adjacent Space
Chiswick House
London, England. Lord Burlington and
William Kent.
The spaces are individualistic in size,
shape, and form. The walls that enclose
them adapt their forms to accommodate
the differences between adjacent
spaces.
eg. Adjacent Space
Lawrence House
Sea Ranch, California. Moore-
Turnbull/MLTW.
Three spaces—the living, fireplace, and
dining areas—are defined by changes in
floor level, ceiling height, and quality of
light and view, rather than by wall planes.
Space Relationship
_____
Two spaces that are separated by distance can be
linked or related to each other by a third, intermediate,
space.
Spaces linked
by a common space
eg. Space linked by a common space
One-Half House
John Hejduk.
Spatial Organization (5)
▪ Centralized
▪ Linear
▪ Radial
▪ Clustered
▪ Grid
______ organization is a stable, concentrated
composition that consists of a number of secondary
spaces grouped around a large, dominant, central
space.
Centralized
A centralized
eg. Centralized Org
Taj Mahal
Agra, India.
The pattern of circulation and movement
within a centralized organization may be
radial, loop, or spiral in form. In almost
every case, however, the pattern will
terminate in or around the central space.
eg. Centralized org
Villa Farnese
Caprarola, Italy. Giacomo da Vignola.
The pattern of circulation and movement
within a centralized organization may be
radial, loop, or spiral in form. In almost
every case, however, the pattern will
terminate in or around the central space.
eg. Centralized ORg
National Assembly
Building
Dacca, Bangladesh. Louis Kahn.
The pattern of circulation and movement
within a centralized organization may be
radial, loop, or spiral in form. In almost
every case, however, the pattern will
terminate in or around the central space.
Organization of Spaces
_______ organization consists essentially of a series
of spaces. These spaces can either be directly related
to one another or be linked through a separate and
distinct linear space.
Linear
A linear
eg. Linear Org
Residential
Expansion
St. Andrew’s University, Scotland.
James Stirling.
Linear Sequences of Spaces
eg. Linear ORg
Lloyd Lewis
House
Libertyville, Illinois. Frank Lloyd Wright.
Linear Sequences of Rooms
eg. Linear Org
Romano House
Kentfield, California. Esherick Homsey
Dodge & Davis.
Adapting to Function and Site
Space Organization
______ organization of space combines elements of
both centralized and linear organizations. It consists
of a dominant central space from which a number of
linear organizations extend in a radial manner.
Radial
A radial
eg. Radial Org
Guggenheim
Museum
Bilbao, Spain. Frank Gehry.
The central space of a radial
organization is generally regular in form.
The linear arms, for which the central
space is the hub, may be similar to one
another in form and length and maintain
the regularity of the organization’s
overall form.
eg. Radial Org
Canberra
Australia. Walter Burley Griffin.
eg. Radial Org
H. F. Johnson
House
Wind Point, Wisconsin. Frank Lloyd
Wright.
A specific variation of a radial
organization is the pinwheel pattern
wherein the linear arms of the
organization extend from the sides of a
square or rectangular central space.
Space Organization
_____ organization relies on physical proximity
to relate its spaces to one another. It often consists of
repetitive, cellular spaces that have similar functions
and share a common visual trait such as shape or
orientation.
Clustered
A clustered
eg. Cluster Org
Yeni-Kaplica
(Thermal Bath) Bursa, Turkey.
Spaces Organized by Geometry
eg. Cluster org
Palace of King
Minos
Knossos, Crete.
Spaces Organized Around a Dominant
Space
eg. Cluster Org
Rajarajeshwara
Temple
Thanjavur, India.
Spaces Organized within a Spatial Field
eg. Cluster org
St. Carlo alle
Quattro Fontane
Rome. Francesco Borromini.
Spaces Organized by Axial Symmetries
eg. Cluster org
Gamble House
Pasadena, California. Greene & Greene.
Spaces Organized by Geometric Pattern
Space Organization
____ organization consists of forms and spaces
whose positions in space and relationships with one
another are regulated by a three-dimensional grid
pattern or field.
Grid
A grid
eg. Grid Org
Shodhan House
Ahmedabad, India. Le Corbusier.
eg. Grid Org
Eric Boissonas
House I
New Canaan, Connecticut. Philip
Johnson.
_____ is the study of the symbolic and
communicative role of the spatial separation
individuals maintain in various social and
interpersonal situations, and how the nature and
degree of this spatial arrangement relates to
environmental and cultural factors.
Proxemics
Proxemics
The variable and subjective distance at which one person
feels comfortable talking to another.
Personal Space
Also called
personal distance.
LEVELS OF
DISTANCES
▪ Intimate Distance
▪ Personal Distance
▪ Social Distance
▪ Public Distance
Levels of Distance
Voluntarily selected gap between people
who are drawn to each other. At this
close range, vision is distorted and any
vocalization is a whisper, moan, or grunt.
Intimate Distance
0-18 inches (0-450mm).
Levels of Distance
The sense of body heat is lost. Eyesight
begins to focus, and vocalization comes
into play. Although only ritualized touch
is typical, the other person is still at arm’
s length, available to be grasped, held, or
shoved away.
Personal Distance
18 inches to 4 feet (450mm-1.20m)
Levels of Distance
This is the zone of impersonal
transaction. We now have to rely solely
on what we can see and hear.
By the middle of the range, the eye can
focus on an entire face. When the
distance is more than eight feet, it’s OK
to ignore another’s presence and it’s
easy to disengage from a conversation.
Social Distance
4 to 10 feet (1.20m - 3.00m)
Levels of Distance
This is the zone where we can no longer
pick up subtle nuances of meaning from
the face or tone of voice. The eye can
take in the whole body at a glance.
It’s the distance of the lecture hall, mass
meetings, and interactions with powerful
figures until such time as they bid you to
come closer.
Public Distance
10 feet to infinity (3 meters and beyond)
SEMI-FIXED
FEATURE SPACE
Furniture arrangement in public places
has a distinct relationship to the degree
of conversation.
(2)
▪ Sociopetal
▪ Sociofugal
Spaces which tend to bring people
together.
Sociopetal Space
Tend to keep people apart and
discourage conversations.
Sociofugal Space
A particular or distinctive form of artistic expression
characteristic of a person, people, or period.
Style
▪ prevalent in Spain and Morocco;
▪ influences were Mesopotamian brick and stucco
techniques;
▪ frequent use of horseshoe arch, and Roman columns
and capitals.
Moorish
Style
Alhambra
Andalusia, Spain.
Moorish
Style
▪ derived from the principles of Greek and Roman
architecture.
Classical
Style
Classical
Style
▪ emerged from Roman and Byzantine elements;
▪ characterized by massive articulated wall structures,
arches and powerful vaults.
Romanesque
Style
Piazza del Duomo
Piazza dei Miracoli. Pisa, Italy.
Romanesque
▪ revolutionary style of construction;
▪ emerged from Romanesque and Byzantine forms;
▪ characterized by a delicate balance of forces, with
thrusts directed throughout a rigid structural lattice.
▪ features were height and light, achieved through a
mixture of skeletal structures and ever increasing
windows.
Style
Gothic
Style
Chartres
Cathedral
Chartres, France.
Gothic
Styles
▪ developed during the rebirth of classical art and
learning in Europe;
▪ characterized by the use of classical orders, round
arches, and symmetrical proportions.
Renaissance
Style
REnaissance
S. Maria Novella
Florence, Italy. Alberti.
Styles
▪ more ornate than the Renaissance style;
▪ deliberate in its attempt to impress, and was lavish of
all styles, both in its use of materials and in the effects
it achieves.
Baroque
Styles
Miag-ao Church
Iloilo.
Baroque
Styles
▪ final phase of the Baroque;
▪ characterized by a profuse, semi-abstract
ornamentation;
▪ associated with lightness, swirling forms, flowing lines,
ornate stucco work, and arabesque ornament.
Rococo
Styles
Catherine Palace
St. Petersburg, Russia.
Rococo
Styles
▪ characterized by monumentality, strict use of the
orders, and sparing application of ornament;
Neoclassicism
Styles
NEoclassical
United States
Capitol
Washington, D.C.
Styles
▪ buildings were treated not only as functional structures
but also as sculptural objects;
Expressionism
Styles
Expressionism
Einstein Tower
Potsdam, Germany. Erich Mendelsohn.
Styles
▪ style of fine and applied art characterized by fluid,
undulating motifs, often derived from natural forms.
Art Nouveau
Styles
Sagrada Família
Barcelona, Spain.
Art Nouveau
Styles
▪ Style Moderne;
▪ marked by geometric motifs, streamlined and
curvilinear forms, sharply defined outlines, often bold
colors.
Art Deco
Metropolitan
Theater
Manila. Juan Arellano.
Art Deco
Styles
▪ functional architecture devoid of regional
characteristics;
▪ characterized by simple geometric forms, large
untextured, often white surfaces, large areas of glass,
and general use of steel or reinforced concrete
construction.
International Style
Barcelona
Pavilion
Spain. Mies van der Rohe.
International Style
Styles
▪ The concepts and ideas were characterized chiefly by
the synthesis of technology, craft, and design
aesthetics;
▪ emphasizes on functional design.
Bauhaus
Bauhaus School
and Faculty
Dessau, Germany. Walter Gropius.
Bauhaus
Styles
▪ emphasizes the aesthetic use of basic building
processes, especially of cast-in-place concrete, with no
apparent concern for visual amenity.
Brutalism
Unité d’Habitation
Marseille, France. Le Corbusier.
Brutalism
Styles
▪ reaction against International style and Modernism.
▪ encourages use of elements from historical vernacular
styles and often playful illusion, decoration, and
complexity.
Post-modernism
Styles
Sony Tower
New York City. Philip Johnson.
Sony Tower
Styles
▪ expression of personal freedom;
▪ harmony between structure and the environment;
▪ integration of individual parts to the whole concept;
▪ all forms should express the natural use of materials.
Organic Architecture
Fallingwater
Pennsylvania. Frank Lloyd Wright.
Organic Architecture
Styles
▪ “Neo-modern” or “post-structuralism”;
▪ questions traditional assumptions and takes modernist
abstraction to an extreme and exaggerates already
known motifs.
Deconstruction
Styles
Imperial War
Museum North
Greater Manchester, England. Daniel
Libeskind.
Deconstructivism
Styles
▪ Eugene Tsui, major proponent;
▪ design that grows and develops based on climatic and
ecological elements, as well as advances in
technology;
▪ approached as a living organism as if natural forces
had shaped the structure.
Evolutionary Architecture
Styles
Fish House
Berkeley, California. Eugene Tsui.
Evolutionary Arctehicture
Styles
▪ “invisible” or “imaginary” architecture;
▪ represents plans and drawings for buildings and cities
that have never been constructed;
▪ pure research or speculation.
Conceptual Architecture
Styles
Conceptual Architecture
Study how to read sun path diagram.
See Pedro PPT
A measure of the average pattern of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time.
“Climate”
CLIMATE VERSUS WEATHER
▪Climate is different from weather, in that weather only describes the short-term conditions of these variables in a given region.
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
(5)
▪Solar radiation or sunlight
▪Air temperature
▪Atmospheric humidity
▪Precipitation
▪Wind
▪One of the most widely-used climate classification systems.
▪It was first published by Russian German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen himself, notably in 1918 and 1936.
THE KÖPPEN SYSTEM
THE KÖPPEN SYSTEM
▪The system is based on the concept that _______ is the best expression of climate.
▪Thus, climate zone boundaries have been selected with vegetation distribution in mind.
native vegetation
THE KÖPPEN SYSTEM
▪The Köppen climate classification scheme divides climates into five main groups, each having several types and subtypes:
▪Type A: Tropical climates
▪Type B: Dry (arid and semiarid) climates
▪Type C: Temperate climates
▪Type D: Continental climates
▪Type E: Polar and alpine climates
Koppen System
▪Found in a nearly unbroken belt around the Earth at low latitudes, mostly within 15° N and S.
TROPICAL CLIMATE (A)
Koppen System
▪Their location within a region in which available solar radiation is large and relatively constant from month to month ensures both high temperatures (generally in excess of 18 °C) and a virtual absence of thermal seasons.
TROPICAL CLIMATE (A)
▪In ____climates, the terms “winter” and “summer” have little meaning, but in many locations, annual rhythm is provided by the occurrence of wet and dry seasons.
TROPICAL CLIMATE (A)
TROPICAL CLIMATE (A)
▪Type A climates are controlled mainly by the seasonal fluctuations of the trade winds and monsoons.
▪Köppen specifies three A climates:
▪Tropical rainforest climate (Af)
▪Tropical monsoon climate (Am)
▪Tropical wet-dry climate (Aw)
Building Orientation in Hot Humid Regions
Koppen System
▪Arid and semiarid climates cover about a quarter of Earth’s land surface, mostly between 50° N and 50° S, but they are mainly found in the 15–30° latitude belt in both hemispheres.
DRY CLIMATES (B)
A land or a climate having little or no rain and is typically too dry or barren to support lush vegetation.
“Arid”
Koppen System
▪They exhibit low precipitation, great variability in precipitation from year to year, low relative humidity, high evaporation rates (when water is available), clear skies, and intense solar radiation.
DRY CLIMATES (B)
DRY CLIMATES (B) ▪Köppen’s classification recognizes three B climates:
▪Tropical and subtropical desert (BWh)
▪Mid-latitude steppe and desert climate (BSh)
▪Tropical and subtropical steppe climate (BSk)
Building Orientation for Hot Arid Regions
eg. of Dry Arid
DRY
Phoenix, Arizona
Koppen System
▪These climates have an average monthly temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) in their warmest months, and an average monthly temperature above −3 ° C (27 F) in their coldest months.
TEMPERATE CLIMATES (C)
▪In Europe this includes areas from coastal Norway south to southern France.
▪In Asia, this includes areas from South Korea, to east- China from Beijing southward, to northern Japan.
TEMPERATE CLIMATES (C)
Building Orientation for Temperate Regions
eg. Temperate location
TEMPERATE
Haus, Norway
Koppen System
▪These climates have an average temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) in their warmest months, and a coldest month average below −3 °C
▪These usually occur in the interiors of continents and on their upper east coasts, normally north of 40°N.
CONTINENTAL CLIMATES (D)
Building Orientation for Cold Regions
eg. of Continental Location
Koppen System
▪These climates are characterized by average temperatures below 10 °C in all 12 months of the year.
▪This includes the following subtypes:
▪Tundra climate (ET)
▪Snow and ice climate (EF)
▪Highland climate (H)
POLAR CLIMATES (E)
eg. of Polar location
POLAR
Northern parts of Alaska
CLIMATE OF THE PHILIPPINES
▪The climate of the Philippines is _______
▪It is characterized by relatively high temperature, high humidity and abundant rainfall.
▪It is similar in many respects to the climate of the countries of Central America.
tropical and maritime.
Location
EL NIDO
Location
Samal Island
Location
Siargao Island
Location
Panglao
Location
CAramoan
Location of Bantayan
Location of Boracay Island
Location of palaui Island
Location of Pagudpud
Location of Great Sta Cruz Island
The most important elements of the country’s weather and climate are the following:
▪Temperature
▪Humidity
▪Rainfall
TEMPERATURE
▪Excluding Baguio, the mean annual temperature in the Philippines is ____
▪The coolest months fall in ____ with a mean temperature of 25.5 °C while the warmest month occurs in ____ with a mean temperature of 28.3 °C.
26.6 °C.
January
May
TEMPERATURE
▪Latitude is an insignificant factor in the variation of temperature while altitude shows greater contrast in temperature.
▪Thus, the mean annual temperature of Baguio with an elevation of____ meters is 18.3°C. This makes the temperature of Baguio comparable with those in the temperate climate.
1,500
TEMPERATURE
▪The difference between the mean annual temperature of the southernmost station in Zamboanga and that of the northernmost station in Laoag is insignificant.
▪In other words, there is essentially no difference in the mean annual temperature of places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao measured at or near sea level.
what is mean annual temperature?
The mean annual temperature refers to theaverage of the maximum and minimumtemperatures of a year, taking the mean average of the coldest month of the year and averaging it with the mean average of the hottest month of the year.
▪_____refers to the moisture content of the atmosphere.
▪Due to high temperature and the surrounding bodies of water, the Philippines has a high relative humidity.
▪The average monthly relative humidity varies between 71% in ____and 85% in _____
Humidity
March
September.
what is relative humidity?
Relative humidity tells us how much water vapor is in the air, compared to how much it could hold at that temperature. It is shown as a percent. For example, arelative humidity of 50 percent means the air is holding one half of the water vapor it can hold.
what does higher percentage of humidity mean
A reading of 100 percent relative humidity meansthat the air is totally saturated with water vapor and cannot hold any more, creating the possibility of rain.
HUMIDITY
▪The combination of warm temperature and high relative humidity gives rise to high perceived temperature throughout the archipelago.
▪It is especially uncomfortable during ______, when temperature and humidity attain their maximum levels.
March to May
_________ is the temperature equivalent perceived by humans, caused by the combined effects of air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed. The measure is most commonly applied to the perceived outdoor temperature.
Apparent temperature
▪____is the most important climatic element in the Philippines.
▪Rainfall distribution throughout the country varies from one region to another, depending upon the direction of the moisture-bearing winds and the location of the mountain systems.
Rainfall
The mean annual rainfall of the Philippines varies from _____ millimeters annually.
965 to 4,064
_____ _____ ______receive the greatest amount of rainfall while the southern portion of ______ receives the least amount of rain. At General Santos City in Cotabato, the average annual rainfall is only_____ millimeters.
Baguio City, eastern Samar, and eastern Surigao
Cotabato
978
SEASONS
Using temperature and rainfall as bases, the climate of the country can be divided into two major seasons: ___ _
rainy and dry.
▪The rainy season, from ____ to _____
▪The dry season, from ____ to _____, which may be subdivided further into:
▪The cool dry season, from _____ to ____
▪The hot dry season, from _____ to ____
June to November
December to May
December to February
March to May
CLIMATE TYPES
There are four recognized climate types in the Philippines, and they are based on the distribution of rainfall.
▪Type I. Two pronounced seasons: dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year.
▪Type II. No dry season with a pronounced rainfall from November to January.
▪Type III. Seasons are not very pronounced, relatively dry from November to April, and wet during the rest of the year.
▪Type IV. Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year.
Climate Types in the Phil
Two pronounced seasons: dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year.
▪Type I.
Climate Types in the Phil
No dry season with a pronounced rainfall from November to January.
▪Type II.
Climate Types in the Phil
Seasons are not very pronounced, relatively dry from November to April, and wet during the rest of the year.
▪Type III.
Climate Types in the Phil
Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year.
▪Type IV.
PREVAILING WINDS
▪Hanging amihan (northeast), November-April
▪Hanging habagat (southwest), May-October
A _____ is a seasonal shift in the prevailing wind direction, that usually brings with it a different kind of weather.
monsoon
TYPHOONS
▪Typhoons have a great influence on the climate and weather conditions of the Philippines.
▪A great portion of the rainfall, humidity and cloudiness are due to the influence of typhoons.
▪They generally originate in the region of the Marianas and Caroline Islands of the Pacific Ocean which have the same latitudinal location as ______
Mindanao.
TYPHOONS
▪Their movements follow a northwesterly direction, sparing Mindanao from being directly hit by majority of the typhoons that cross the country.
▪This makes the ____ portion of the Philippines very desirable for agriculture and industrial development.
southern
GOALS FOR VARIOUS CLIMATES
▪Cool climates
▪Maximum thermal retention
▪Maximum heat gain
▪Maximum wind resistance
GOALS FOR VARIOUS CLIMATES
▪Temperate climates
▪Moderate thermal retention
▪Moderate heat gain
▪Slight wind exposure (humidity control)
GOALS FOR VARIOUS CLIMATES
▪Hot-humid climates
▪Maximum wind exposure
▪Maximum internal airflow
▪Minimum heat gain
GOALS FOR VARIOUS CLIMATES
▪Hot-dry climates
▪Minimum heat gain
▪Moderate wind resistance
▪Moderate internal airflow
GERONIMO MANAHAN
“The passively cooled urban house”, a prototype house designed by Geronimo Manahan in collaboration with the Ministry of Energy.
Design that works with the environment to exclude unwanted heat or cold and take advantage of sun and breezes (inducing comfort conditions in the building interiors), therefore avoiding or minimizing the need for mechanical heating or cooling.
PASSIVE DESIGN
The use of passive cooling principles in the tropics results in a building that is comfortable, energy efficient and results in substantial savings in running costs of both cooling and lighting.
PASSIVE COOLING
PROS/CONS OF PASSIVE COOLING
▪Typically, initial costs for passive cooling systems will be higher because these systems are typically integral to the building envelope
▪However, this is often offset by the minimal operating costs required, as well as the minimized impact on the environment.
A building design approach that addresses the problem of inducing comfort by means of equipment that consume energy.
ACTIVE COOLING
PROS/CONS OF ACTIVE COOLING
▪In active systems, the initial cost of the building envelope will be low.
▪But this will soon be recouped by the costs for equipment, maintenance, and energy consumption.
PRINCIPLES OF PASSIVE DESIGN
Avoid heat gain
Encourage natural ventilation
Make use of natural light
Create cool outdoor areas
How to Avoid Heat Gain
AVOID HEAT GAIN
- Orient the building to reduce exposure to midday sun, particularly summer sun.
- Use materials with low thermal mass as a general rule.
- Shade walls and windows, particularly any walls with high thermal mass.
- Use glazing on windows that cannot be effectively shaded.
- Use insulation, light colors, and heat-reflective surfaces.
what is Thermal Mass
Thermal mass is the ability of a material to absorb and store heat energy. A lot of heat energy isrequired to change the temperature of high density materials like concrete, bricks and tiles. They aretherefore said to have high thermal mass. Lightweight materials such as timber have low thermal mass.
eg. Heat absorbs by thermal mass object at day, then it will release it at night, appliable in temperate climate
ENCOURAGE NATURAL VENTILATION
- Orient the building and windows towards prevailing winds.
- Include operable windows and ceiling vents that enable the building to naturally ventilate.
How to Determine Prevailing winds?
The best way to determine the direction of prevailing winds at your home or business is to document the winddirection each day for a period of time. You can do this by setting up a ______ or simply going outside and stand facing into the wind.
weather vane
A weather vane, wind vane, or weathercock is an instrument for showing the direction of the wind. It is typically used as an architectural ornament to the highest point of a building. The word vane comes from the Old English word fana meaning “flag”
MAKE USE OF NATURAL LIGHT
- Install shaded windows.
- Install shaded skylights, light tubes, and other natural lighting devices.
CREATE COOL OUTDOOR AREAS
- Use verandas and deep balconies to shade and cool incoming air.
- Use landscaping to provide shade without blocking cooling breezes and use planting to reduce ground temperature and minimize reflected heat.
MAIN CONSIDERATIONS in Tropical Design
- Orientation
- Ventilation
- Landscaping
- Thermal Mass
- Insulation
- Windows
- Natural lighting
______ concerns the position of the building on the site as well as the arrangement of the rooms within it.
- ORIENTATION
Orientation
ORIENTATION
▪There are two main goals to consider when considering the building orientation:
▪Orientation for minimal solar heat gain.
▪Orientation for maximum air flow.
SUN PATH DIAGRAMS
______- Azimuth angles run around the edge of the diagram.
_______- Altitude angles are represented as concentric circular dotted lines that run from the center of the diagram out.
Azimuth Lines
Altitude Lines
SUN PATH DIAGRAMS
_____ start on the eastern side of the graph and run to the western side and represent the path of the sun on one particular day of the year.
Date lines
SUN PATH DIAGRAMS
________ are shown as figure-eight-type lines that intersect the date lines and represent the position of the sun at a specific hour of the day.
Hour Lines/Analemma - Hour lines
ORIENTATION FOR MIN. HEAT GAIN
▪Generally, the best approach is to design so that all walls are shaded from the sun all year round.
▪It may be desirable to admit some northern sun especially during the cool months (October-March). This can be done by planning the width of eaves and awnings.
ORIENTATION FOR MAX. AIR FLOW
.
▪In the Philippines, the prevailing winds are north-easterly from October-March and south-westerly from April-September. The building design must take advantage of this.
▪The lack of breeze during the hottest days can pose challenges for achieving effective natural ventilation. Designing to encourage convection flow is very effective at these times
The rule of convection
Warm air rises, cool air sinks.
circulation of air or to replace stale air with fresh air.
Ventilation,
Uses the principle of convection to induce air flow.
STACK VENTILATION
elaborate this
PASSIVE VENTILATION
▪Designing a building in a way that maximizes natural ventilation will greatly reduce the need for air-conditioning
▪Air movement over the body, even if the air not much cooler, creates a feeling of cool due to the evaporation of moisture from the skin
PASSIVE VENTILATION METHODS
▪Maximizing breezes
▪Orient the building to make the most of prevailing winds in the locality
▪Align vents, windows and doors (reasonably straight line) to allow air to flow through the building
▪Minimize internal obstacles or blockages such as internal walls to allow for unimpeded ventilation
▪Raise the building off the ground to catch breezes
▪Removing hot air
▪Design for ____ air flow to remove hot air from the building
▪Convection air flow is created by hot air rising and exiting at the highest point, which naturally draws in cool air from the outside
▪This can be achieved by placing low window openings across a space from high window openings
▪This will be even more effective if the incoming air is being drawn from a _______
convection (stack vent)
shaded area where plants/trees grow
PASSIVE VENTILATION METHODS
▪Designing for “mixed-mode” use
▪A building can be design to be mixed-mode. This means that it will rely on natural ventilation in cooler months, and use energy-efficient air conditioning in hotter months
▪_______ materials are particularly suitable for mixed-mode buildings, provided that the building is well insulated
Low thermal mass
PASSIVE VENTILATION METHODS
▪Roof ventilation
▪Ventilating the ______ is an effective way of replacing accumulated hot air with cool air from outside using convection
▪It also reduces heat radiated from the ceiling cavity towards the inner parts of the building
▪Example: Ridge vents can let hot air out while cool air enters through the eave vents
ceiling cavity
Reducing the extent of paving and other hard surfaces with vegetation.
- LANDSCAPING
LANDSCAPING
▪The hard surfaces of pavement around buildings absorb and re-radiate heat, creating a ______
▪Thus, it is smart to _________________________
hotter microclimate
minimize the extent of paving and replace them with vegetation
A city or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities.
URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Urban Heat Island
LANDSCAPING
▪Planting areas around the building creates a cooler environment due to a plant’s ability to transpire or lose moisture, which cools the air
▪External temperatures can be reduced by over ___ by using ground cover or lawn instead of paving
▪Denser vegetation provides a greater cooling effect
▪Air that is drawn from planted areas is much cooler than air drawn from paved areas
5°C
Analyze
is the ability of building materials to absorb, store, and release heat.
- THERMAL MASS
Thermal mass
is a system for indirect solar heat gain. It consists of a dark colored wall of high thermal mass facing the sun, with glazing spaced in front to leave a small air space. The glazing traps solar radiation like a small greenhouse.
TROMBE WALL
A trombe wall
THERMAL MASS
▪In tropical climates, the use of materials with low thermal mass is preferable particularly on walls that are directly exposed to the sun.
▪This is because:
lightweight construction such as timber respond quickly to cooling breezes, allowing the building to cool down faster
____ controls the rate at which a building loses or gains heat, keeping warmer air in during winter and excluding external heat in summer.
Insulation
_____ is one of the most effective ways to reduce heat input to a building and can be installed in the roof, ceiling and walls of the building.
Insulation
TYPES OF INSULATION
▪There are generally two types of insulation: ____ and _____
bulk insulation and reflective insulation.
▪In the tropics, reflective insulation installed under roof sheeting is highly effective as it does not trap heat inside the building. However bulk insulation is more effective at preventing loss of cool air from the building and so improves the efficiency of air-conditioning.
______ acts as thermal mass and resists the transfer of heat. It includes materials such as mineral wool, cellulose fiber, polyester and polystyrene.
Bulk insulation
A type of insulation that is made from actual rocks and minerals. This type of insulation is commonly used in building construction, industrial plants, and in automotive applications due to its excellent ability to block sound and heat.
ROCK WOOL
An insulating material made from fibers of glass arranged using a binder into a texture similar to wool. The process traps many small pockets of air between the glass, and these small air pockets result in the thermal insulation properties.
GLASS WOOL
_____ insulation mainly resists heat flow due to its high reflectivity and low ability to re-radiate heat and is more effective when installed with an air layer next to the shiny surface.
Reflective
Reflective insulation is usually _____ onto paper or plastic.
shiny aluminum foil laminated
▪Insulation materials are given an ____, which rates the material’s resistance to heat flow and therefore indicates its effectiveness.
R-value
▪The higher the R-value, the greater the insulating effect.
▪R-values are ____
For instance if you have a material with an R-value of 12 attached to another material with an R-value of 3, then both materials combined have an R-value of 15.
additive.
▪The _____ is the heat transfer coefficient, which simply means that is a measure of an assembly’s capacity to transfer thermal energy across its thickness.
U-value
▪The U-value of an assembly is the reciprocal of the total R-value of the assembly.
In the tropics, it is generally recommended to have a minimum R Value of ____insulation in naturally ventilated house ceilings, and a minimum of ____ insulation in ceilings and walls of air conditioned houses.
R 2.5
R 3.5
R Value of Air Space up to 4” Thick
1 R Value
R Value of 4” CHB
R 0.80
R Value of Double pane window with 1/2” Air Space
R value 2
R value of 3/4” Hard Wood
.68
_____ are an important way to encourage and direct air flow into a building.
Windows
______ and ____ style windows allow building users to control how much natural air enters the building.
Louvers and casement
WINDOWS
▪Well-placed louvers or windows, at floor level and at the highest point of the room, create convection air flow which draws air into the building and creates breezes to cool occupants.
▪In a tropical climate, windows should ideally be ____ from direct sunlight all year round and should open to allow air flow.
shaded
Windows
Where effective shading cannot be achieved, _____ windows against heat transfer can reduce cooling costs.
insulating
_____ glass has a tint applied to the glass during manufacture, to reduce the amount of heat transmitted through it.
Tinted
Windows
▪________ are thin films of metal or metal oxide that are applied to standard glass.
▪They stop greater amounts of heat gain than some toned glass, however, they have the potential to create ___ problems for neighbouring properties, and can significantly reduce the quantity of light admitted through the glass.
Reflective coatings
glare
_____ devices shield windows and other glazed areas from direct sunlight in order to reduce glare and excessive solar heat gain in warm weather.
Shading
Horizontal overhangs are most effective when they have_____ orientations.
southern
Horizontal louvers parallel to a wall permit _____ near the wall and reduce conductive heat gain.
Louvers may be operated manually or controlled automatically with time or photoelectric controls to adapt to the solar angle.
air circulation
Slanted louvers provide more protection than those parallel to a wall.
Angle varies according to the range of solar angles.
Louvers hung from a solid overhang protect against ______.
bad side is, it may _____ .
low sun angles
interfere with view.
Vertical louvers are most effective for ____ or ____ exposures.
Louvers may be operated manually or controlled automatically with time or photoelectric controls to adapt to solar angle.
Separation from wall reduces conductive heat gain.
eastern or western
____ combine the shading characteristics of horizontal and vertical louvers and have a high shading ratio.
Eggcrates
Eggcrates, sometimes referred to as brise-soleil, are very efficient in hot climates.
Solar blinds and screens can provide up to a ____ reduction in solar radiation, depending on their reflectivity.
Heat-absorbing glass can absorb up to 40% of the radiation reaching its surface.
Maximizing the amount of _____ that enters the building can lead to significant energy savings by reducing the need for artificial lighting.
natural light
STRATEGIES TO MAXIMIZE NATURAL LIGHT
▪Skylights
▪Atria
▪Light shelves
▪Clerestory windows
▪Light tubes
Natural Lighting
_____ can provide good quality light to work spaces that are away from windows. But they need to be shaded and glazed to prevent heat transfer.
Skylights
Some skylights are also vented to allow hot air to escape.
Natural Lighting
An _____ is a large open space, often several stories high and having a glazed roof and/or large windows.
atrium
The benefit of an atrium is that hot air can be vented at the top rather than accumulating near the building users.
Natural Lighting
A _____ is an architectural element that allows daylight to penetrate deeper into a building.
light shelf
A light shelf is a horizontal light-reflecting overhang which is placed above eye-level and has a high-reflectance upper surface
Natural Lighting
These are high, vertically placed windows that are ideally north facing.
Clerestory windows can be a good source of diffuse light, and can also be useful in allowing hot air to leave the building.
Natural Lighting
_______ are used for transporting or distributing natural or artificial light.
Solar tubes, light tubes or light pipes
______ is vital in passively-cooled environments in hot-humid localities
▪This is particularly critical for most urban areas and lowlands in the Philippines
▪Air movement
AIR MOVEMENT
▪Moving air that hits the human body promotes ____ of sweat and induces a cooling sensation.
▪Thus, air flow into the interiors should be directed to the occupancy zones especially those far from windows
evaporation
AIR MOVEMENT
▪▪Although there is a need to induce air movement during the hot-humid periods of the year, there are also periods of the year when the building should be able to resist _____ winds
typhoon
WIND
The movement of air through a building is generated by ______ . The resulting patterns of air flow are affected more by building geometry and orientation than by air speed.
differences in air pressure as well as temperature
PRINCIPLE #1
Air flows from a ____ pressure area to a ____ pressure area.
high
low
PRINCIPLE #2
Air possesses _____. Once set in motion, it tends to continue to flow in its initial direction until some intervening force is met.
inertia
PRINCIPLE #3
Air flows through the path of ______
least resistance.
_____ is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment.
Thermal comfort
Maintaining this standard of thermal comfort for occupants of buildings or other enclosures is one of the important goals of___ design engineers.
HVAC
Wind Movement
____ inlets direct air flow upward, resulting in a loss of cooling effect.
____ inlets direct air flow at occupants.
High
Low
Wind Movement
_____ should be as large or larger than ____ for maximum air flow.
The position of an outlet has little effect on the air flow but should allow rising ____ to escape.
Outlets
inlets
warm air
Wind MOvement
Overhangs over openings direct flow ____ which may be undesirable for cooling.
upward
Wind MOvement
____ can beneficially redirect and diffuse air flow.
Louvers
Wind MOvement
Roof overhangs _____ incoming flow of air.
Slots in overhangs ____ external pressure.
increase
equalize
– wind from the sea (high pressure) directed towards the land (low pressure); due to daytime heating.
▪SEA BREEZE
– wind from land (high pressure) directed towards the sea (low pressure); due to night time cooling.
▪LAND BREEZE
Sea Breeze vs Land Breeze
______ can be regarded as a type of green building applicable specifically for tropical climates, using design to optimally reduce buildings’ energy consumption, particularly the cooling load.
Tropical architecture
MAIN OBJECTIVES (HOT HUMID)
▪Maximize filtered air movement/speed up winds
▪Minimize humidity and avoid mold growth
▪Provide maximum shade, especially in late morning and all afternoon
▪Create a cool and dark microclimate
▪Low building density for better air movement
▪Vegetation is desirable as a radiation absorbent surface and for its evaporative and shade properties. However, it has to be arranged in a way that does not impede air circulation
TROPICAL ARCHITECTURE
▪______ long ago did not install walls to allow free-flow breezes.
Samoans
Samoa (/səˈmoʊə/), officially the Independent State of Samoa (Samoan: Malo Saʻoloto Tutoʻatasi o Sāmoa; Samoan: Sāmoa, IPA: [ˈsaːmoa]) and, until 4 July 1997, known as Western Samoa, is a country consisting of two main islands, Savai’i and Upolu, and four smaller islands. The capital city is Apia. The Lapita people discovered and settled the Samoan Islands around 3,500 years ago. They developed a unique Samoan language and Samoan cultural identity.
Malayan homes’ plentiful windows aim to maximize cross-ventilation.
BAHAY KUBO
▪Living platform elevated on stilts, adaptation to damp ground conditions
▪High-pitched roof, rain water can be quickly drained, creates large air space (insulation), heat is radiated at an angle rather than directly on living space below
▪Large windows, cross ventilation
▪Operable windows, awning type, protection from rain at the same time provides shade
▪Wide roof overhangs
▪Walls and roof are constructed of thatch, low U-value
▪Bamboo flooring, slats allows air to breeze upward
▪Surrounding gardens
BAHAY NA BATO
▪Living platform is elevated, heavy stone walled ground floor
▪High-pitched roof, rain water can be quickly drained, creates large air space (insulation), heat is radiated at an angle rather than directly on living space below.
▪Wide eaves, alero, underside was fitted with latticed vents
▪Large windows, capiz panels allow daylight to penetrate interiors
▪Ventanillas, operable windows on barandillas
▪Volada, cantilevered gallery along the perimeter of the second floor, double layered façade
▪Calado, latticed openings above interior walls
▪Operable louvers or jalousies, dynamic exterior louvers
▪Wooden walls, low U-value
PRINCIPLES
▪The consideration of the ____ ____ _____of the environment in which buildings are built for maximum performance with the least impact.
▪The efficacy and moderation in the use of construction materials, giving priority to low energy content compared to high energy.
weather, hydrography and ecosystems
PRINCIPLES
▪The _____ of energy consumption for heating, cooling, lighting and equipment, covering the remainder of the claim with renewable energy sources.
▪The ____ of the building overall energy balance, covering the design, construction, use and end of its life.
▪The fulfillment of requirements of comfort, safety, lighting and occupancy of buildings.
reduction
minimization
Improving Natural Ventilation and Daylighting
▪Building should be sited in ______ for maximum cool airflow and locations with evaporative possibilities are advantageous
▪Settlements have to be properly oriented regarding prevailing winds
▪Settlements in flat areas (less natural features: hill sides, slopes) should include _____ because the air is cooled while crossing green shaded areas
high altitudes
vegetation
Improving Natural Ventilation and Daylighting
▪Sun orientation: preference for ____ orientations of the main facades of the building
▪Wind orientation: main walls and windows should face the _____ wind direction
north
prevailing
Improving Natural Ventilation and Daylighting
▪Orient active living areas to the _____ to collect early morning sun.
▪Glass areas should face ___ with properly designed overhangs.
▪_____ windows should be avoided to minimize radiation with low sun angles.
northeast
north
East and west
Improving Natural Ventilation and Daylighting
▪Outlets at higher levels serve to vent ___ air
▪Semi-open spaces such as_____ can be used advantageously for daytime activities as well as give protection from rainfall.
hot
balconies and porches
▪The form of the roof should be planned to promote air flow. Vents at the rooftop induce ventilation and draw ___ air out. A double roof with ventilated space in between can be used to promote air flow. The space between can also act as a heat buffer.
▪Air should enter the building through _______ areas, avoiding passing through heated surfaces.
hot
shaded outdoor
▪Openings of a comparatively smaller size can be placed on the ______ side, while the corresponding openings on the ____ side should be bigger for facilitating natural ventilation.
windward
leeward
Opening shape matters and can influence airflow effectiveness.________ windows can ventilate a space more evenly.
Tall windows with openings at ____ and _____ can use convection as well as outside breezes to pull hot air out the top of the room while supplying cool air at the bottom.
Long horizontal strip
top
bottom
Born in Finland in 1898. He
graduated with honors from
Helsinki Polytechnic in 1921 after
which he opened his own
practice.
He held the position of Professor
of Architecture at MIT 1946 to
1948, and was president of the
Academy of Finland.
ALVAR AALTO
Auditorium
University of Helsinki, Finland.
Alvar Aalto generated a style of
functionalism which avoided
romantic excess and neoclassical
monotony. He utilized texture,
color, and structure in creative
new ways.
Aalto’s designs were particularly
significant because of their
response to site, material and
form.
Kunsten Museum
(Museum of Modern Art).
Aalborg, Denmark.
Born in Spain in 1852. He studied
at the Escola Superior
d’Arquitectura and designed his
first major commission for the
Casa Vincens using a Gothic
Revival style.
ANTONI GAUDI
La Sagrada
Familia
Barcelona, Spain.
Gaudi developed a sensuous,
curving, almost surreal design
style which established him as
the leader of the Spanish Art
Nouveau movement.
His characteristically warped
form of Gothic architecture drew
admiration from other avantgarde
artists.
Casa Batlló
Barcelona, Spain.
Born in Canada in 1929. He
studied at the Universities of
Southern California and Harvard
before he established his first
practice.
FRANK GEHRY
Guggenheim
Museum
Bilbao, Spain.
Gehry moved away from a
conventional commercial practice
to an artistically directed atelier.
His deconstructed architectural
style began to emerge in late
1970s when he created collagelike
compositions out of found
materials. He created pieces of
functional sculpture.
Dancing House
Prague
Frank Gehry
Vitra Design
Museum
Germany.
Gehry Frank
Born in Richland Center,
Wisconsin in 1867. He was
educated at Second Ward School,
Madison and at the University of
Wisconsin where he took some
mechanical drawing and basic
mathematics courses. He then
departed for Chicago where he
spent several months in J. L.
Silsbee’s office before seeking
employment with Adler and
Sullivan.
FRANK LLOYD
WRIGHT
Guggenheim
Museum
New York City.
Wright believed in designing
structures that were in harmony
with humanity and its
environment, a philosophy he
called organic architecture.
FLW
Fallingwater
(Kaufmann House) Pennsylvania.
Through experimentation, Wright
developed the idea of the prairie
house - a long, low building with
hovering planes and horizontal
emphasis.
FLW
born in China in
1917. He studied architecture at
MIT and Harvard. He worked for
several companies and as a
professor at Harvard before he
founded his own architectural
firm in 1960.
Ieoh Ming Pei,
Louvre Pyramid
Paris, France.
Due to his reliance on abstract
form and materials such as stone,
concrete, glass, and steel, he has
been considered a disciple of
Gropius.
Pei generally designs
sophisticated glass clad buildings
loosely related to the high-tech
movement.
IM pei
Bank of China
Tower
Hong Kong.
im pei
Essensa Towers
Taguig City.
im pei
Born in Copenhagen in 1918.
After studying at the Academy of
Arts in Copenhagen, he travelled
through Europe, the United States
and Mexico. He established his
own practice in Copenhagen in
1950 when he returned from his
travels.
JØRN UTZON
Sydney Opera
House
New South Wales, Australia.
Utzon has created a style which
incorporates the sculptural
quality of Alvar Aalto, and the
organic structures of Frank Lloyd
Wright into his designs.
Influenced by architectural
tradition, he attempts to create
architecture for living that
adheres to a strict structural and
constructive process.
National Assembly
Building
Kuwait.
Jorn utzon
Born in Osaka, Japan in 1913. He
graduated from the University of
Tokyo in 1938 and studied city
planning at the graduate school at
the University of Tokyo. He
received a degree in engineering
in 1959.
Two years later, he established
his own firm. He also served as
professor of urban engineering at
the University of Tokyo from 1963
to 1974.
KENZO TANGE
St. Mary’s
Cathedral
Tokyo.
Tange’s early designs attempted
to combine modernism with
traditional Japanese forms of
architecture.
In the late 1960s he rejected this
earlier regionalism in favor of an
abstract international style.
kenzo tange
Peace Memorial
Museum
Hiroshima.
Kenzo tange
Born in Switzerland in 1887.
Trained as an artist, he travelled
extensively through Germany and
the East. In Paris, he studied
under Auguste Perret and
absorbed the cultural and artistic
life of the city.
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris.
Villa Savoye
Poissy, France.
From 1922 Le Corbusier worked
with his cousin Pierre Jeanneret.
During this time, Le Corbusier’s
ideas began to take physical form,
mainly as houses which he
created as “a machine for living
in” and which incorporated his
trademark five points of
architecture.
Unité d’Habitation
Marseille, France.
LE Corbusier
Notre Dame du
Haut
Ronchamp, France.
LE corbusier
Born in Boston, Massachusetts in
1856. He studied architecture at
the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology for one year. He then
worked as a draughtsman for
Furness and Hewitt in
Philadelphia and for William Le
Baron Jenney in Chicago.
In 1874 he travelled to Europe
where he studied at the Ecole des
Beaux Arts in Paris. He returned
to Chicago a year later.
LOUIS SULLIVAN
Wainwright
Building
St. Louis, Missouri.
His designs generally involved a
simple geometric form decorated
with ornamentation based on
organic symbolism.
Form follows function.
louis sullivan
The Sullivan Center
(Formerly Carson, Pirie, Scott and
Company Building) Chicago.
louis sullivan
Born in Aachen, Germany in 1886.
He worked in the family stonecarving
business before he joined
the office of Bruno Paul in Berlin.
He entered the studio of Peter
Behrens in 1908 and remained
until 1912.
LUDWIG MIES
VAN DER ROHE
Seagram Building
In collaboration with Philip
Johnson. New York City.
He developed a design approach
based on advanced structural
techniques. He also developed a
sympathy for the aesthetic credos
of both Russian Constructivism
and the Dutch De Stijl group.
Less is more.
meis van de rohe
Farnsworth House
Plano, Illinois.
mies van der orhe
Born in Indianapolis, Indiana in
1934. He studied at the University
of Cincinnati, Ohio and at Harvard
University. After working as a
Fellow at the American Academy
in Rome for two years, he started
his own practice in Princeton,
New Jersey. He became a
professor at Princeton University
in 1972.
MICHAEL
GRAVES
Disney’s Hotel
New York City.
He generates an ironic, vision of
Classicism in which his buildings
have become classical in their
mass and order. Graves also has
become an an opponent of
modern works who uses humor
as an integral part of his
architecture.
michael graves
Humana Building
Louisville, Kentucky.
michael graves
Born in Manchester, England in
1935. He received his
architectural training at
Manchester University School of
Architecture and Yale University.
He worked with Richard Rogers
and Sue Rogers and his wife,
Wendy Foster, as a member of
“Team 4” until Foster Associates
was founded in London in 1967.
NORMAN FOSTER
30 St. Mary Axe
(The Gherkin) London, England.
The “High Tech” vocabulary of
Foster Associates shows an
uncompromising exploration of
technological innovations and
forms. Their designs emphasize
the repetition of industrialized
“modular” units in which
prefabricated off-sitemanufactured
elements are
frequently employed.
Norman foster
Hearst Tower
New York City.
norman foster
Born in Rio de Janeiro Brazil in
1907. He graduated from the
Escola Nacional de Belas Artas in
Rio de Janeiro and later joined the
office of Lucio Costa. In 1936 he
joined the team of Brazilian
architects collaborating with Le
Corbusier on a new Ministry of
Education and Health in Rio de
Janeiro.
OSCAR
NIEMEYER
Brasilia Cathedral
Brasilia.
In his early career, his designs
borrowed extensively from the
Brazilian Baroque style of
architecture.
In 1956, Niemeyer was appointed
architectural adviser to the
organization in charge of
implementing Lucio Costa’s plans
for Brazil’s new capital.
oscar niemeyer
Penang State
Mosque
Jelutong, Malaysia.
oscar niemeyer
Born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1906.
He graduated from Harvard
University and received an A. B. in
architectural history, in 1930 and
a B.Arch in 1943.
He served as Director of
Architecture at MOMA. He worked
with Richard Foster and with John
Burgee until his retirement. He
became a trustee of MOMA in
1958, received the AIA Gold
Medal in 1978, and received the
Pritzker Architecture prize in
PHILIP JOHNSON
Glass House
New Canaan, Connecticut.
As an architect, Johnson is most
widely respected for his work in
the early 1950s.
He altered his architectural
principles from Modernist to
Postmodernist to Anti-
Postmodernist. He showed a
keen interest in style and is
remembered as a stimulator of
ideas.
philip johnson
Sony Tower
Formerly AT&T Building. New
York City.
Born in Netherlands in 1944.
Koolhaas studied at the
Architectural Association School
of Architecture in London and at
Cornell University in Ithaca, New
York.
He founded The Office for
Metropolitan Architecture in 1975
together with architects Elia
Zenghelis, Zoe Zenghelis and
Madelon Vriesendorp in London.
REM KOOLHAAS
CCTV
Headquarters
Beijing, China.
He has been considered a noted
Deconstructivist since the major
MOMA exhibition in New York.
Although Koolhaas tends toward
the more humanist, less absolute
branch of the Deconstructivist
school.
rem koolhas
Seattle Central
Library
Seattle, Washington.
rem koolhas
Born in Genoa, Italy in 1937. From
1959 to 1964 he studied at the
Milan Politecnico, where he
taught until 1968. In 1970, Piano
established a partnership with the
English architect Richard Rogers.
RENZO PIANO
Centre Georges
Pompidou
Together, Rogers and Piano
designed a number of buildings in
Italy and England.
Their most famous building, the
Pompidou Center in Paris, takes
its form from a metaphor of the
‘cultural machine’ with all colorcoded
service elements and
structure emphasized on the
building’s exterior.
renzo piano
The Shard
Also referred to as the Shard of
Glass, Shard London Bridge and
formerly London Bridge Tower.
London, England.
renzo piano
Born in Newark, New Jersey in
1934. He graduated from Cornell
University in 1957 then worked
with a series of architects,
including Skidmore, Owings, and
Merrill and Marcel Breuer. He
established his own practice in
1963.
RICHARD MEIER
Jubilee Church
Tre Teste, Rome.
Meier usually designs white Neo-
Corbusian forms with enameled
panels and glass. These structure
usually play with the linear
relationships of ramps and
handrails. Although all have a
similar look, Meier manages to
generate endless variations on his
singular theme.
richard m
The Getty Center
Los Angeles.
richard m
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
in 1925. He attended the
Episcopal Academy in
Philadelphia and graduated from
Princeton University. He worked
with Eero Saarinen and Louis I.
Kahn before he founded his own
practice in 1958. In 1964 he
formed a partnership with John
Rausch.
ROBERT VENTURI
Vanna Venturi
House
In contrast to many modernists,
Venturi uses a form of
symbolically decorated
architecture based on
precedents. He believes that
structure and decoration should
remain separate entities and that
decoration should reflect the
culture in which it exists.
r venturi
Allen Art Museum
Oberlin, Ohio.
r venturi
Born in Valencia, Spain in 1951.
He graduated from the Institute of
Architecture in Valencia and from
the Federal Institute of
Technology in Zurich. Calatrava
opened his own architecture and
engineering office in Zurich.
SANTIAGO
CALATRAVA
Turning Torso
Malmö Municipality, Sweden.
As both an architect and an
engineer, Calatrava easily
identifies with both disciplines.
He often creates innovative works
that depend on a firm grasp of
both the creative and structural
aspects of design. His skills as an
engineer allow him to create
sculptural surfaces and unusual
spaces.
santiago c
Auditorio de
Tenerife
Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
santiago c
Born in Berlin in 1883. He studied
at the Technical Universities in
Munich and Berlin. He joined the
office of Peter Behrens in 1910
and three years later established
a practice with Adolph Meyer.
WALTER
GROPIUS
Bauhaus School
and Faculty
Dessau, Germany.
Gropius created innovative
designs that borrowed materials
and methods of construction
from modern technology. This
advocacy of industrialized
building carried with it a belief in
teamwork and an acceptance of
standardization and
prefabrication.
walter g
Fagus Factory
Alfeld, Germany.
water g
“An idea is salvation by
imagination.”
Frank LLoyd
Wright
“God is in the details.”
Seagram Building.
Mies van der
Rohe
“But the building’s identity resides
in the ornament.”
Details of the Bayard Condict
Building
Louis Sullivan
“Whoever said that pleasure
wasn’t functional?”
Eames moulded plastic chair
Charles Eames
“Architecture is the art of how to
waste space.”
Seagram Building.
Philip Johnson
“Architecture should speak of its
time and place, but should yearn
for timelessness.”
Binoculars Building.
Frank Gehry
“To create architecture is to put in
order.”
Radiant City Proposal
Le Corbusier
“Form ever follows function.”
Wainwright Building.
Louis Sullivan
“Architects today tend to
depreciate themselves, to regard
themselves as no more than just
ordinary citizens without the
power to reform the future.”
Hiroshima Peace Memorial
Museum
Kenzo Tange
“Architecture is the will of an
epoch translated into space.”
S.R. Crown Hall in Illinois Institute
of Technology (Chicago)
Mies van der
Rohe
“A hundred times have I thought
New York is a catastrophe and 50
times: it is a beautiful
catastrophe.”
Le Corbusier
“Architecture begins where
engineering ends.”
Temple Oheb Shalom, Baltimore
Walter Gropius
“Architecture is the learned game,
correct and magnificent, of forms
assembled in the light.”
Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh
Le Corbusier
“Less is more.”
Farnsworth House.
Mies van der
Rohe
“A doctor can bury his mistakes,
but an architect can only advise
his clients to plant vines.”
Price Tower
Frank Lloyd
Wright
Human Settlement Design in History
ANCIENT TIMES
▪ Natural factors that affect the development and growth
of urban areas
▪ Potential for natural calamities (fire, flooding, volcano eruptions,
etc.)
▪ Presence of fertile soil, bodies of water, and other natural
resources
▪ Slope and terrain and other forms of natural defenses
▪ Climate
PRIMARY SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
▪ Workable forms , obtained
by trial and error, become
physical models for
planning
▪ Two patterns have
characterized the form of
human settlements in
history:
▪ Rectilinear pattern
▪ Circular pattern
PRIMARY SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
▪ Rectilinear patterns
originated in architectural
societies, deriving from the
obvious logic of _______
▪ _____ patterns have
endured the test of time
because they are extremely
suitable for orderly land
planning, property
ownership, and construction
parallel plowing
Rectilinear
PRIMARY SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
▪ Circular patterns came from
the practices of _______
▪ The necessity of enclosing
the maximum amount of
land with the minimum
amount of fence
▪ This was later applied to
defensive architecture such
as ____
herding
societies
forts
PRIMARY SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
▪ Both rectilinear and circular
patterns have been used for
planning towns, especially
colonial ones
▪ _____ planning is
usually seen in agricultural
settlements
▪ ______ planning is often
evident in military
installations
Rectilinear
Circular
CLASSICAL GREECE
▪ Some of the earliest and
most influential town
planning principles evolved
in classical Greece
▪ Greek town planning was
largely formulated by
____, a lawyer and
planner from _____
Hippodamus
Miletus
CLASSICAL GREECE
▪ Hippodamus planned Greek
towns using a ________ of blocks
▪ These blocks terminate in
an irregular enclosing wall,
largely determined by the
topography
rectilinear
pattern
▪ These towns contained a
harbor, a market, a theater,
a temple and other public
buildings
▪ The size of the towns are
limited by the food supply
obtainable from the
surrounding region
CLASSICAL GREECE
CLASSICAL GREECE
▪ When a town reaches the
largest practical size, a
new town is started at
another nearby site
▪ The new town would be
called the ______, while
the old one would be
referred to as the______
neopolis
paleopolis
PRIENE, TURKEY
An ancient Greek town
_____ possessed a great deal of famous Hellenistic art and architecture. The city’s original position on Mount Mycale has never been discovered; however, it is believed that it was a peninsula possessing two harbours.
Priene
Priene never held a great deal of political importance due to the city’s size, as it is believed around 4 to 5 thousand inhabitants occupied the region. The city was arranged into four districts, firstly the political district which consisted of the bouleuterion and the prytaneion, the cultural district containing the theatre, the commercial where the agora was located and finally the religious district which contained sanctuaries dedicated to Zeus and Demeter and most importantly the Temple of Athena.
ROMAN TOWN PLANNING
▪ Largely derivative of Greek
principles, but with some
notable variations
▪ Roman towns used the
_____ form like the
Greeks
▪ Unlike the Greeks,
however, the enclosing
walls were ______
rectilinear
regular rand
rectilinear
ROMAN TOWN PLANNING
▪ Roman towns had two
main intersecting streets:
▪ The main street, oriented
north-south, was called
the _____
▪ The secondary main
street, oriented east-west,
was called the
______
cardo
decumanus
CARDO
Apamea, Syria
CARDO
Petra, Jordan
DECUMANUS
Palmyra, Syria
ROMAN TOWN PLANNING
▪ There were two types of
Roman towns:
▪ _______, or commercial
town
▪ ______, or military town
▪ All Roman towns were
connected by transport
networks, forming the
_________
Oppidum
Castrum
Roman Empire
MEDIEVAL TOWN PLANNING
▪ Most Medieval towns were built
upon the foundations of pre-existing
_____ outpost towns
▪ After the fall of Rome, these
outposts all over Europe became
the _____ of new societies
▪ Settlements were often centered
around (2)
▪ _______
▪ _______
Roman
nuclei
churches (rise of religion)
castles of the lords (rise of
feudalism)
A medieval town - Essen Germany
Nnote the geometry of the houses and the quasi - geometry of the street pattern
THE RENAISSANCE
▪ The Renaissance era
recalled the forms of the
classical world
▪ The classical forum was
revived in the updated
form of the ______ or ____
▪ These plazas served as a
______ place as
well as a setting for ____
buildings
town square or
plaza
public gathering
civic
IDEAL CITIES
▪ A popular idea explored by
planners during the
Renaissance
▪ Radially symmetrical
cities, usually ____ shaped
star-
▪ An idealization of military
towns, encircled by
defensive walls subdivided
into a star pattern of
streets and blocks
SFORZINDA
An ideal city proposed by
Filarete
A Renaissance “IDeal City” - Palmanova
The star like pattern was derived mainly from principles of military fortification design.
PALMA NOVA
An ideal city built in Italy
BAROQUE PLANNING
▪ Was inspired by the
practices of _______
▪ Long, straight boulevards
aka ______ served to
make large expanses of
terrain visible, and thus
comprehensible
French
landscape architecture
(“vista avenues”)
BAROQUE PLANNING
▪ The idea was to connect
the city with long
boulevards and create
sites for civic buildings
▪ This principle was first
used for ______
▪ A masterplan using these
principles were drawn for
London after The ______
forest landscapes
Great
Fire in 1666
BAROQUE PLANNING
▪ The plans for modern
____ as well as
______ were also
based on these planning
principles
▪ Baroque planning further
influenced the __________ , as
well as the designs of the
cities of _______
Paris
Washington D.C.
City
Beautiful Movement
Canberra, New
Delhi, and Brasilia
VERSAILLES
Planned according to Baroque
principles
Human Settlement
GARDEN CITIES
▪ Proposed by _____ in his 1898 book
Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path
to Social Reform
Ebenezer
Howard
Human Settlement Planning
▪ Ebenezer Howard proposed
a ____ configuration of
cities using what he
believed were optimum city
sizes
cluster
Human Settlement Planning
▪ The Garden City cluster was
composed of the following:
(2)
▪ The said cities would be
linked by ______
▪ The cities would be
separated by ______
▪ A central city of 58,000
people
▪ Smaller garden cities of
30,000 people each
rails and roads
permanent
green spaces
The first Garden City that was
built
LETCHWORTH
Human Settlement Planning
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
▪ Often called ______
▪ Drew upon many ideas in
the history of designing
cities and enlarged upon
these ideas significantly
▪ Highly ambitious, grand, and
formal designs
“The Golden
Age of Urban Design”
Human Settlement Planning
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
▪ The movement sought to
cure the ________
ills of city plans of the 1900s (you may also read architecture 101)
▪ Cities were overpopulated
▪ Cities were poorly planned
▪ Cities developed in an ad
hoc fashion
▪ Cities became shapeless,
inefficient and ugly
CHICAGO
1900s, before the City Beautiful
Movement
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
▪ The main goal was the
beautification of cities, which
would have the following
effects:
(3)
▪ Beauty will inspire civic and
moral loyalty and pride
▪ American cities would be
equal to their European
competitors
▪ Beautiful civic spaces will
encourage upper classes to
work and spend money in
urban areas
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
▪ _______ was a major
proponent of this beautification
▪ Magnificent parks
▪ Grand buildings as focal points
▪ Wide boulevards
▪ Public gathering spaces with
monuments and fountains
▪ Networks of parks and plazas
Daniel Burnham
CHICAGO
Designed according to the
principles of the City Beautiful
Movement
CHICAGO
Designed according to the
principles of the City Beautiful
Movement
MANILA
Designed according to the
principles of the City Beautiful
Movement
In the Philippines
What city
Used Burnham’s original plans
as a reference
Quezon City
PARIS REDEVELOPMENT
▪ ______ worked on
the reconstruction of Paris
▪ Demolished crowded
neighborhoods
▪ Built wide avenues to
connect key points of the
city
▪ Constructed parks,
fountains, and sewers
Baron Haussman
▪ A completely new 20th century
city
▪ Designed primarily by Lucio
Costa with a lot of influence
from ______
▪ Oscar Niemeyer was
commissioned to design many
of the civic buildings
BRASILIA (BRAZIL)
Le Corbusier
BRASILIA
Masterplan by Lucio Costa
▪ Capital of Punjab, a province
in India
▪ The only realized city plan of
Le Corbusier
▪ The masterplan was based
on an ___ x ____block
module
CHANDIGARH (INDIA)
800m x 1200m
CANBERRA (AUSTRALIA)
▪ Designed primarily
according to the principles
of the ________
▪ ____ (what shape) formation of
three important civic
buildings: Court of Justice,
Parliament House, and the
Capitol Building
City Beautiful
Movement
Triangular
▪ An unrealized urban plan by Le
Corbusier, also often called
________
▪ Designed to contain effective
means of transportation, as
well as an abundance of green
space and sunlight
▪ Radical, strict and nearly
totalitarian in its order,
symmetry and standardization
VILLE RADIEUSE (THE RADIANT CITY)
“The City of Towers”
VILLE RADIEUSE (THE RADIANT CITY)
▪ The Radiant City was to be
built on the grounds of
demolished _______
▪ Contains prefabricated and
identical high-density
skyscrapers spread across
a vast green area, arranged
in a ______
▪ The city is intended to be a
______
European cities
Cartesian grid
“living machine”
VILLE RADIEUSE (THE RADIANT CITY)
▪ The city would be strictly
zoned into (4) ___ ____ ___ _____
▪ Although never realized, The
Radiant City proposal
became highly influential
because it holistically
addressed healthy living,
traffic, noise, public space,
and transportation
commercial,
business, entertainment,
and residential areas
THE RADIANT CITY
Le Corbusier’s city of the future
would not only provide residents
with a better lifestyle, but would
contribute to creating a better
society
Unlike Ebenezer Howard, Le
Corbusier believed that _________________
the
solution to overcrowding was
building up, and not building out
THE RADIANT CITY
His plan, also known as _______ proposed numerous
high-rise buildings each
surrounded by green space
“Towers in
the Park,”
THE RADIANT CITY
The housing districts would
contain pre-fabricated
apartment buildings, known as
______ Reaching a height of
fifty meters, a single of this type could
accommodate _____
inhabitants and function as a
vertical village
“Unités.”
2,700
THE RADIANT CITY
Parks would exist between the
Unités, allowing residents with
a maximum of natural daylight,
a minimum of noise and
recreational facilities at their
doorsteps.
Space was clearly delineated
between different uses (in the
diagram, this includes
_____
“housing,” the “business center,”
“factories” and “warehouses”).
THE RADIANT CITY
Although never realized, the
proposal influenced later the
planning of later cities, such as
_____
Brasilia.
THE RADIANT CITY
The ______ housing project
in St. Louis, demolished just 18
years after it was built
Pruitt-Igoe
THE RADIANT CITY
Le Corbusier’s ________ in France was also
inspired by the unites proposed
in The Radiant City
Unite de
Habitacion
▪ Frank Lloyd Wright’s vision
of an ideal city
▪ Each family would own one
acre of land
▪ All important transport is
done by automobile and the
pedestrian can exist safely
only within the confines of
the one acre plots where
most of the population
dwells
BROADACRE CITY
one acre is equal to 4046 sq m
▪ Proposed by Spanish
planner Arturo Soria y Mata
▪ An elongated urban
formation designed along a
________ system
▪ The idea was sparked by the
need to redevelop Madrid,
for which Arturo Soria y
Mata proposed a ________
THE LINEAR CITY
fast mass transit
30-mile
long city built along a tram
line
______ was an internationally important Spanish urban planner whose work remains highly inspirational today. He is most well known for his concept of the Linear City. He studied the civil engineer career, but he didn’t finish it.
Arturo Soria y Mata
A _________ most commonly refers to the tracks and overhead wires used by trams, or a route in a tram network.
tramline or tram line
▪ Proposed by Paolo Soleri
▪ A huge structure housing a
self-sustaining community
isolated from the rest of the
world
▪ Includes residential,
commercial and agricultural
facilities
THE ARCOLOGY PROPOSAL
▪ An ______ is supposed to
sustainably supply all or
most of the resources for
comfortable life, such as:
▪ power
▪ climate control,
▪ food production
▪ air and water purification,
▪ sewage treatment
arcology
_____ a portmanteau of “architecture” and “ecology”, is a field of creating architectural design principles for very densely populated, ecologically low-impact human habitats.
Arcology,
see Crystal Island, MOscow
______ is a projected experimental town with a molten bronze bell casting business in Yavapai County, central Arizona, 70 mi (110 km) north of Phoenix, at an elevation of 3,732 feet (1,130 meters). Its arcology concept was posited by the Italian-American architect, Paolo Soleri (1919–2013). He began construction in 1970, to demonstrate how urban conditions could be improved while minimizing the destructive impact on the earth. He taught and influenced generations of architects and urban designers who studied and worked with him there to build the proposed ‘town.’
Arcosanti
An arcology project in Dubai,
UAE. Designed by Foster and
Partners, it will rely solely on
solar and other renewable
energy sources, with a principle
of zero-carbon, zero-waste.
MASDAR CITY
A proposed arcology in
Moscow that will run on built-in
solar panels and wind turbines.
If constructed, the tower
component will be the largest
structure on earth in terms of
floor space.
CRYSTAL ISLAND
▪ A Japanese architectural
movement that fused ideas
about architectural
megastructures with those
of organic biological growth
▪ Produced highly imaginative
proposals such as
underwater cities, floating
cities, and “biological” cities
THE METABOLISM MOVEMENT
▪ A city that would float free in
the ocean, free of ties to a
particular nation and
therefore free from the
threat of war
▪ The city itself was not tied
to the land and was free to
float across the ocean and
grow organically like an
organism
KIKUTAKE’SMARINE CITY
▪ The artificial ground of the
city would house agriculture,
industry and entertainment
and the residential towers
would descend into the
ocean to a depth of 200
metres
▪ Once it became too aged for
habitation it would sink itself
Settlement Planning in the Philippines
PRE-COLONIAL TIMES
▪ Like other cities in the world, the earliest Filipino
communities developed out of the need for people to
band together
▪ They were formed for security, or to be close to critical
resources like food and water. Most settlements were
riverine or coastal in nature.
▪ The community unit was the _____ , consisting of 30
to 100 families.
barangay
SPANISH COLONIAL TIMES
▪ In 1573, King Philip II proclaimed the _______ that established uniform standards and
planning procedures for colonial settlements
▪ The laws provided guidelines for site selection, layout
and dimensioning of streets and squares, and location
of buildings
Laws of the
Indies
SPANISH COLONIAL TIMES
▪ The plaza complex was the result of several ordinances in the
Laws of the Indies
▪ The plaza is surrounded by important buildings like:
(5)
▪ The church
▪ The municipio
▪ The marketplace
▪ Elementary school
▪ The homes of the principalia
Settlement Planning in the Philippines
AMERICAN PERIOD
▪ The American agenda
▪ Guide urban growth and physical development
▪ Put emphasis on _______
▪ Notable planner: _______, an architect/planner
who designed the Manila and Baguio masterplans, as
well as Chicago, San Francisco, and parts of
Washington DC
sanitation, housing and functional
improvements
Daniel Burnham
Burnham’s Manila plan
▪ Grand avenues and a strong central civic core
▪ Included a civic mall to house national buildings (only
the _____ and ______ buildings were built)
▪ Fronted Manila Bay in the same way that most City
Beautiful plans fronted a large body of water
Finance and Agriculture
AMERICAN PERIOD
▪ _____ was incorporated as the first chartered city by
virtue of Act No. 183 on July 31, 1903
▪ Manila encompassed Intramuros, Binondo, Tondo, Sta.
Cruz, Malate, Ermita, Paco and Pandacan
▪ The population at the time was 190,000 people
Manila
Chartered means founded or having its rights and privileges established by means of a charter.
AMERICAN PERIOD
▪ The Arrabales (suburbs) of Manila
▪ _______: the illustrado territory, the enclave of the rich
and the powerful
▪ ______: trading port developed for the Chinese and
the Arabs
▪ _____: the main commercial district with shops,
movie houses, restaurants, etc.
▪ ______: a commercial district with streets of
specialized categories (e.g. ceramics, soaps, etc.)
▪ _____: university town
Quiapo
Binondo
Sta. Cruz
San Nicolas
Sampaloc
Arrabeles means Suburbs
▪ The later arrabales
▪ _____: resthouses were built for the Spanish
government
▪ ____: early summer resort of the wealthy, later
became a fishing and salt-making town
▪____: the red-light district
▪ ____: first town built around a train station
▪ ______: town built by Americans for oil depots
San Miguel
Malate
Ermita
Paco
Pandacan
LATER SUBURBANATION
▪ _______ as the new capitol city
▪ The ___________ ACt authorized the transfer of the
capitol to an area of 1572 hectares in Diliman
Quezon City
Commonwealth Act No. 457
LATER SUBURBANATION
▪ Quezon City as the new capitol city
▪ A masterplan was completed in 1941 by ____ _____ _____ ______
▪ The planners studied Burnham’s plans for Manila and
endeavored to make a plan “seven times grander” for Quezon
City
▪_______ principles were applied to the plan to reflect the
aspirations of an emerging nation
Harry Frost,
Louis Croft,
Engr. A.D. Williams and
Juan Arellano
“City Beautiful”
LATER SUBURBANIZATION
▪ Philippine Homesite and Housing Corportation
▪ Precursor of the ________
▪ Built homes for the masses, the most notable of which are the ______
National Housing Authority
“Projects”
(Project 4, Project 6, etc.)
▪ An icon of middle class suburbanization ▪ Masterplan designed by **Carlos Arguelles** based on Californian suburban developments
▪ Philamlife Homes
Carlos D. Arguelles (September 15, 1917 - August 19, 2008) was a Filipino architect who was known for being a leading proponent of the International Style of architecture in the Philippines in the 1960s.
▪ BLISS (stands for>)
▪ Walk-up apartments for the government sector
(Bagong Lipunan Sites and Services)
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICTS
▪_____ CBD
▪ The traditional central business district
▪ A center of business and commerce and a population nucleus
▪ Seat of the national government
Manila
_____ CBD
▪ A business, financial, commercial, convention and recreational center
of the Metropolitan Region covering an area of 979 hectares
▪ Begun by the Ayala conglomerate in 1948
Makati
______ CBD
▪ Another business, financial, convention, shopping and recreational district
▪ Developed by the Ortigas group in the 1950s, but its present configuration
was fully developed only in the late 1980s
▪ 600 hectares
Ortigas
▪ _____ CBD
▪ Developed in the 1960s by the Araneta family and was intended as an
alternative business center on the east side of the metro
▪ Now undergoing gentrification and redevelopment to convert the area into a
more modern commercial center
Cubao
Gentrification is a process of renovating deteriorated urban neighborhoods by means of the influx of more affluent residents. This is a common and controversial topic in politics and in urban planning.
aka “Urban Renewal”
Gentrification
is a process of renovating deteriorated urban neighborhoods by means of the influx of more affluent residents. This is a common and controversial topic in politics and in urban planning.
Kevin Lynch’s Image of the City
▪ Channels along which the observer moves
▪ Predominant element for many persons’ image of the city
▪ Other elements are arranged and related through the use of
paths
PATHS
Image of the City
▪ Strong paths are:
▪ Easily identifiable
▪ Have continuity and directional quality
▪ Are aligned with a larger system
Image of the City
▪ Linear elements not used or considered as paths
▪ May be barriers or seams
▪ Not as dominant as paths but are important organizing
features of the city
▪ Strong edges are:
▪ Visually prominent
▪ Continuous
▪ Impenetrable to cross movement
EDGES
Image of the City
▪ Medium to large sections of a city, conceived of as twodimensional
▪ An observer can mentally enter “inside of” a district
▪ Recognizable as having some common, identifying
character (e.g. activity and use, building types and detail,
inhabitants, physical characteristics)
▪ Dominance depends upon the individual and the given
district
DISTRICTS
Image of the City
▪ Points or strategic spots by which an observer can enter
▪ Intensive foci of activity
▪ Junctions and concentrations
▪ Typically (but not always) formed by an intersection of
linear elements such as paths
▪ May also be thematic concentrations
NODES
Urban Form and Function
TOPOGRAPHY
Flat and Hilly
Urban Form and Function
RELATIONSHIP WITH NATURE
Cities within Nature
Cities and Nature
Natures within Cities
▪ A large circle with radial
corridors of intense
development emanating
from the center
RADIOCENTRIC
▪ Usually with two corridors
of intense development
crossing the center,
usually found in small
cities rather than in large
ones
RECTILINEAR
▪ Radiocentric form with
open spaces between the
outreaching corridors of
development
STAR
▪ A city built around a large
open space
RING
▪ Usually the result of
natural topography which
restricts growth, may also
be a transportation spine
LINEAR
▪ A linear span with
connecting arms
BRANCH
▪ A vast urban area with
little or no articulation
SHEET
▪ A sheet accented by one
or more central clusters
and several subclusters
ARTICULATED SHEET
▪ A series of nearly equalsized
cities in close
proximity
CONSTELLATION
▪ Constellation of cities
around a main center
SATTELITE
DENSITY OF SETTLEMENTS
▪ Computed in several ways:
▪ Number of people per square kilometer or hectare
▪ Number of families per block
▪ Number of houses per square kilometer or hectare
▪ Amount of building floor area per section
▪ Automobile population
▪ Floor area ratio
FUNCTIONS OF CITIES
_______
▪ A basic and continuing function
▪ The city acts as producers and marketplaces
▪ Locating cities at strategic points is important for the exchange of
goods
▪ Economic
Functions of Cities
________
▪ Historic urban functions of the city, though quite obsolete at present
▪ Cities were once built to withstand sieges from migrating tribes
▪ Defense and urban protection
FUNCTIONS OF CITIES
_______-
▪ Cities have always been the seat of the academy and scholarship
▪ Due to the diversity of people, ideas, and jobs, the city is seen as an
educator
▪ Cities have also always been hubs for culture and entertainment
▪ Education and culture
Functions of Cities
______
▪ The largest and simplest function of a city
▪ People come to cities to live there, and housing is always a main
function and a major concern
▪ Housing
Urban Model
_____________
▪ Proposed by Ernest
Burgess
▪ Includes a transition zone
for eventual CBD
expansion
▪ Has some deficiencies but
has stood the test of time
CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
Urban Models
_______
▪ Proposed by economist
Homer Hoyt
▪ Developed under the
premise that other uses
grow with the CBD
▪ Consistent with the
observation that most
cities grow in the direction
of higher income
SECTOR MODEL
Urban Models
_______
▪ Proposed by Chauncy
Harris and Edward
Pullman
▪ Uses do not evolve around
a single core but at
several nodes and foci
▪ Recognizes that different
activities have varying
accessibility requirements
MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL
Urban Design Controls
_______
▪ Also called Floor
to Lot Area Ratio
(FLAR) in the
Philippine
National Building
Code
▪ Ratio of the built
area to the lot
area
FLOOR AREA RATIO
Urban Design Controls
(3)
FLAR
Zoning Controls
Environmental and Impact Statement
ZONING CONTROLS
________
▪ Legal regulation of land use
▪ Allocation of types of uses based on growth patterns
▪ Land use planning and zoning
Zoning COntrols
________
▪ Allowing the builders and developers incentives if they provide certain
desirable features and amenities such as plazas, arcades, and other
open spaces
▪ Incentive zoning
ZONING CONTROLS
_______
▪ Creating special zoning policies for medium to large-scale controlled
developments such as PUDs
Cluster zoning
▪ Required for large projects. Developers are asked to
outline possible effects of the project on the
environments. The statement includes the following:
▪ Description of project
▪ Description of existing environments
▪ Impact on the environment
▪ Adverse environmental effects
▪ Long-range impacts
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
STATEMENT
▪ A general term to describe the idea of consciously renewing the
outworn areas of towns and cities; covers most aspects of
renewal, including both redevelopment and rehabilitation
▪ Urban Renewal
▪ converting old, usually historic buildings, sections of, or entire
districts to new uses other than their original purpose. In many
U.S. cities adaptive reuse is encouraged by special tax
incentives
▪ Adaptive reuse
▪ Term used to describe the idea of repairing, redecorating and in
some cases converting, existing structurally sound property to a
standard compatible with modern requirements of amenity and
health
▪ Rehabilitation
▪ A type of urban ecological process defined as the entrance of a
new population and/or facilities in an already occupied area
▪ Invasion
▪ “Forcing” the old population out of the area because of social or racial
differences
▪ Block-busting
▪ An urban ecological process in city land use patterning referring to an
increase in population at a certain geographic center
▪ Centralization
▪ Improving the physical set-up and consequently affecting the market
for previously run-down areas
▪ Gentrification
Emerging Theories
__________
▪ Sometimes referred to as
cluster zoning
▪ Typically consists of a
variety of uses, anchored by
commercial establishments
and supported by office and
residential spaces
▪ Ordinary zoning regulations
can be suspended for PUDs
PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT
Emerging Theories
_____________
▪ A mixed-use residential
and commercial area
designed to maximize
access to public transport,
and often incorporates
features to encourage
transit ridership
TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENTS
▪ A _____ neighborhood
typically has a center with a
transit station or stop (train
station, metro station, tram
stop, or bus stop),
surrounded by relatively
high-density development
with progressively lowerdensity
development
spreading outward from the
center.
TOD
Transit Oriented Development
Type of TOD
________ TOD
▪ Located directly on the _______ network (e.g.
light rail, heavy rail, or
express bus stops)
▪ Allows direct access to the
transit system without
requiring them to transfer
▪ They should be developed
with high commercial
intensities, job clusters, and
residential densities
URBAN TOD
trunk
line transit
Type of TOD
_______ TOD
▪ Located on a local or feeder
bus line that will allow
residents to travel to the main
transit stop within 10 minutes
(3 miles)
▪ Should have a residential and
local-serving shopping focus
▪ Development type: moderate
density residential, service,
retail, civic, and recreational
uses
NEIGHBORHOOD
New Urbanism
______ is the expansion of
human populations away
from central urban areas
into previously remote and
rural areas, often resulting in
communities reliant upon
heavy automobile usage
Sprawl
The term generally has
negative connotations due
to the health, environmental
and cultural issues
associated with it.
Sprawl
▪ The _______ was founded in
1993 mainly as a response
against sprawl-type
developments
▪ Founders: Peter Calthorpe,
Andrés Duany, Elizabeth
Moule, Elizabeth Plater-
Zyberk, Stefanos
Polyzoides, Dan Solomon,
and Peter Katz
Congress for the New
Urbanism
THE CONGRESS FOR NEW URBANISM
▪ Worked against the
conventional, predominant
sprawl-oriented dogma of
the post-WWII period to
create buildings,
neighborhoods, and regions
that provide a high quality of
life for all residents, while
respecting the natural
environment
NEW URBANISM PRINCIPLES
▪ The neighborhood must
have a ______
discernible center or
focal point
NEW URBANISM PRINCIPLES
▪ Most dwellings must be
within a ______ walk of
the center (an average of
roughly 600-700 meters)
five-minute
NEW URBANISM PRINCIPLES
▪ There must be a variety of _________
dwelling types and a mix of uses
NEW URBANISM PRINCIPLES
▪ Streets within the
neighbourhood must be a
connected network,
preferably a ___ pattern
▪ This disperses traffic by
providing a variety of
pedestrian and vehicular
routes
grid
NEW URBANISM PRINCIPLES
▪ An elementary school must be
close enough so that most
children can walk from their
homes
▪ Streets and sidewalks should
be covered with rows of trees
and other landscaping
elements
▪ Parallel parking will be
allowedalong streets , but with
_________
trees in between each space
NEW URBANISM PRINCIPLES
▪ Sidewalks shall be wide and
free from obstructions
▪ Storefronts should be built
close to the sidewalk with
______ openings
wide window
NEW URBANISM PRINCIPLES
▪ Parking lots should not front
the _____
▪ Parking should be
______, or located in
multi-level structures, or
hidden at the back of
buildings to be accessed
through alleys
street
underground
NEW URBANISM PRINCIPLES
▪ In areas with
bodies of water,
buildings should
______
instead of
turning their
backs on it
face the water
EARLY CONFIGURATIONS
Housing configurations as outcomes of
socioeconomic systems
_________
The earliest form of dwellings,
fashioned by nature on cliffs and
mountainsides that offered
protection from heat, rain, and
wind.
CAVE DWELLINGS
CAVE DWELLINGS
The ______ in Palawan is
said to have sheltered the earliest
men of the Philippines.
Tabon Cave
Dwelling
As men became food gatherers,
fishermen, or hunters, the need for
a portable form of shelter arose.
The result was the _____
lean-to.
LEAN-TO
Man fashioned the lean-to from a
frame made of tree branches and
twigs, and he used leaves and
fronds for sidings. Poles held up
the screen at an angle. The lean-to
is both a roof and a wall,
protecting dwellers from the heat
and the sun.
For added protection from floods,
animals, and enemies,______
were built by the Ilongot,
Tingguian, and Gaddang in
Northern Luzon, as well as by the
Mandaya, Manobo, Tinuray, and
Bukidnon in Mindanao.
treehouses
_______ led to a relatively
settled life, although houses were
neither permanent nor durable.
Swidden farming
Swidden agriculture, also known as shifting cultivation, refers to a technique of rotational farming in which land is cleared for cultivation (normally by fire) and then left to regenerate after a few years.
_______ were swidden farmers
who had two types of houses:
• Single-family dwellings
• Communal houses, which were
occupied by several families but it
was unpartitioned. Each family’s area
is defined by a mat on the floor.
Mangyans
______ houses had steep roofs
made of cogon grass. The walls
were made of tree bark and the
floor of logs. The house appears
to have no windows but it has a
narrow opening between the roof
and the wall.
Mangyan
MOUNTAIN HOUSES
Also known as the “fale,” the
Ifugao house is a one-room house
that looks like a pyramid resting
on four posts. Slanting walls and a
sloping roof forms a dark,
windowless chamber that
suggests a womb.
FALE (IFUGAO)
Four wooden posts rest on a
pavement and support two
wooden girders which, in turn,
support three wooden joists.
FALE (IFUGAO)
On the posts are wooden discs
that prevent rats from entering the
house. These ratguards are called
______
halipan.
FALE (IFUGAO)
The Ifugaos do not use nails, and
instead join the wooden parts of
the house using ____ and _____. This makes
the house easy to dismantle and
carry to a new site for reassembly.
rabbeting and
mortise and tenon
FALE (IFUGAO)
The single room functions as the
sleeping room, the kitchen, the
dining room, and shrine for rituals.
At the level of the roof beam, is a
storage loft. Only the husband and
wife and small children live here.
Older children live in _______
communal
dormitories.
FALE (IFUGAO)
Right beside the house is a twin
house that serves as a _____. It
has the same design as the house.
granary.
FALE (IFUGAO)
The space within the house is
classified according to gender.
The left side is the male side,
called the _____. The right side
is the female side, called the _____.
nundatu
naulya
Mountain Houses
_______
The poor man’s dwelling. Does not
have uniform dimensions, built of
poorer materials, barely raised
from the ground, rarely has a
pyramidal roof, and does not have
ratguards.
ABONG (IFUGAO)
A description of the abong in an
ethnic village for tourists in
Banaue.
Mountain Houses
_______
The house of the Isneg people of
the Cordillera region. Since the
Isneg are boatmen and boat
builders, their house seems to
have been inspired by boat design.
The roof suggests an inverted hull,
and the floor joists suggest the
profile of a boat.
BINURON
Mountain Houses
____
The house of the wealthy of the
Bontoc people. Holds a granary at
its center and has walls less than
a meter high at the front and back,
as if to boast of its resources.
Carabao horns are prominently
displayed to signify bravery and
wealth.
FAYU (BONTOC)
Mountain Houses
________
The poorman’s house in Bontoc.
Only has one story built on the
ground with the earth as its floor,
has mud walls that completely
enclose it and no granary to show
off.
KATYUFONG
(BONTOC)
COASTAL/INLAND Houses
_______
Builing a Tausug house is like
creating a human being. The nine
main posts are named after parts
of the body. The putting up of the
nine posts follows a sequence
that corresponds to the supposed
genesis of the human body.
BAYSINUG
(TAUSUG)
BAYSINUG
THE NINE POSTS
(TAUSUG)
- The center post/navel
- Southwest corner/hip
- Northwest corner/shoulder
- Southwest corner/hip
- Northwest corner/shoulder
- Middle west/rib
- Middle east/rib
- North/neck
- South/groin
• Houseboats of the Badjao
• The Badjao were a nomadic
seafaring people, often referred to
as “Sea Gypsies”
• Kept close to the shore by
building houses on stilts, or living
in houseboats
• Main livelihoods are fishing and
trading
LEPA-LEPA
LEPA-LEPA
Coastal or INland Houses
_____ is the traditional
Maranao house for the sultan or the
royal family. It also functions as a
multi-purpose building for the
community.
TOROGAN
(MARANAO)
The torogan
TOROGAN
(MARANAO)
The end floor beams of the torogan
protrude and fare upward into
sculptured wings of wood called
______
panolongs.
TOROGAN
(MARANAO)
The torogan is a multi-family
dwelling but it does not have
permanent partitions. The families
simple divide the entire floor into
sleeping areas using ____
mats.
OTHER MARANAO
HOUSES
A _____ is a small house raised on
stilts with lean-to roofing and an
outdoor cooking area. Lawigs are
structures occupied by a single
family, mainly used for sleeping. It
is typically unadorned.
lawig
OTHER MARANAO
HOUSES
A _______ on the other hand
is another Maranao hosue for the
well-to-do families. It is a larger
house that is partitionless.
Although not as grand as the
torogan, the mala-a-walai has okir
decaorations. Panolongs are not
present, however.
mala-a-walai
Largest and most well-preserved
Neolithic site.
Composed mainly of domestic
buildings with no distinctive
features; no apparent social
classes.
CATALHOYUK
_____ is a social system in which men hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property. Some patriarchal societies are also patrilineal, meaning that property and title are inherited by the male lineage.
Patriarchy
ANCIENT EGYPT
• A variation of building types.
• Evident distinction of social
classes.
• Materials used was?
• Government system is _____
Use of sun-dried mud bricks or
stone
Patriarchal
scribe - a person who copies out documents, especially one employed to do this before printing was invented.
______
• The ancient Greek equivalent of
a household, house, or family.
• It was the basic unit of
society in most Greek citystates,
and included the head of
the oikos (usually the oldest
male), his extended family (wife
and children), and slaves living
together in one domestic
setting.
OIKOS
• The Greek oikos differed
significantly from the Roman
_____ in architectural layout,
although Greece became part
of the Roman Empire for a long
time. It was built around paved
peristyles and had very distinct
male and female spaces.
domus
The first part of the house
consisted of a ______ with the oikos proper,
the center of domestic activity,
beyond. This latter area
consisted of bedrooms and
dining rooms. The second part
of the house, the _____ was
the focus of male activity. There
one could find more dining
rooms, guest suites, and
libraries.
gynaikonitis or
peristyle
andronitis
In ancient Rome, the ____ was
the type of house occupied by the
upper classes and some wealthy
freedmen during the Republican
and Imperial eras. It could be
found in almost all the major cities
throughout the Roman territories.
domus
DOMUS
_____ formal entrance hall
______ entrance hall
Atrium,
Vestibulum,
DOMUS
______ bedroom
______ Kitchen
Cubiculum,
Culina,
DOMUS
_____ colonnaded garden
office or study
Peristylium,
Tablinum,
DOMUS
_____ dining room
Impluvium and compluvium
Triclinium,
compluvium - gutter/leader/downspout
impluvium - basin or the compluvium
Apartment building that housed
most of the urban citizens of
ancient Rome, including ordinary
people of lower- or middle-class
status and all but the wealthiest
from the upper-middle class
INSULA
A Roman country house built for
the upper class during the Roman
republic and the Roman Empire.
There were two kinds:
(2)
VILLA
• Villa urbana: a countryhouse
that could easily be reached
from Rome
• Villa rustica: the farm-house
estate permanently occupied by
the servants who had charge
generally of the estate
• Villa _____: a countryhouse
that could easily be reached
from Rome
urbana
• Villa ______: the farm-house
estate permanently occupied by
the servants who had charge
generally of the estate
rustica
Low Cost Housing
▪ Location: Brgy Pasong Kawayan II, General Trias, Cavite
▪ Surrounded by big the cities of Cavite namely, Bacoor, Dasmarinas,
and Trece Martirez
▪ 1 hour travel time from EDSA, Pasay and Mall of Asia via Cavitex.
▪ 1 hour travel time from Alabang via Daanhari
HENERAL UNO
▪ LA : 60 sqm
▪ FA : 21.25 sqm
▪ Reservation Fee P2,500
▪ Monthly P 3,078 over 14 months
▪ 30 years @ 6.5% : P 3,112
▪ 25 years @ 6.5% : P 3,302
CIUDAD DE ILOILO
▪ Calumpang Molo Mandurriao Iloilo
Floor area 24sqm
Lot Area 32sqm
Contract Price 450 000
Reservation Fee 5 000
Downpayment 70 000 payable in 24mos 2 708.33
Monthly Amortization 25yrs 3 469, 20yrs 3 760, 15yrs 4 297, 10 yrs 5 456
HUDCC
Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council
is a government
agency that serves as the
umbrella organization that
coordinates the activities of
the various housing agencies
to ensure the accomplishment
of the National Shelter
Program.
The HUDCC
The HUDCC is a government agency under the Office of the
President created by virtue of _______.
Executive Order No. 90.
IDENTIFYING THE GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ESSENTIAL FOR THE NATIONAL SHELTER PROGRAM AND DEFINING THEIR MANDATES, CREATING THE HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT COORDINATING COUNCIL, RATIONALIZING FUNDING SOURCES AND LENDING MECHANISMS FOR HOME MORTGAGES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
It serves as the oversight, the overall coordinator, initiator and
facilitator of all government policies, plans and programs for the
housing sector.
HUDCC
It determines strategies, formulates appropriate policies, monitors
and evaluates the programs, projects and performance of the
implementing shelter agencies.
HUDCC
It addresses various issues in the areas of housing finance,
housing regulation, housing production and institutional
development.
HUDCC
The HUDCC has four major key result areas which include the
following:
▪ Formulation of plans and policies on housing and urban development
▪ Development and supervision of innovative programs and projects for
tenure security, urban renewal and other support services
▪ Provision of overall administration and supervision to Key Shelter Agencies
▪ Provision of technical assistance to the Local Government Units (LGUs) on
the delivery of housing services to their constituents and support to the
general public on appropriate information on housing and referral of specific
concerns for action of appropriate agencies
HUDCC
MISSION STATEMENT
“As the highest policy making and coordinating body on housing and
urban development, the HUDCC shall facilitate access to a variety of
housing options that are decent, affordable and responsive to the
diverse and changing needs of homeless and underprivileged Filipino
families.”
HUDCC
VISION STATEMENT
“Decent and affordable housing opportunities and sustainable
human settlements for families belonging to the lowest income
strata of our society with HUDCC providing overall direction for its
promotion.”
▪ The Council is chaired by the HUDCC Chairman (currently _______
▪ The council is composed of the key housing agencies, key finance
agencies, support agencies, and representatives from the
government and private sectors.
Eduardo Del Rosario). Leni Robredo resigned
THE KEY HOUSING AGENCIES
▪ National Housing Authority (NHA)
▪ National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation (NHMFC)
▪ Home Guaranty Corporation (HGC)
▪ Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB)
THE KEY FINANCE AGENCIES
▪ Home Development Mutual Fund (HDMF or Pag-IBIG Fund)
▪ Social Security System (SSS)
▪ Government Service Insurance System (GSIS)
THE SUPPORT AGENCIES
▪ National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)
▪ Department of Finance (DOF)
▪ Department of Budget and Management (DBM)
▪ Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
▪ Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP)
▪ Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA)
▪ Presidential Management Staff
ADDITIONAL COUNCIL MEMBERS
▪ The council shall also have ____ representatives from the private
sector representing any of the following groups:
▪ developers
▪ bankers
▪ contractors
▪ professionals
▪ low-income beneficiaries
two
the position is not exclusively tied to
the position of the Vice President of the Philippines.
▪ The Office of the _____ appoints the HUDCC chairman,
President
NHA
National Housing Authority
is the only
government agency that
engages in actual shelter
production for low income
Filipino families.
The National Housing
Authority (NHA)
The NHA was created by virtue of __________
The NHA is a government-owned and government-controlled
corporation under the administrative supervision of the Housing
and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC).
Presidential Decree No. 757.
CREATING THE NATIONAL HOUSING AUTHORITY AND DISSOLVING THE EXISTING HOUSING AGENCIES, DEFINING ITS POWERS AND FUNCTIONS, PROVIDING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
▪ The NHA focuses its efforts in providing housing, assistance to the
lowest 30% of urban income-earners through:
▪ In addition, the NHA undertakes programs for the improvement of
blighted urban areas and provides technical assistance for private
developers undertaking low-cost housing projects.
▪ slum upgrading
▪ squatter relocation
▪ development of sites and services
▪ construction of core-housing units
NHA
MISSION STATEMENT
▪ To provide decent, adequate, and affordable housing to lowincome
families, ensure the provision of community facilities,
utilities, and access to social services and economic opportunities.
NHA
VISION STATEMENT
▪ By 2019, NHA would have provided 50% of the housing needs for
homeless low-income families (based on the 2011 census)
primarily those living in waterways, danger areas, and government
infrastructure project sites in Metro Manila and all regions
nationwide.
NHA
MANDATES
▪ Develop and implement a comprehensive and integrated housing
program which shall embrace the following:
▪ housing development and resettlement
▪ sources and schemes of financing
▪ explanation of government and private sector participation
▪ Be the sole national government agency to engage in shelter
production focusing on the housing needs of the lowest 30% of
the urban population
NHA
MANDATES
▪ Provide technical and other forms of assistance to local
government units (LGUs) in the implementation of their housing
programs
▪ Implement the following components of the National Shelter
Program
▪ Resettlement Program
▪ Medium Rise Public and Private Housing
▪ Cost Recoverable Programs
▪ Local Housing Program
HLURB
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
_____ is the sole
regulatory body for housing
and land use development. It
encourages greater private
sector participation in low-cost
housing by relaxing
development standards,
simplifying regulations, and
making approvals for permits
and licenses more efficient.
The Housing and Land Use
Regulatory Board
______ is the national government agency tasked as the planning,
regulatory and quasi-judicial body for land use development and
real estate and housing regulation.
HLURB
______formulates National Urban Development and Housing
Framework. This is the country’s comprehensive plan for urban
and urbanizable areas.
HLURB
When creating the framework, the HLURB
reviews existing land use plans, housing programs and all other
projects that may substantially affect urban land use patterns,
transportation and public utilities, infrastructure, the environment,
and population movements.
The HLURB began as the ________ in
1973. Several decrees and executive orders relating to the
functions of the agency were issued afterwards, most notably
Executive Order 90 which renamed it as the Housing and Land
Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) and mandated it to be the
regulatory body for housing and land development.
Task Force on Human Settlements
HLURB
VISION
▪ An institution geared towards the attainment of well-planned and
sustainable communities through the regulation of land use,
housing development and homeowners associations, and the just
resolution of disputes.
HLURB
MISSION
▪ To promulgate and enforce policies on land use, housing and
homeowners associations which promote inclusive growth and
economic advancement, social justice and environmental
protection for the equitable distribution and enjoyment of
development benefits.
HLURB
PLANNING MANDATES
▪ Formulate guidelines for Comprehensive Land Use Planning (CLUP)
▪ Assist cities and municipalities in preparing their CLUPs
▪ Assist Provincial Land Use Committees (PLUC) and Regional Land Use
Committees (RLUC) in reviewing CLUPs
▪ Review and approve CLUPS for highly urbanized cities, Metro Manila
cities and Provincial Physical Framework Plans (PPFPs)
▪ Monitor actual land use and the implementation of CLUPs by local
government units
▪ Update and revise the National Urban Development and Housing
Framework
▪ Train LGUs in subdivision plan approval and zoning enforcement
HLURB
REGULATION MANDATES
▪ Register and license subdivision and condominium projects
▪ Update and revise rules, guidelines and standards on housing and
real estate
▪ Issue locational clearances for projects considered to be of vital
and national/regional economic or environmental significance
▪ Register and supervise Homeowners’ Associations (HOAs)
▪ Register real estate brokers, dealers and salesmen engaged in
selling projects under HLURB jurisdiction.
HLURB
ADJUDICATION MANDATES
▪ Disputes between buyers and developers
▪ Disputes within Homeowners’ Associations
▪ Disputes among Homeowners’ Associations
▪ Appeals from decisions of local zoning bodies
a formal judgment on a disputed matter.
ad·ju·di·ca·tion
NHMFC
National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation
_______ was created in
1977 by virtue of Presidential Decree 1267.
The National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation
Its original mandate was to increase the availability of affordable
housing loans through the development and operation of a
secondary market for home mortgages.
NHMFC
NHMFC
MANDATES
▪ Operate a viable home mortgage market, utilizing long-term funds
principally provided by the Social Security System (SSS), the
Government Services Insurance System (GSIS), and the Home
Development Mutual Fund (HDMF)
▪ Purchase mortgages originated by both private and public
institutions that are within government-approved guidelines
▪ Develop a system that will attract private institutional funds into
long-term housing mortgages
NHMFC
GOALS
▪ Provide liquidity to the housing sector through securitization of
mortgages/assets.
▪ Promote stability to the housing finance housing finance system
through participation in the capital market.
▪ Establish an efficient and effective organization with a professional
workforce utilizing best practices.
▪ Maintain efficiency in operation and efficacy in financial
management to ensure sustainability of its programs.
WHAT ARE MORTGAGES?
▪ In plain English, a mortgage is a _________.
▪ With a regular loan, there’s no explicit collateral. The lender looks at
your credit history, your income and your savings, and decides if he
will lend you money. With a mortgage, however, the collateral for
the loan is the house itself. If you don’t pay back the loan, then the
lender can take your house.
loan. For many people, it’s the
biggest loan they will ever borrow.
_____ are the traditional mortgage lender. But they aren’t the only
source of mortgages; credit unions and various government
agencies also offer mortgages. Like other loans, mortgages carry
an interest rate and a length or “term” of the loan, anywhere from
five to 30 years.
Banks
HDMF
Home Development Mutual Fund
is a
national savings program for Filipino
workers. Every month, members set
aside a portion of their salary to
make a contribution to their savings
fund.
The HDMF or PAG-IBIG Fund
Their total accumulated savings earn
interest and may be withdrawn by
the members upon the maturity of
the account. In addition, members
enjoy additional benefits, such as
access to PAG-IBIG housing loans.
The _______was established to
provide a national savings program and affordable shelter
financing for the Filipino worker.
Home Development Mutual Fund (HDMF)
The HDMF is more popularly known by its other name, “PAG-IBIG
Fund.” PAG-IBIG is an acronym that stands for______
Pagtutulungan sa
Kinabukasan: Ikaw, Bangko, Industriya at Gobyerno.
The ____ was established in 1978 by virtue of
Presidential Decree 1530.
PAG-IBIG Fund
HDMF
Originally, there were two separate funds: one for private
employees, and another one for government employees. The ____
collected the savings of private employees, while the ____
collected the savings of the government employees. However, in
1979, the two funds were merged into what is now known as the
______
SSS
GSIS
PAG-IBIG fund.
Since then, many laws have been passed affecting the operations
of the PAG-IBIG Fund, the most notable of which is the HDMF Law
of 2009, signed into law by President _________
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.
The HDMF Law of 2009 made the HDMF ________
exempt from taxes and
gave it the power to set the contribution rates.
HDMF
MANDATORY MEMBERSHIP
▪ All employees who are or should be covered by the Social Security
System (SSS). It shall include, but are not limited to:
▪ A private employee, whether permanent, temporary, or provisional who is not
over sixty (60) years old;
▪ A household helper earning at least P1,000 a month
▪ A Filipino seafarer upon the signing of the standard contract of employment
between the seafarer and the manning agency, which together with the foreign
ship owner, acts as the employer;
▪ A self-employed person regardless of trade, business or occupation, with an
income of at least P1,000 a month and not over sixty (60) years old;
▪ An expatriate (a citizen of another country who is living and working in the
Philippines) who is not more than sixty (60) years old and is compulsorily
covered by the Social Security System (SSS)
(GSIS)
Government Service Insurance System
HDMF
MANDATORY MEMBERSHIP
▪ All employees who are subject to mandatory coverage by the
Government Service Insurance System (GSIS)
▪ Uniformed members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, the
Bureau of Fire Protection, the Bureau of Jail Management and
Penology, and the Philippine National Police
▪ Filipinos employed by foreign-based employers, whether they are
deployed here or abroad
HOW MUCH ARE THE CONTRIBUTIONS?
▪ Contributions are made monthly. The monthly savings rate for all
members, except non-working spouses, are as follows:
HDMF
FEATURES OF THE SAVINGS PROGRAM
▪ All savings are government-guaranteed
▪ Annual dividend earnings (AKA interest) are tax-free
▪ With the employer’s counterpart contributions, members’ monthly
savings are immediately doubled
▪ Portability of savings: members who transfer employers, from
government to the private sector and vice-versa, carry their
membership and may continue it at any time.
HDMF
MEMBERS’ BENEFITS
▪ Annual dividend earnings for their savings, tax-free
▪ Access to short-term loan programs
▪ Access to the housing loan program
HDMF
WITHDRAWING THE SAVINGS
▪ Total accumulated savings (TAV) = Member’s contributions +
Employer’s counterpart contributions + Interest
▪ PAG-IBIG Fund guarantees the refund of member’s total
accumulated savings. The savings will be refunded upon the
occurrence of any grounds for withdrawal.
HDMF
GROUNDS FOR WITHDRAWAL
▪
Membership maturity. A membership becomes “mature” after 20
years of continuous membership. This means that the member
must have remitted at least 240 monthly contributions.
▪ Retirement. The member shall be compulsorily retired upon
reaching age 65. He may however, opt to retire upon the
occurrence of any of the following:
▪ Actual retirement from the SSS, the GSIS or a separate employer
provident/retirement plan, provided the member has at least reached age 45.
▪ Upon reaching age 60.
HDMF
GROUNDS FOR WITHDRAWAL
▪ Permanent and total disability or insanity. The following
disabilities shall be deemed total and permanent:
▪ Temporary total disability lasting continuously for more than 120 days;
▪ Complete loss of sight of both eyes;
▪ Loss of two limbs at or over the ankle or wrist;
▪ Permanent complete paralysis of two limbs;
▪ Brain injury resulting in incurable imbecility or insanity; and
▪ Such other cases which are adjudged to be total and permanent disability by
a duly licensed physician and approved by the Board of Trustees.
HDMF
GROUNDS FOR WITHDRAWAL
▪ Separation from the service due to health reasons.
▪ Permanent departure from the country.
▪ Death. In case of death, the fund benefits shall be divided among
the member’s legal heirs.
GETTING HOUSING LOANS
▪ There are two ways of applying for a PAG-IBIG housing loan:
▪ Developer-assisted: the developer assists the member in his/her housing
loan application
▪ Retail: the member applies directly to the Fund
HDMF
HOUSING LOAN ELIGIBILITY
▪ Must be a member for at least twenty-four (24) months. This must
be evidenced by the remittance of at least 24 monthly
contributions at the time of loan application.
▪ A member with less than the required number of contributions
shall be allowed to make lump sum payment to meet the said
requirement at point of loan application provided he has been a
contributing member of the Fund for at least twelve (12) months.
▪ Not more than sixty-five (65) years old at the date of loan
application and must be insurable; provided further that he is not
more than seventy (70) years old at loan maturity;
▪ Has the legal capacity to acquire and encumber real property;
HDMF
HOUSING LOAN ELIGIBILITY
▪ Has passed satisfactory background/credit and
employment/business checks of the PAG-IBIG Fund;
▪ Has no outstanding PAG-IBIG housing loan, either as a principal
borrower or co-borrower;
▪ However, should a co-borrower signify an intention to avail of a PAG-IBIG
housing loan for himself, he shall be allowed to do so provided that his part
of the loan has been fully paid. Hence, the co-borrower shall be released
from the obligation and shall be allowed to avail of his own PAG-IBIG
housing loan.
HDMF
HOUSING LOAN ELIGIBILITY
▪ Had no PAG-IBIG housing loan that was foreclosed, cancelled,
bought back due to default, or subjected to dacion en pago, which
shall include cases where the borrower is no longer interested to
pursue the loan and surrenders the property;
▪ Dacion en pago is a Spanish term that means “handing back the keys.”
Simply put, it means returning the mortgaged property to the lender in
exchange for the discharge of a mortgage debt.
▪ Has no outstanding PAG-IBIG multi-purpose loan in arrears (this
means that the borrower is behind on his payments) at the time of
loan application. A member whose multi-purpose loan is in arrears
shall be required to pay all necessary payments to make his
account up-to-date.
is a Spanish term that means “handing back the keys.”
Simply put, it means returning the mortgaged property to the lender in
exchange for the discharge of a mortgage debt.
Dacion en pago
HGC
Home Guaranty Corporation
The ___ is a government
agency whose main goal is to
encourage banks and financial
institutions to lend money to
Filipino homebuyers by
providing loan guarantees to
these banks and/or financial
institutions.
HGC
A _______is a promise by a third party (in this case, the
HGC) to assume the debt obligation of a borrower if that borrower
is unable to make his payments to the lender.
loan guarantee
▪ A loan guarantee encourages lenders (e.g. banks) to lend money to
borrowers because it lessens the risk for lenders. Should the
borrower fail to pay his debts, the HGC will make the payments.
HGC
VISION
▪ Improved private sector participation in addressing the Nation’s
housing needs through a viable system of credit guarantees.
MISSION
▪ To mobilize resources for housing through a system of credit
guarantees and incentives.
HGC
MANDATES
▪ To guarantee the payment of mortgages and loans arising from
financial contracts exclusively for residential purposes and the
necessary support facilities
▪ To assist private developers to undertake socialized, low and
medium cost mass housing projects by encouraging private funds
to finance such housing projects through a viable system of longterm
mortgages, guaranties and other incentives
▪ To promote homebuilding and landownership, giving primary
preference to the homeless and underprivileged sectors of the
society
WHO ARE THE CLIENTS OF HGC?
▪ The primary clients of the HGC are lenders (NOT borrowers).
These include banks, government and private financial institutions,
housing developers, and Building and Loan Associations (BLAs).
These lending institutions must apply for a Guaranty Line from
HGC in order for them to be covered.
HGC
▪ Loan guarantees lessen the risk for lenders. This is the primary
reason why lenders apply for guarantees from HGC. On top of this,
HGC clients enjoy the following benefits:
▪ Risk coverage. If a guarantee call is approved, HGC pays 100% of the outstanding balance and a guaranteed interest of up to 11%.
▪ Tax incentive. Interest income on housing loans up to the extent of 11% is
exempt from all forms of taxation.
▪ Sovereign guarantee. The Government of the Republic of the Philippines guarantees the payment of HGC’s obligations. This means that unless the Philippine government becomes bankrupt, the HGC will be able to make the
payments it has to make.
ACQUIRED ASSETS + PROPERTIES
▪ The HGC owns and sells acquired assets and properties.
▪ In the event that a borrower is unable to pay, the lender (e.g. bank) calls on
the guarantee of the HGC.
▪ The HGC will then need to make the payments to the lender (because the
HGC guaranteed that loan).
▪ Upon payment of the obligations, the lender will turn over the property to the
HGC. This means that the property is now owned by the HGC, not by the
original borrower who was not able to make his payments.
▪ If the original borrower cannot buy the property back from HGC, the HGC will
sell the property to interested buyers (typically at lower than market rates).
This is why the HGC has acquired assets and properties.
Awarded annually to honor a living architect whose built work demonstrates talent, vision and commitment, which has produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built environment through the art of architecture.
The Pritzker Architecture Prize
- Often referred to as the Nobel Prize of architecture
- Awarded irrespective of nationality, race, creed, or ideology
- Founded in 1979 by ________, the award is funded by the Pritzker family and is sponsored by the Hyatt Foundation
Jay A. Pritzker and his wife Cindy
- Laureates receive_____ , a citation certificate, and a bronze medallion
US$100,000
Pritzker Prize Winner
1979
Glass House
Connecticut
philip johnson
Williams Tower
Texas
philip johnson
Williams Tower
philip johnson
texas
Crystal Cathedral
california
philip johnon
Rothko Chapel
Texas
philip johnson
Lipstick Building
philip johnson
Pritzker Price 1980
Casa Barragan
mexico
louis barragan
luis barragan
Pritzker Price
1981
Pritzler Price
1982
Pritzler Price
1983
Pritzker Price
1984
Pritzker Price
1985
Pritzker Price
1986
Pritzker Prize
1987
Pritzker Prize
1988
Pritzker Prize
1989
Pritzker Prize
1990
Pritzker Prize
1991
Pritzker Prize
1992
Pritzker Prize
1993
Pritzker Prize
1994
Pritzker Prize
1995
Pritzker Prize
1996
Pritzker Prize
1997
Pritzker Prize
1998
Pritzker Prize
1999
Pritzker Prize
2000
Pritzker Prize
2001
Pritzker Prize
2002
Pritzker Prize
2003
Pritzker Prize
2004
Pritzker Prize
2005
Pritzker Prize
2006
Pritzker Prize
2007
Pritzker Prize
2008
Pritzker Prize
2009
Pritzker Prize
2010
Pritzker Prize
2012
Pritzker Prize
2012
Pritzker Prize
2013
Pritzker Prize
2014
Pritzker Prize
2015
Pritzker Prize
2016
Pritzker Prize
2017
Pritzker Prize
2018
Balkrishna Doshi
was born in Pune, India on August 26, 1927, into an extended Hindu family that had been involved in the furniture industry for two generations. Displaying an aptitude for art and an understanding of proportion at a young age, he was exposed to architecture by a school teacher. He began his architecture studies in 1947, the year India gained independence, at the Sir J.J . School of Architecture Bombay (Mumbai), the oldest and one of the foremost institutions for architecture in India.
Kamala House (photo courtesy of VSF)
by Balkrishna Doshi
Amdavad Ni Gufa
by Balkrishna Doshi
Pritzker Price 2019
Arata Isozaki
Arata Isozaki, born in Ōita, Island of Kyushu, Japan is known as a versatile, influential, and truly international architect. Setting up his own practice in the 1960s Isozaki became the first Japanese architect to forge a deep and long-lasting relationship between East and West. Possessing a profound knowledge of architectural history and theory, and embracing the avant-garde, he never merely replicated the status quo but challenged it. And in his search for meaningful architecture, he created buildings of great quality that to this day defy categorizations, reflect his constant evolution, and are always fresh in their approach.
Qatar National Convention Center,
by Arata Isozaki
MOMA Gunma,
by ARATA iSOZAKI
Luis Barragan
James Sterling
Kevin Roche
IM Pei
IM Pei
Richard Meier
Richard Meier
Hans Hollein
Hans Hollein
Gottfried Bohm
Kenzo Tange
, FAIA (May 9, 1909 – August 6, 1990), was an American architect, a leading proponent of modern design in the mid-twentieth century. A partner in the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), Bunshaft joined in 1937 and remained for more than 40 years. The long list of his notable buildings includes Lever House in New York, the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, D.C., the National Commercial Bank in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 140 Broadway (Marine Midland Grace Trust Co.) and Manufacturers Hanover Trust Branch Bank in New York; the last was the first post-war “transparent” bank on the East Coast.[1]
Gordon Bunshaft
Oscar Niemeyer
Oscar Niemeyer
Gordon Bunshaft
SOM
