History PPT Flashcards
______v is the only extant human species. The name is Latin for “wise man” and was introduced in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus (who is himself also the type specimen).
Homo sapiens
Neanderthals ;
________ are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo, who lived within Eurasia from circa 400,000 until 40,000 years ago.
[4] Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis)[5]
_______ is a species of archaic humans that lived throughout most of the Pleistocene geological epoch. Its earliest fossil evidence dates to 1.8 million years ago (discovered 1991 in Dmanisi, Georgia).[5]
Homo erectus (meaning ‘upright man’)
Early Dwellings
■Shift from nomadic, hunter-gatherer system to a combination of farming and hunting.
■Domestication of animals and plants.
■Created societies of villages near caves or along shores and streams.
Earliest form of human settlement.
Rock caves
A cave in France containing wall paintings and engravings of Paleolithic humans thought to date from c. 13,000-8,500 BCE.
Lascaux Cave
Lascaux, France.
Built shelter
■Primitive lifestyle was ______.
■Temporary shelter were designed in direct response to climate, local materials, and hunting patterns.
■Built with limited investment in time and energy.
nomadic
A portable Indian shelter.
Tipi
A _____is a stone beehive-shaped hut with a corbelled roof, commonly associated with the Irish coastline.
clochán
Beehive hut
Kerry, Ireland.
A traditional rendered stone dwelling in Apulia, southern Italy, in which square chambers are roofed with conical vaulted roofs.
Trullo
Alberobello, Bari Province.
An American Indian dwelling, usually of round or oval shape, formed of poles overlaid with bark, rush mats, or animal skins.
Wigwam
A Navaho Indian dwelling constructed usually of earth and logs and covered with mud and sod.
Hogan
An Eskimo house, usually built of blocks of hard snow or ice in the shape of a dome, or when permanent, of sod, wood, or stone.
Igloo
Religious Structures
Villages were connected by shared mortuary and
goddess ritual centers.
eg. Stonehenge
Ancient stone monuments.
After people started sharing community life, they began turning their attention to architecture that celebrated the spiritual and the sacred.
Their tombs and temples imitated nature in gigantic forms resembling mountains and other landscape formations.
Megaliths
Monolith; A prehistoric monument consisting of
an upright stone, usually standing alone
but sometimes aligned with others in parallel
rows.
Menhir
eg. Kerloas Menhir
Brittany, France.
From the words daul, a table, and maen, a stone; A prehistoric monument consisting of two or more large upright stones supporting a horizontal stone slab or capstone, and usually regarded as a tomb.
Dolmen
eg.Kilclooney
County Donegal, Ireland.
It utilizes trabeation, the most basic construction system for structures.
It consists of vertical supports called posts that hold up horizontal elements called lintels.
Goindol
Gochang, South Korea.
The Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites are the location of hundreds of stone dolmen in Korea. The sites were designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000.
Three standing stones, two on the sides and one at the back.
Cove
A structure consisting of two upright stones supporting a horizontal lintel.
Trilithon
A circular arrangement of megaliths enclosing a dolmen or burial mound.
Cromlech
eg.
Stone Circle
Avebury, England
These stone circles were associated with burials, others with cremation.
They also worked as celestial observatories that were meant to follow the movements of the moon and stars, as would have been typical for early agrarian-based societies.
A megalithic monument consisting of four concentric rings of trilithons and menhirs centered around an altar stone.
It is believed to have been used by a sun cult or for astronomical observations.
Stonehenge
Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England.
An artificial mound of earth or stone, especially over an ancient grave. Also called barrow.
Tumulus
Early Cities
■Ice Age to the Neolithic Age; the earth’s climate warmed up.
■As settlements became more permanent, hunters started farming communities.
■New architecture was also developed to represent communal and spiritual values.
is an agricultural region that runs along the foot of the Taurus and Zagros mountains in a broad arc from the eastern shores of the Mediterranean to present day Iraq.
Fertile Crescent
■One of the world’s oldest continually-inhabited city.
■A hilltop city; citizens lived in stone houses with plaster floors, surrounded by high walls and towers.
Jericho
Aerial view showing the ruins of Tell es-Sultan. Jordan.
■One of the earliest Neolithic village.
■Utilized a complex architectural system built according to a preconceived plan, suggesting a structured social organisation.
Khirokitia
Cyprus.
Khirokitia
Partial modern-day reconstruction of Khirokitia, Cyprus.
Houses,
built in limestone, had a circular plan, the exterior diameter of which varied from about 2 to 9 meters.
■Largest and most well-preserved Neolithic village.
■Consisted of rectangular flat-roofed houses packed together into a single architectural mass
■No streets or passageways.
Çatal Hüyük
Mesopotamian Architecture
■Fertile Crescent; present day Iraq;
■From the Greek words mesos and potamas, meaning “middle river.”
■Refers to the fertile plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Mesopotamia
Sumerian (5000-2000 B.C.)
▪Architecture developed by the Sumerians.
▪Characterized by _____
monumental temples of sun-dried brick faced with burnt or glazed brick, often built upon the ruins of their predecessors.
Stepped structures constructed with outside staircases and a temple or shrine at the top for worshipping the gods of nature.
Ziggurat
Ziggurat
▪Ziggurats were built of _______The mud was poured into wooden molds and left to dry in the sun (or baked in kilns).
▪Its four corners were oriented towards the ____
▪Priests conduct ceremonies at the____ on top.
mud bricks made of dirt mixed with water and straw.
cardinal points.
fire altar
Ziggurat of Ur
Tell el-Muqayyar, Iraq.
A temple dedicated to the moon god built by the Sumerian ruler, Ur Nammu, and his successors around 2125 B.C.
▪The last great Mesopotamian city-empire of the ancient age.
▪Architecture characterized by mud-brick construction, had walls articulated by pilasters and recesses, sometimes faced with burnt and glazed brick.
▪Palaces and temples were decorated with enameled brick friezes of bulls and lions.
Babylonian (2000-1600 B.C.)
Tower of Babel
Lucas van Valckenborch, 1594.
As described in the Bible, this structure may have been built in Babylon around 600 B.C. by King Nebuchadnezzar II to “rival heaven.”
Herodotus recorded that the ziggurat had 7 tiers covered in glazed tiles. The tower may have risen to a height of 300 feet and may have been used as a temple for worshipping Marduk, the god of the city of Babylon.
______
One of the “Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.”
A royal palace constructed of mud brick walls were covered with glazed, colored tiles decorated with animal reliefs.
Legend says that the sumptuous palace was terraced with lush gardens that were irrigated by water pumped from the Euphrates.
Hanging Gardens
Ishtar Gate
Reconstructed. Pergamon Museum, Berlin.
Large, four-storey portal dominating the processional avenue through the city. It was covered in glazed bricks, colorful tiles, and decorative figures of bulls and dragons.
▪Palaces took precedence over religious buildings.
▪Architecture was characterized by mud-brick buildings. Stone was used for carved monumental decorative sculptures.
▪External walls were plainly treated, but ornamented with carved relief sculpture or with polychrome bricks.
▪Interior courts were all large, and filled with columns.
Assyrian (900-700 B.C.)
Dur-Sharrukin
Palace of Sargon. Khorsabad, Iraq. Sargon II.
Squarish parallelogram city, with the palace, temples, and government buildings compressed within the walls.
Palace, public reception rooms, inner court, and harem. Temple with 7-staged ziggurat. Stables, kitchen, bakery, and wine cellar.
Apartments in an Assyrian Palace
_____ palace proper
_____ private chamber
_____ service chamber
Seraglio,
Haram,
Khan,
Persian (500-331 B.C)
▪Characterized by a synthesis of architectural elements of surrounding countries, such as _____
Assyria, Egypt, and Ionian Greece.
Persepolis
Fars Province, Iran. Darius.
Darius designed his own capital city, Persepolis—“the city of the Persians,” as the Greeks called it—located 10 kilometers to the southwest and closer to the fertile lands along the coast.
Egypt
▪Characterized by the axial planning of massive masonry tombs and temples, the use of trabeated construction with precise stonework, and the decoration of battered walls with pictographic carvings in relief.
▪A preoccupation with eternity and the afterlife dominated the building of these funerary monuments and temples.
Egyptian (3000 B.C.-200 A.D.)
Egypt, ca. 3rd century B.C.
Egypt’s possession of the ____ was of immense advantage, not only on account of its value as a trade route, and as a means of communication, but also because its waters were the fertilizing agents that made desert sands into fruitful fields.
Nile
Saqqara, Egypt.
A tomb for the nobility or members of the royal family.
Made of mud brick, rectangular in plan with a flat roof and sloping sides, from which a shaft leads to underground burial and offering chambers.
Mastaba
An edifice or place dedicated to the worship or presence of a deity.
Temples
Temples Types of Egypt
An ancient Egyptian temple for the worship of a deity.
Cult Temple
Temple Types of Egypt
An ancient Egyptian temple for offerings and worship of a deceased person, usually a deified king.
Mortuary Temple
When Amun-Re, the god of the sun and the heaven became the national deity during the period of the New Kingdom, at least a dozen temples were built in his honor.
One of the main components of this political/religious landscape was the temple complex of Karnak.
Karnak Temple Complex
Luxor, Egypt.
Karnak Temple Complex. Luxor, Egypt. (Reconstructed model)
_______
Leads to a tall portal guarded by a towering pylon.
______
A figure of an imaginary creature having the body of a lion and the head of a man, ram, or hawk.
Avenue of Sphinxes
Sphinx
An Egyptian monolithic four-sided standing stone, tapering to a pyramidical cap (a pyramidion), often inscribed with hieroglyphs and erected as a monument.
Obelisk
A gateway guarding a sacred precinct consisting of either a pair of tall truncated pyramids and a doorway between them, often decorated with painted reliefs.
Pylon
A large hall having many columns in rows supporting a flat roof, and sometimes a clerestory.
Hypostyle Hall
An Egyptian temple type with monumental gateways, formed by twined pylons.
Pylon temple
A freestanding stone canopy structure supported by columns in Egyptian architecture. (Hypaethral, classical temple that is wholly or partly open to the sky.)
Kiosk
_______a small Egyptian side temple, kiosk or tent shrine to celebrate the place where the god of the main temple was born, or where the goddess bore her children.
Birth-house;
eg.
Mammisi
Dendera Temple Complex. Dendera, Egypt.
A room or building in which the image of the Pharaoh or deity was revered.
Barque Temple
Mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut and Shrine of Anubis, c.1470 BC
________ mortuary temple played a key role in the processional events as the temporary resting place for the barque during the Beautiful Feast of the Valley.
Located in the Valley of the Kings, which was to become the main burial place for the Egyptian royalty.
Queen Hatshepsut’s
A tomb hewn out of native rock, presenting only an architectural front with dark interior chambers, of which the sections are supported by masses of stone left in the form of solid pillars.
Rock-cut Tomb
Temple at Abu Simbel, near Philae, Egypt.
Abu Simbel
The facade, carved directly into the sandstone cliff, takes the form of a pylon and is dominated by four colossal seated figures, ____ meters tall, all portrayals of Ramesses.
22
A massive masonry structure having a rectangular base and four smooth, steeply sloping sides facing the cardinal points and meeting at an apex.
Used in ancient Egypt as a tomb to contain the burial chamber and the mummy of the pharaoh.
Pyramid
▪The first architect recorded in history.
▪Designed the Saqqara complex and the Stepped Pyramid of Djoser.
Imhotep
Pyramid
The Egyptian pyramids of the Giza Necropolis.
The ancient Egyptians built more than 80 pyramids along the banks of the Nile near modern-day Cairo from 2700 to 1640 B.C. The pyramids were designed according to three forms:
▪Step pyramid
▪Bent pyramid
▪Straight-sided/Sloped pyramid
A pyramid-type whose sides are stepped with tiers rather than smooth, in Egypt predating the true pyramids; the primary existing Egyptian example is that of King Djoser at Saqqara, south of Cairo.
Step Pyramid
Pyramid of Djoser
Saqqara, Egypt.
Built by Imhotep, architect to King Zoser; begun as a mastaba-tomb then successively enlarged; made of limestone; and set within a complex of buildings.
Mortuary Complex of Djoser
The Mortuary Complex of Djoser, located on a slight hill west of Memphis and just to the north of Saqqâra, was enclosed by a 277-by-544 meter wall laid out in precise orientation to the four cardinal points.
In a small chapel positioned against the north side of the pyramid was a life-size statue of Zoser, showing him wearing a priest’s Sed festival cloak, a ceremonial beard, and a ritual headdress.
Sitting in the dark chamber, he could gaze through two small holes in the wall placed at the statue’s eye level, through which he could watch the ceremonies taking place in the court.
Ka statue of Djoser
An Egyptian pyramid-type in which each triangular planar surface changes direction as it approaches the top, as in a mansard roof; sometimes also called a blunt or false pyramid.
Bent Pyramid
Pyramid of Sneferu
Dahshur, Egypt.
Built by Sneferu (2613–2589 BCE), who ruled during the Fourth Dynasty.
Originally planned to be a towering 150 meters high, it was too bold, and the ground gave way under part of it. In an effort to save the building, the designers added a kink or bend to reduce the weight and angle of the slope (from 52 to 43.5 degrees).
An Egyptian pyramid-type in which four sloping triangular sides, with a fixed angle, culminate at an apex. Also, true pyramid.
Sloped Pyramid
North Pyramid of Dahshur
Dahshur, Egypt.
The first true pyramid completed in Egypt; built by King Snefru between 2575-2551 BCE.
Pyramids of Giza
Giza, Egypt.
Erected on the west bank of Nile River; built of local stone on a core of rock with casing blocks of limestone; 480 feet tall with a square base measuring 756 feet on a side.
The sides of the Great Pyramid rise at ___ degrees and are aligned to the ______
51
four cardinal points.
The Grand Gallery leading to the burial chamber of King Khufu.
The ceremonial area of buildings and structures surrounding an ancient Egyptian pyramid.
Pyramid Complex
Parts of a Pyramid Complex
________
In ancient Egyptian architecture, a place of worship of a deceased king or queen, especially one adjoining a pyramid or rock cut tomb, in which offerings of food and objects were made; also called a funerary temple.
▪Mortuary temple
Parts of a Pyramid Complex
_______
A temple pavilion in an ancient Egyptian pyramid complex, connected via a covered causeway to a mortuary temple at the foot of a pyramid; used for preparing the Pharaoh for his final journey.
▪Valley temple
Parts of a Pyramid Complex
_______
A mortuary temple connected specifically to a pyramid, or part of an Egyptian pyramid complex.
__________
A covered ceremonial route or corridor leading from a valley temple to a mortuary temple at the foot of a pyramid, notably at sites of the Nile valley pyramids.
▪Pyramid temple
▪Pyramid causeway
A slab stela shows a royal personage at a funerary repast sitting next to an offering table covered with the loaves of bread that have been brought to him.
Next to him on the floor, on small platforms, are containers holding incense, ointments, figs, and wine.
Stela
Why a tapering shape?
Ancient rulers liked these artificial mountains for their great height (allowing them to commune with the gods) and commanding visual presence over flat river valleys.
On a practical level, a pyramid concentrates most of its building on the lower half, so fewer stones have to be hauled to the top.
▪A Bronze Age civilization flourished in Crete.
▪Named after King Minos of Knossos.
▪Gate buildings with multi-columnar porches provided access to unfortified compounds.
▪Foundation walls, piers and lintels were stone with the upper walls in timber framework.
Minoan (1800-1300 B.C.)
Palace at Knossos, Crete, Greece. (Largest palace built by the Minoans.)
The palace contained residences, kitchens, storage rooms, bathrooms, ceremonial rooms, workshops, and sanctuaries.
Palace at Knossos
Crete, Greece.
Greek Architecture
▪Delicacy of outline, perfected proportions and refined treatment.
▪Based the different proportions of their construction systems on mathematical ratios.
▪The first manifestation was a wooden structure of upright posts supporting beams and sloping rafters.
▪Completed with sophisticated optical corrections for perspective.
Greek (800-300 B.C.)
Greek (800-300 B.C.)
▪Major public buildings were built with ___ and _____. Blocks of stone were held in place by bronze or iron pins set into molten lead.
limestone and marble
Greek
Phases
Aegean, Hellenic, and Hellenistic
Greek
_____PERIOD
▪Structures were generally rough and massive.
▪The capital is ornamented with a square abacus, and a circular bulbous echinus.
▪Cyclopean walls: large stones without mortar, on clay bedding.
▪Use of corbelled arch.
▪Megaron: single-storey dwelling with a central room and porticoed entrance; columns support roof; thalamus (bedroom).
AEGEAN
The Lion’s Gate
Mycenae, Greece.
Part of the citadel palace of Agamemnon; Cyclopean walls of boulders weighing 5-6 tons were eased into alignment with pebbles.
Treasury of Atreus
Beginning in the late Bronze Age, the kings were buried outside the city in great beehive—or tholos—tombs, monumental symbols of wealth and power.
Greek
______ PERIOD
▪Of or pertaining to ancient Greek history, culture and art.
▪The temple became the chief building type.
▪Columnar and trabeated; Carpentry in marble
▪Materials used were timber, stone, and terra cotta.
▪Refinements to correct optical illusion (entasis, swelling of columns)
▪Structures were ornamented with sculptures, colors, and mural paintings.
HELLENIC
Greek
______ PERIOD
▪Greek culture was modified by foreign elements.
▪A diversion from religious building types; civic structures were also built; later will be an inspiration for Roman architecture.
▪The design and layout of buildings are symmetrical and orderly.
▪Moldings were used for decorations.
▪Temple entrances faced east.
HELLENISTIC
The chief building type of the Hellenic Period.
Greek Temples
1) First Temple of Apollo at Thermos, Greece; 2) Plan: Later Temple of Apollo at Thermos.
“City on the height.” In classical Greek architecture, a city stronghold or fortress constructed on higher
ground than surrounding urban fabric
Acropolis
The Acropolis of Athens. (Reconstructed model)
The sacred area or enclosure surrounding a classical Greek temple.
Temenos
A monumental gateway to a sacred enclosure, fortification, town or square.
Propylaea
Parthenon
Athens, Greece. Ictinus and Callicrates.
Built from 447-438 B.C. in honor of Athena, the city’s patron goddess.
Used the proportion 2n+1 in determining the number of columns on the sides of a temple (n=number of columns at front)
______ enclosed part of the temple where the cult image was kept.
Naos or cella, principal chamber;
______ an open vestibule before the cella.
Pronaos or anticum,
_______ rear vestibule.
Epinaos or posticum,
_______ , a small room in the cella as for a treasury.
Opisthodomos
Parthenon
Optical Corrections
______ a slight convex curve in the shaft of a column;
▪the stylobate curves upward;
▪the columns taper toward the top;
▪the columns at the corners angle inwards and are thicker than the others;
▪and the column flutes deepen toward the top.
▪Entasis,
Planning of Temples
Greek and Roman temples are described according to the number of_____ on the entrance front, the type of colonnade, and the type of portico.
columns
hemostyle
1 -col
distyle
▪2 - col
tristyle
▪3 - col
tetrastyle
4 - col
Number of columns
▪1 - hemostyle
▪2 - distyle
▪3 - tristyle
▪4 - tetrastyle
▪5 - pentastyle
▪6 - hexastyle
▪7 - heptastyle
▪8 - octastyle
▪9 - enneastyle
▪10 - decastyle
▪12 - dodecastyle
▪Determines the type of colonnade a classical temple has.
Column arrangement
anta, columns are between anta and at front.
In-antis:
double anta, at front and rear.
Amphi-antis:
portico at front only.
Prostyle:
porticoes at front and rear.
Amphiprostyle:
columns on all sides.
Peripteral:
columns attached to naos.
Pseudo-peripteral:
double line of columns surrounding the naos
Dipteral:
like dipteral, but inner columns are attached to the naos.
Pseudo-dipteral:
anta
double anta
tholos
prostyle
amphiprostyle
dipteral
peripteral
pseudoperipteral
pseudodipteral
The systematic spacing of columns expressed as multiples of column diameters.
Intercolumnation
eg.
▪1.50D Pycnostyle
▪2.00D Systyle
▪2.25D Eustyle
▪3.00D Diastyle
▪4.00D Araeostyle
An ____is one of the predominating styles in classical architecture.
order
The orders of ancient Greek classical architecture: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
Order
▪Oldest, simplest and most massive of the three Greek orders.
▪Developed in Greece in the 7th century B.C.
DORIC
Doric Order
Characteristics
▪Fluted (concave curves) columns having no base;
▪Capital: square abacus at top, rounded echinus at the bottom;
▪Entablature: plain architrave, a frieze of triglyphs and metopes, and a cornice, the corona on which has mutules on its soffit.
▪Column: H= 4-6 * column base ⌀ Entablature: H=1 3/4 * lower ⌀
Orders
▪Developed in the Ionian Islands (now western Turkey) in the 6th century B.C.
▪Used for smaller buildings and interiors.
IONIC
Ionic Order
Characteristics
▪Fluted columns typically had molded bases.
▪Capital: spiral volutes.
▪Entablature; consists of an architrave of three fascias, a richly ornamented frieze, and a cornice corbeled out on egg and dart and dentil moldings.
▪Column: H=9 * column base ⌀; 24 flutes separated by fillets Entablature: H=2 ¼ * column ⌀
Temple of
Athena Nike
Athens, Greece. Callicrates.
ORders
▪Named after the city of Corinth, where sculptor Callimachus supposedly invented it after he spotted boblet surrounded by leaves.
▪Similar to the Ionic order in its base, column, and entablature, but its capital is more ornate, carved with two tiers of curly acanthus leaves.
CORINTHIAN
Corinthian Columns
Characteristics
▪Similar in most respects to Ionic but usually of slender proportions.
▪Capital: deep-bell shaped decorated with acanthus leaves and an abacus with concave sides.
▪Column: H=10 * column base ⌀
Temple of
Apollo Epicurius
Ictinus. Bassae.
The Corinthian order used for the first time; Built of fine-grained, brittle grey limestone; details in marble, roof of thin marble slabs.
Also kore, a carved statue of a draped female figure which functions as a column.
▪
Caryatid:
a carved statuesque column of a draped female figure carrying a basket, or with a basket on her head.
Canephora, canephore, canephorum, kanephoros: `basket-carrying´;
a massive carved statuesque stooping male figure, often serving as a columnar support for a pediment.
Atlas, telamon (Gk.) plural atlantes:
a square tapered column capped with the carved head, bust or torso of a figure, usually Hermes; originally used by the Greeks as a boundary marker, later as decoration.
Herm, herma plural hermae:
Erechtheion
Athens, Greece. Mnesikles.
A market or meeting place in a Greek city, the hub of public life where the most important public buildings were situated.
AGORA
Tyre, Lebanon.
Designed for the presentation of plays in which choral songs and dances were prominent features.
Open-air, usually hollowed out of the slope of a hillside with a tiered seating area around and facing a circular orchestra backed by the skene, a building for the actor’s use.
THEATRON
Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus.
s.
An ancient Greek portico, usually detached and of considerable length, used as a promenade or meeting place around public places.
STOA
Stoa of Attalos. Athen
Senate house; A public town hall for the citizens of ancient Greece, containing state banquet halls and hospitality suites.
PRYTANEION
Prytaneion of Panticapaeum. Ukraine.
Council chamber with rows of stepped benches surrounding a central platform.
BOULEUTERION
Bouleuterion. Priene.
A roofed theatre building in antiquity, especially one for the performance of vocal and instrumental music.
ODEION
Ephesus Odeon. Turkey.
An ancient Greek elongated sports venue with rounded ends, surrounded on all sides by banked spectator stands; venue for foot racing.
STADION
Nemea Stadion. Greece.
An open or roofed track or arena for chariot and horse racing in ancient Greece.
HIPPODROME
Hippodrome. Tyre, Lebanon.
Wrestling house; A place used for the instruction and practice of wrestling and athletics.
PALAESTRA
Palaestra, Vaison-la-Romaine.
An ancient Greek centre for sports, with buildings, playing areas and baths.
GYMNASION
Pompeii Gymnasion.
▪An early Greek dwelling type.
▪A long rectangular central hall in a Mycenaean palace complex, which may have served as a temple.
▪Parts consists of an open porch, a vestibule, and a large hall with a central hearth and a throne.
Megaron
1 prodomos – porch
2 doma – main room
3 thalamos – rear chamber
4 hearth
A Greek dwelling-type entered from the street via a passage to an open courtyard, around which all spaces are arranged; the principal rooms are accessed via a niche-like anteroom or prostas.
Prostas
5 court, courtyard
6 prostas – anteroom
7 prothyron – entrance
8 thyroreion – entrance passage
9 pastas – veranda
10 andron – mens’ dining room
14 room’s function uncertain;
bed chamber, living room, store etc.
A dwelling-type from the classical period of northern Greece, 423–348 BC, with a courtyard in the centre of the south side and deep columned veranda or pastas affording access to rooms.
Pastas
5 court, courtyard
8 thyroreion – entrance passage
9 pastas – veranda
10 andron – mens’ dining room
11 kitchen
14 room’s function uncertain;
bed chamber, living room, store etc.
A Greek dwelling-type whose open courtyard is surrounded by colonnades on all sides, often more luxurious than a prostas or pastas house.
Peristyle
5 court, courtyard;
8 thyroreion – entrance passage;
9 pastas – veranda;
10 andron – mens’ dining room;
11 kitchen;
12 peristylion – peristyle;
13 hestia, eschara – altar;
14 room’s function uncertain; bed chamber, living room, store etc.
A rectilinear town layout in which blocks of dwellings are divided up by narrow side streets linked together by wider main roads, developed by the Ionian Hippodamus of Miletus in the 5th century BC.
Hippodamian Grid System
A acropolis: citadel
B gate
C via sacra, sacra via: sacred road
D city walls
E agora: main square
G nymphaeum: fountain house, nymph temple
H temple
K plateia (pl. plateiai): main street
L steponos (pl. steponoi): side street
M gymnasion: sports hall
N stoa: colonnaded court
O thermae: baths
Q heroon (monopteros): heroic shrine
R synagogue (basilica)
T warehouse
Roman Architecture
▪Ostentation, interiors were elaborately ornamented and exteriors remained austere.
▪Influenced by the Etruscans, and combined their use of the arch, vault, and dome with the Greeks’ columns.
▪The invention and development of concrete led to a system of vaulting, which demonstrated their sophisticated engineering skills.
▪Placed an emphasis on monumental public buildings.
Roman (300 B.C. - 365 A.D.)
Roman (300 B.C. - 365 A.D.)
▪_________ were the primary facing materials, as well as stucco and mosaics.
▪Sophisticated building services such as, plumbing, heating, and water supply.
▪On an urban scale it also produced an impressive array of planning elements.
Marble, granite, and alabaster
The Roman Orders
The orders of ancient Roman classical architecture: ______
Tuscan or Etruscan and Composite.
The Etruscans’ simplified version of the Doric Order with smooth-shafted columns, a simple capital, base and entablature.
TUSCAN
A classical Roman order, a hybrid of Ionian and Corinthian, with fluted columns, a capital with both volutes and acanthus leaves, a base and an entablature with dentils.
COMPOSITE
Plural opera, “work” (Latin); an artistic composition or pattern, especially as used in relation to Roman stonework and walling construction.
Opus
Combined volcanic ash - called pozzolana - and lime with sand, water, and gravel.
Roman concrete
Advantages of using concrete
▪Strong, cheap, and easy to use.
▪Doesn’t have to be quarried, cut, or transported unlike real stone.
▪Can be mixed on the building site.
▪Can be casted in a mold of virtually any shape.
1 opus siliceum: polygonal masonry, cyclopean masonry, Pelasgic masonry;
2 emplecton: coursed stone masonry;
3 graecorum structura – ‘Greek construction’;
4 opus antiquum, opus incertum, opus intercentum,
coursed stone masonry;
5 opus gallicum, murus gallicus: ‘Gallic wall’;
6 opus testaceum, opus latericium, opus lateritium, brick-faced concrete
7 opus vittatum mixtum, opus mixtum vittatum, banded brick and ashlar;
8 opus listatum, banded brick and rubble;
9 opus reticulatum mixtum;
10 opus reticulatum – ‘meshwork’;
11 opus quasi reticulatum;
12 opus africanum – ‘African work’
13 opus isodomum, opus quadratum, coursed ashlar;
14 opus pseudoisodomum;
5 opus spicatum: herringbone brickwork;
16 opus craticium: wattle and daub;
17 opus signinum: rough render;
18 opus caementicium, opus concretum, opus structile, structura caementic
A curved structure for spanning an opening, designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compression.
Arch
An arched structure of stone, brick, or reinforced concrete, forming a ceiling or roof over a hall room, or other wholly or partially enclosed space.
Vault
The public square or marketplace of an ancient Roman city, the center of judicial and business affairs, and a place of assembly for the people, usually including a basilica and a temple.
FORUM
Roman Forum, Italy.
No streets and no spatial or axial connections between the spaces; the elements are simply bonded to each other to create a sequence of open, colonnaded, and enclosed spaces.
Imperial Forum
Oldest forum in Rome; Republican Forum; Open space, rectangular in shape, enclosed by different institutional and public buildings, serving as the city’s marketplace and centre of public business.
Forum Romanum
View eastward into the Forum Romanum.
A Roman building-type, rectangular in shape with an apse at either end, used as a meeting place, courthouse, marketplace, and lecture hall.
BASILICA
Basilica of Maxentius. Rome.
1 tribune – apse, podium
2 navis media – nave
3 aisle
4 chalcidicum – porch
5 porticus, portico, colonnade
6 exedra, apse
7 epicranitis – moulding
8 clerestory window
9 coffered ceiling
Basilica of Maxentius (Basilica of Constantine, Basilica Maxentii), Rome, 306–312 AD.
Establishments that were built for washing, as well as exercising, entertaining, and conducting business.
THERMAE
Thermae of Caracalla.
20 vestibulum – entrance hall
21 main entrance
22 apodyterium – changing room
23 palaestra – wrestling area
24 ambulatio – exercise
25 balneum – bathing pool
26 destrictarium – massage
27 laconicum (dry), sudatorium (wet) – sweating rooms
28 schola – conversation
29 caldarium – hot baths
30 heliocaminus – a solar-heated room
31 tepidarium – lukewarm baths
32 frigidarium – cold baths
33 natatio – swimming pool
34 exedrae – libraries and lecture halls
35 xystus – gardens, parks
36 stadium or waterfall
38 aqueduct
39 tabernae – shops, restaurants
Thermae of Caracalla, Rome, 212–216 AD.
System of flues on the floor or walls of Roman baths that provided central heating.
Hypocaust.
Centre for sports, with buildings, playing areas and baths.
GYMNASIUM
Gymnasium of Hadrian, Ephesus, Turkey.
1 dromos – running track
2 xyst, xystus – passage, colonnade
3 sfairisterion, sphaeristerium – ball games
4 cryptoportico, cryptoporticus
5 palaestra – wrestling hall
6 korykeion, coryceum – boxing
7 ephebeion, ephebeum – main hall and classrooms
8 apodyterion – dressing room
9 elaiothesion, elaeothesium – oil and lotion store
10 alipterion, unctuarium – oiling and massage
11 konisterion, conisterium – sanding and powdering
12 laconicum (dry), sudatorium (wet) – steam bath
13 caldarium, calidarium – hot baths
14 tepidarium – lukewarm baths
15 frigidarium – cold baths
A classical arena for gladiatorial contests and spectacles consisting of an oval or round space surrounded by tiered seating for spectators.
AMPHITHEATER
Colosseum. Rome.
1 Doric order, 1st storey
2 Ionic order, 2nd storey
3 Corinthian order, 3rd storey
4 Composite order, 4th storey
5 balteus, corona podii – parapet
6 podium – dignitaries’ enclosure, ‘ringside’
7 maenianum primum, ima cavea – first tier
8 maenianum media, media cavea – middle tier
9 maenianum summum, summa cavea – upper tier
10 maenianum summum in lignis – upper wooden tier, ‘peanut gallery’
11 gradus – row of seats
12 praecinctio, precinctio, balteus – horizontal gangway
13 aditus – entrance to cavea
14 vomitorium (pl. vomitoria) – exit, escape route
15 pulvinar – box, loge
(a) emperor’s, (b) consuls’ and Vestal virgins’
21 porta triumphalis – triumphal gate
22 porta pompae – ceremonial gate
23 porta libitinensis – funerary gate
24 porta sanavivaria – gate of life
25 hypogeum, hypogaeum – underground spaces
A Roman theatre building or structure; a building or arena with a stage and auditorium for the production and performance of theatrical works.
THEATRUM
Pompeii, Italy.
1 logeion, pulpitum – platform
2 proskenion, okribas, proscaenium
– front stage
3 hyposkenion – lower stage
4 episkenion – upper stage
5 skenotheke, scaena frons – stage wall
6 aulaeum – curtain
7 parapetasma, siparium – secondary curtain
8 orkhestra, orchestra – choir
9 thymele – altar
10 paraskenion, versurae – secondary stage
11 parados, itinera versurarum – side entrance
12 thyroma – stage door
21 prohedria – front seats
22 podium – diginitary seating
23 kerkis, kekrides, cuneus – seating block
24 diazoma, praecinctio – gangway
25 klimakes – steps
26 gradus – seating row
Senate house; Greek Prytaneion.
CURIA
Curia Julia.
A large arched monument constructed in a public urban place to commemorate a great event, usually a victory in war.
TRIUMPHAL ARCH
The Arch of Constantine, Rome.
.
In Roman architecture, a long U-shaped or enclosed arena for chariot and horse racing; Greek hippodrome.
CIRCUS
Circus Maximus
Plan, Roman circus
32 balbides, carceres – starting gates; 33 porta triumphalis; 34 spina – dividing wall; 35 meta prima; 36 meta secunda; 37 quadriga – four-horsed chariot.
A bridge or other structure designed to convey fresh water, usually a canal or river supported by piers and arches, or a tunnel; from the Latin, aquae ductus, ‘conveyance of water’.
AQUEDUCT
Pont du Gard.
Main storm drainage system; one of the world’s earliest sewage system.
DRAINAGE
Cloaca Maxima.
PONS
Bridge of Augustus, Rimini, Italy.
Diocletian’s Palace is part fortified camp, part city, and part villa. It is in the form of a slightly irregular rectangle (175 by 216 meters) protected by walls and gates, with towers projecting from the western, northern, and eastern facades
PALACE
Palace of Diocletian, Split, Croatia.
The principal straight axis or street of a Roman town, encampment etc., generally running east–west and crossed towards one end by the cardo.
Decumanus
Shorter main axis or street in a typical Roman city, town or military encampment (castrum), running north to south and crossing the principal street or decumanus
Cardo
Pantheon, Rome, Italy.
The world’s largest unreinforced concrete dome.
It served as a temple, church, and tomb for the past centuries.
The building was sited in an area north of the old city center known as Campus Martius.
TEMPLE
Pantheon, Rome, Italy.
Reflected ceiling, floor plan, and section. Pantheon, Rome, 118–126 AD
12 exedra, exhedra – niche; 13 lacunar, coffered ceiling; 14 caisson, coffer;
15 oculus, opaion – circular rooflight; 16 dome
The patrician townhouse; Has party walls on its flanks and an enclosed back area, its principal opening to the exterior is located on the street front.
Domus
A Roman masonry and concrete tenement block for the labouring classes, often a multistorey structure with commercial premises and workshops (tabernae) at street level; originally the plot of land bounded by urban streets, on which one was built.
Insula
Casa di Diana. Italy.
On Street Level
1 taberna – shop or workshop
2 courtyard, light well
A large classical Roman country house with an estate; originally divided into two parts, the pars urbana, or living area, and pars rustica or working area.
Villa
Villa dei Misteri.
4 atrium – court
5 impluvium – pool
12 tablinum – reception room and archive
13 fauces – entrance passage
14 culina – kitchen
15 lavatrina – washroom
19 peristylium – colonnaded court
21 triclinium aestivum – outdoor dining area
A Roman dwelling type in which the building mass surrounds a main central space, the atrium, open to the sky.
Atrium house
Casa di Trebius Valens.
3 vestibulum – entrance hall
4 atrium – court
5 impluvium – pool
6 lararium – altar
7 compluvium – opening
8 cubiculum – bed chamber
9 triclinium – dining room
10 ala – alcove
11 oecus, oikos – dining room
12 tablinum – reception room and archive
13 fauces – entrance passage
14 culina – kitchen
15 lavatrina – washroom
16 balneum, balineum – bathroom
17 porticus – veranda
18 exedra, exhedra – reception room
19 peristylium – colonnaded court
20 piscina, fons – pool
21 triclinium aestivum – outdoor dining area
22 coenatio, cenatio – dining room
▪Wrote De architectura (On architecture), known today as the “Ten Books on Architecture”.
▪firmitas, utilitas, venustas (durability, usefulness, and beauty)
Vitruvius
▪Marcus Vitruvius Pollio;
Early Christian
▪The final phase of Roman architecture.
▪Christianity became the state religion.
▪House-churches, early venue for religious practices.
▪Roman basilica form was adopted as the ground plan for most churches: rectangular plan and a nave with two side aisles.
▪Basilican churches were constructed over the burial place of a saint.
▪Facades faced east.
Early Christian (200-1025)
An early Christian church, characterized by a long, rectangular plan, a high colonnaded nave lit by a clerestory and covered by a timbered gable roof.
BASILICA
San Clemente, Rome.
Early Christian Basilica. San Clemente, Rome; 4th century AD. (Opus Grecanicum, glass mosaic decorations)
Main Parts of an Early Christian Basilica
▪Apse, sanctuary.
▪Bema, stage for clergy
▪Altar, under the baldacchino
▪Nave, central aisle
▪Atrium, forecourt
▪Narthex, for the penitents
▪Choir, enclosed by a cancelli
▪Ambo, pulpit
1 apse
2 cathedra, bishop’s throne
3 synthronos, synthronon (podium or benches)
5 bema, altar platform
6 solea (raised floor, used by the clergy)
7 choir screen
8 apsidiole (secondary apse)
10 choir, schola cantorum
11 cancelli
12 gospel ambo
13 epistle ambo
14 nave
15 northern aisle, gospel side,
women’s side
16 southern aisle, epistle side,
men’s side
17 side chapel
18 sacristy, vestry, revestry, vestiary
20 exonarthex
21 belltower
22 cloister
23 atrium, atrium paradisus, paradise
24 prothyron (space in front of the entrance)
Section and pictorial view of the old St. Peter’s. (Timber roof and use of Roman motifs.)
A space, area or separate building of a church or cathedral, containing a font where baptism takes place.
Octagonal structure having fine mosaics representing the baptism of Christ.
Baptistery
Baptistery, Ravenna.
On a canonical sense…
▪A basilica is the name given to certain churches granted special privileges by the ______
▪The criteria are based on special spiritual, historical, and/or architectural significance.
▪This is the highest permanent designation for a church building.
pope or the Vatican.
Major basilica
Highest-ranking Roman Catholic churches; Papal basilicas.
Archbasilica of St. John in the Lateran
St. Peter’s Basilica
The Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls
Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
Minor basilica
There are ___ minor basilicas in the Philippines as of 2015.
13
Basílica Minore del Santo Niño, Cebu
Basilica of the Black Nazarene, Quiapo
Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Manila
Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila
Basilica of Our Lady of Manaoag, Pangasinan
Byzantine Architecture
▪Circular or polygonal plans for churches, tombs, and baptisteries.
▪Characterized by masonry construction, round arches, shallow domes carried on pendentives, and the extensive use of rich frescoes, and colored glass mosaics to cover whole interiors.
▪Facades faced west.
Byzantine (300-1450)
Byzantine capitals.
19 basket capital; 20 dosseret and basket capital; 21 dosseret and trapezoidal capital.
A thickened abacus or supplementary capital set above a column capital to receive the thrust of an arch; also called a pulvin, impost block or supercapital.
Dosseret.
Basilica di San Vitale
Ravenna, Italy.
A Byzantine centralized church.
Prime example of Byzantine architecture in the West.
Basilica di San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy.
1 apse
3 synthronos, synthronon
5 bema, altar platform
25 prothesis, pastophorium (niche reserved for objects used in worship)
26 diaconicon, pastophorium (for the keeping of garments and vessels)
27 ambulatory (ground floor)
28 gallery (upper level)
29 narthex
St. Mark’s Basilica; Venice, Italy. (Greek cross plan.)
St. Mark’s Basilica
Venice, Italy.
■Greek cross plan
■Golden mosaics (Church of Gold)
■It lies at the eastern end of the Piazza San Marco, adjacent and connected to the Doge’s Palace.
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, 532–537 AD, architect Anthemios of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus.
▪“Sacred wisdom” in Greek.
▪Constructed by Emperor Justinian; designed by Anthemios of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus.
▪The interiors were beautified by richly colored marble pavements in opus sectile or opus Alexandrinum.
▪Used as a church, mosque, and presently a museum.
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia
Spatial configuration.
A ____ meter square forms the center. At the corners, piers rise up to support four arches, between which are pendentives that hold a dome scalloped with forty ribs. Windows line the base of the dome, making it seem to float.
30-
Hagia Sophia (prior to addition of minarets), Constantinople (now Istanbul), Turkey, 532–537 AD, architect Anthemios of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus.
2 arcade, cloister
3 atrium paradisus: forecourt
4 cantharus, piscina: fountain, font
5 exonarthex: outer vestibule
6 esonarthex: inner vestibule
10 navis media: nave
11 bema: altar platform
12 high altar
13 apse
15 parecclesion: side chapel
16 pastophorium: clerical chamber
17 prothesis: table/niche
18 diaconicon: garments and vessels
19 aisle
21 campanile: belltower
22 baptistery
St. Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow, Russia. Designed by Postnik Yakovlev and Ivan Barma. (Most distinct features are the bulbous-shaped domes and unusual details.)
Romanesque Architecture
▪”Roman-like”
▪Heavy articulated masonry construction with narrow openings, round arches, barrel vaults, and sparse ornament.
▪Churches gradually changed to cross-shaped plans formed by wings called transepts and the choir.
▪Towers at the west and east ends and the crossing of nave and transepts.
▪known in England as Norman architecture.
Romanesque (800-1180)
Piazza del Duomo, (presently Piazza dei Miracoli) Pisa; Tuscany, Italy.
A space, area or separate building of a church or cathedral, containing a font where baptism takes place.
▪Baptistery
Bell tower, freestanding or attached to a building.
▪Campanile
A cemetery surrounded by a colonnade.
▪Camposanto
CENTRAL EUROPE. Worms Cathedral. Castle-like; claimed to be the representative cathedral of the period.
SOUTH FRANCE. Notre Dame du Port. Characterized by the use of inlaid decoration formed of different colored lavas. (UNESCO)
SPAIN. Santiago de Compostela. Romanesque and Baroque. Religious pilgrimage site housing the relics of St. James and the Pórtico de la Gloria. (UNESCO)
SPAIN. Loarre Castle. Representative example of defensive architecture in the Romanesque style. (UNESCO)
ENGLAND. Durham Cathedral. The largest and finest example of Norman architecture in England. (UNESCO)
ENGLAND. Worcester Cathedral. It has two transepts crossing the nave (as with Salisbury and Lincoln).
ENGLAND. Canterbury Cathedral. Romanesque and Perpendicular Gothic elements combined. (UNESCO)
Canterbury Cathedral; England.
(Partial section and interior vaulting.)
ENGLAND. Fountains Abbey; monastery. Largest and best preserved medieval ruins in the UK. (UNESCO)
ENGLAND. Windsor Castle. A royal residence combining the features of a fortification, palace, and a small town.
Gothic Architecture
▪“Style Ogivale”
▪Progressive lightening and heightening of structure (made possible by the flying buttress)
▪Use of the pointed arch and ribbed vault.
▪Richly decorated fenestration
Gothic (1050-1530)
A large and principal church of a diocese (district under the pastoral care of a bishop), cathedra, the seat of a bishop.
Cathedral
Amiens Cathedral
Amiens, France.
1 arcade
3 triforium
3b triforium, blind arcade
4 clerestory, clearstory
6 flying buttress
7 finial, pinnacle
8 gargoyle, water spout
9 buttress, pier
10 aisle
11 nave
Cathedral of Notre Dame, Amiens, France, c.1220–69, Robert of Luzarches, Thomas and Renault of Cormont (prior to addition of chapels in 16th century)
9 buttress, pier
10 aisle
11 nave
12 west end
13 body
14 transept
15 chancel
16 chevet, radiating chapels
17 arm, projecting transept
18 porch
19 crossing
20 choir screen, rood screen
21 choir stalls
22 chapel, radiating chapel
23 high altar
24 chancel aisle, apse aisle,
ambulatory, deambulatory
25 parclose, perclose (a screen in a church to seclude a chapel from the main space)
26 Lady Chapel (chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary)
Colonettes facing the nave continue upward to reach all the way to the vault, whereas the colonettes on the inside become part of the ribs of the vaults in the side aisles.
Gothic compound pier
A vault constructed of structural arched stone members or ribs with an infill of masonry.
Rib or Ribbed vault
A bay
B haunch, hanche, rib
C cell, web, severy
D groin
E transverse rib
F wall rib, forcement
G diagonal rib, groin rib, ogive
H tierceron, secondary rib
K lierne, tertiary rib
L transverse ridge-rib
M longitudinal ridge-rib, ridge rib
N boss, pendant
O compound pier
A rib crossing a compartment of a rib vault on a diagonal.
▪Diagonal Rib (G)
A horizontal rib marking the crown of a vaulting compartment.
▪Ridge Rib (L,M)
An ornamental, knob-like projection at the intersection of ogives.
Boss (N)
A tertiary rib in a vault often for decorative rather than structural purposes.
▪Lierne (K)
A subsidiary rib which connects a point on the ridge rib or central boss with one of the main springers or supports.
▪Tierceron (H)
ENGLISH GOTHIC
- Early English
- Decorated Style
- Perpendicular
FRENCH GOTHIC
- A lancettes
- Rayonant
- Flamboyant
▪Also known as Lancet, First Pointed or Early Plantagenet.
▪Use of lancet-shaped arches and plate tracery (tracery using masonry into which shapes has been cut).
Early English
Worcester Cathedral. (Early English)
▪Also Geometrical and Curvilinear, Middle Pointed, Edwardian, or Later Plantagenet.
▪Rich tracery, elaborate ornamental vaulting, and refined stone-cutting techniques.
Decorated Style
Westminster Abbey. (Decorated)
▪Also Rectilinear, Late Pointed, or Lancastrian.
▪Perpendicular tracery (use of a lacework of vertical glazing bars), fine intricate stonework, and elaborate fan vaults.
Perpendicular
Gloucester Cathedral, Gloucester, England. (Perpendicular Gothic)
Bath Abbey; Somerset, England; King’s College Chapel; Cambridge, England. (Fan vaults)
Three Phases of French Gothic
▪Primarie: a lancettes, pointed arches and geometric traceried windows.
▪Secondaire: rayonnant, circular windows, wheel tracery.
▪Tertiaire: flamboyant, flowing and flamelike tracery.
Three Phases of French Gothic: A lancette, rayonnant, and flamboyant.
(now… imagine)
Salisbury Cathedral. (Double transepts)
Wells Cathedral.
Windsor Castle.
Notre Dame Cathedral
Rheims Cathedral. (Figures of Mary were visible in every part of the church; houses the relic of the tunic that had allegedly belonged to the Virgin Mary.
Chartres Cathedral. (Epitome of the new cathedral design where the nave on the outside is almost completely obscured behind an intimate tangle of buttresses.
Ulm Cathedral (Regarded as the tallest cathedral in the world.)
Cologne Cathedral
Seville Cathedral (Tallest cathedral in Spain.)
Burgos Cathedral
spain
Barcelona Cathedral
spain
Siena Cathedral. (Use of striped marbles.)
italy
Milan Cathedral
italy
CASTLES. Chateau D’Amboise, France. (Built on mounds above rivers, with thick walls and small windows.)
PALAIS DE JUSTICE. Palais de Justice de Rouen, France.
MANOR HOUSE. Ightham Mote, England. (A moated merchant’s house)
Renaissance Architecture
▪Developed during the rebirth of classical art and learning in Europe.
▪Initially characterized by the use of the classical orders, round arches, and symmetrical proportions.
▪Pure Renaissance architecture was based on regular order, symmetry, and a central axis with grandiose plans and impressive facades.
▪Personality of the architect has increased in importance.
Renaissance (1420-1550)
▪Silhouettes were clean and simple, with flat roofs.
▪Walls of large dressed masonry blocks (rusticated masonry) gave buildings an imposing sense of dignity and strength.
▪Emphasis on horizontality.
▪Ornamentation was based on pagan or classical mythological subjects.
▪Sgraffito, scratched and colored plaster.
Renaissance (1420-1550)
Renaissance Phases
Early, High, and Late Renaissance
Renaisasnce Phase
Adoption of Classical detail and ornamentation.
Early Renaissance
Brunelleschi
Riccardi Palace.
The Dome of Florence Cathedral (Duomo) was Brunelleschi’s principal work.
Other works, such as the Riccardi Palace, are examples of the massive rusticated buildings with heavy crowning cornice for which the Florentine style is noted.
Formulated the pictorial device of linear perspective.
Window types: arcade (round arch and column in between), architrave (consoles on either side support a horizontal or pediment cornice), and order (column on each side supporting an entablature above).
Leon Battista Alberti
Santa Maria Novella.
Helped promote architecture from an artisan’s trade to a profession.
Wrote the book, “De Re Aedificatoria,” which largely influenced men’s minds in favour of the revived Roman style.
Santa Maria Novella is one of the first churches in which consoles were placed in the façade over the side aisles to connect them with the nave.
Leon Battista Alberti
Sant’Andrea, Mantua.
A type of modern Renaissance churches, consisting of a single nave with transepts, the interior ornamented with a single order on pedestals supporting a barrel vault.
Rinaissance Phase
The pinnacle of classical simplicity and harmony in Renaissance art and architecture.
High Renaissance
Donato Bramante
Tempietto of San Pietro.
Martyrium, place of martyrdom or a shrine with relics dedicated to a martyr. This is the site where St. Peter is said to have been crucified.
It is considered one of the first High Renaissance buildings in Rome.
Renaiisance Phase
Featured a general relaxation of the severe simplicity and order of the High Renaissance
Late Renaissance
Andrea Palladio
Villa Rotonda.
The Four Books of Architecture - emphasized the systematization of the ground plan and its relationship to the section and elevation of a building.
Villa Rotonda, transforming a house into a classical temple.
Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola
Gesu Church.
Author of “The Five Orders of Architecture.“
Gesu church, the Jesuit mother church, in Rome. Other works include the Sant’andrea in Rome and the two small cupolas at St. Peter.
Michelangelo
Buonarotti
Farnese Palace.
A famous Florentine sculptor, and painter of the roof of the Sistine Chapel in Vatican.
He finished the Farnese Palace, and carried out the Dome of St. Peter.
▪Officially the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano;
▪Architects increased the importance of the dome by lifting it boldly from its substructure and placing it on a “drum.“
St. Peter’s Cathedral
St Peter Basilica
Synopsis of the history (p1)
▪1506. Bramante, the original architect, formulated a design in the form of a Greek cross with entrances at East end.
▪1513. Giuliano da Sangallo, Raphael, and Fra Giocondo were entrusted with superintendence of the work. Division of opinion existed as to altering original plan to a Latin cross.
▪1536. Antonio da Sangallo the younger proposed a central dome and lofty campanili.
St Peter Basilica
Synopsis of the history (p2)
▪1546. Michelangelo restored the design to a Greek cross and planned and commenced the construction of the great dome.
▪1564. Vignola added the cupolas on either side of the great dome.
▪1605-1612. Carlo Maderna lengthened the nave to form a Latin cross and erected the present façade.
▪1629-1667. Bernini erected the fourfold colonnades inclosing the piazza and erected the baldachino under the dome.
Bramante’s plan for St. Peter’s (left);
Michelangelo’s plan (center);
Carlo Maderno’s addition (right)
St. Peter’s Cathedral
Baldachino (Bernini) under the dome (Michelangelo).
St. Peter’s Cathedral, Vatican City.
A reaction against the classical perfection of the High Renaissance; it either responded with a rigorous application of classical rules, or flaunted classical convention, in terms of scale and shape.
Mannerism
Uffizi Palace, Florence, Italy. Giorgio Vasari.
French word meaning bizarre, fantastic, or irregular. It was deliberate in its attempt to impress, and was most lavish of all styles, both in its use of materials and in the effects it achieves;
A reaction to the ‘artificiality’ of Mannerism; Attempt to make art more natural (life-like); sensual.
Robust proportions; rich colors (variety of variegated marbles)
Baroque
Bernini
Piazza San Pietro
Borromini
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane
St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, England. Christopher Wren.
SPAIN. Santiago de Compostela. (Romanesque church added with a Spanish Baroque facade.)
Baroco; Final phase of the Baroque; It was associated with lightness, swirling forms, flowing lines, ornate stucco work, and arabesque ornament.
Lighter proportions; lighter colors (white with gold trim);
Rococo
Sant’Agnese, Rome, Italy. Francesco Borromini.
rococo
The Catherine Palace, St. Petersburg, Russia. (The summer residence of the Russian tsars.)
rococo
The Catherine Palace, St. Petersburg, Russia. (The summer residence of the Russian tsars.)
Revivalist Architecture
■Revival of using Greek and Roman orders as decorative motifs.
■Simple, strongly geometric composition.
■Shallow reliefs on facades.
■Style for US government buildings.
Neoclassicism
The US Capitol Building or Capitol Hill, Washington D.C.
NEOCLASSIC. Paris Opera House, Charles Garnier.
NEOCLASSIC. Monticello, Thomas Jefferson. (Neoclassic style with native American materials)
GREEK REVIVAL. Second Bank of the United States, William Strickland.
■Revived the spirit and forms of Gothic architecture.
■Remained the accepted style for churches in the U.S. into the 20th century.
Gothic Revival
GOTHIC REVIVAL. Strawberry Hill, Horace Walpole.
GOTHIC REVIVAL. (Rebuilt) Houses of Parliament, London. Charles Barry and Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin.
■Symmetrical plans and eclectic use of architectural features.
■Often gives a massive, elaborate, and ostentatious effect.
Beaux-Arts Eclecticism
School of Fine Arts established in 1819 by the French government. The school taught a way of organizing a building into a balanced hierarchy of spatial elements and planning principles.
École des Beaux-Arts
▪Daniel Burnham, proponent.
▪An approach to urban planning characterized by monumentally placed buildings, grand promenades, spacious plazas, and classical sculpture.
City Beautiful Movement
The McMillan Plan, a comprehensive planning document for the development of the monumental core and the park system of Washington, D.C.
An aerial view of the National Mall in Washington, D.C., showing the Lincoln Memorial at the bottom, the Washington Monument at center, and the U.S. Capitol at the top.
Modern Architecture
- *▪Industrial revolution**, vast economic and social upheavals, stemming from mechanization and mass production, required new building types for industry, commerce, and transportation.
- *▪Material innovations:** cast iron, steel, reinforced concrete, and cheaper manufacturing of glass.
Industrial Age
Crystal Palace, London, England. Joseph Paxton.
Brooklyn Bridge. John Augustus and Washington Roebling.
(World’s largest steel suspension bridge.)
Eiffel Tower, Paris, France. Alexandre Gustav Eiffel.
▪An American invention.
▪The invention of elevator and more sophisticated heating, plumbing, and electric lighting systems made the higher spaces as accessible and comfortable as the lower ones.
Skyscrapers
Home Insurance Building, Chicago. William LeBaron Jenney. (Considered as the first skyscraper.)
Wainwright Building, St. Louis, Missouri. Louis Sullivan.
▪“Form (ever) follows function.”
▪His greatest contribution to the skyscraper was the organizing of its identical, stacked floors to express a strong visual identity. (Three levels: base, shaft, and top floor)
▪Used nature-inspired or “organic” decorations to humanize his imposing structure.
Louis Sullivan
Prudential (Guaranty) Building, Buffalo, New York. Louis Sullivan.
Carson Pirie Scott Department Store (Sullivan Center), Chicago, Illinois. Louis Sullivan.
▪Believed that buildings should be spread out horizontally.
▪Promoter of organic architecture.
▪Prairie house, homes with overhanging rooflines and flowing rooms.
▪Broadacre City, a visionary plan meant to bring urban life to the country; a low-density settlement with small establishments and an acre of land for each family.
Frank Lloyd Wright
Robie House, Chicago, Illinois. Frank Lloyd Wright.
Fallingwater (Kauffman House), Pennsylvania. Frank Lloyd Wright.
Broadacre City. Frank LLoyd Wright.
▪Also called Style Moderne.
▪Based on geometric motifs, streamlined and curvilinear forms, sharply defined outlines.
▪Uses bold colors and synthetic materials (plastics).
Art Deco
Chrysler Building, New York. William Van Alen.
▪“New Art;” based on the return to craftsmanship and the integration of art, design, and architecture.
▪Characterized by fluid, undulating motifs, often derived from natural forms.
Art Nouveau
Art Nouveau terms to Different Country
▪Germany: Jugendstil
▪Spain: Modernismo
▪Italy: Stile Liberty
▪Austria: Sezession
▪France: Le Style Metro
Hôtel Tassel, Belgium. Victor Horta.
Paris Metro Entrances. Hector Guimard.
▪Combined Moorish and Gothic elements with naturalistic forms, their textured, undulating shapes recall waves, sea coral, and fish bones.
Antoni Gaudi
Park Güell, Barcelona, Spain. Antoni Gaudi.
Casa Milà, Barcelona, Spain. Antoni Gaudi.
Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Spain. Antoni Gaudi.
A European movement that generated jagged and dynamic forms in both painting and architecture.
Expressionism
Einstein Tower, Potsdam, Germany. Erich Mendelsohn.
“The Style”; use of black and white with the primary colors rectangular forms, and asymmetry (inspired by a Mondrian painting).
De Stijl
Rietveld Schröder House, Utrecht, Netherlands. Gerrit Rietveld.
Expression of construction was to be the basis for all building design; emphasizes on functional machine parts.
Constructivism
Rusakov Workers’ Club, Moscow. Konstantin Melnikov.
■A building should be functional, harmonizes with its natural environment, and forms an integrated whole.
■Shapes are often of irregular contours and resemble forms found in nature.
Organic Architecture
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Manhattan, New York City. Frank Lloyd Wright.
Bau (building), haus (house) A school in Germany founded by Walter Gropius Synthesis of technology, craft, and design aesthetics Emphasis on functional design (“form follows function”).
Bauhaus
The Bauhaus Building, Dessau, Germany. Walter Gropius.
Functional architecture devoid of regional characteristics. Simple geometric forms, large untextured surfaces (often white), large areas of glass, and general use of steel or reinforced concrete construction.
International Style
“The house is a machine for living in.”
Le Corbusier
Charles Edouard Jeanneret
The bases of modern architecture according to Le Corbusier. This proposes his ideas about how to live in an industrialized world.
The Five Points of Architecture
Villa Savoye, Poissy, France. Le Corbusier. (Reflected the architect’s five points of architecture)
Five Points of Architecture
▪Pilotis.
▪Open plan
▪Free façade (curtain wall)
▪Ribbon windows
▪Roof garden
Unité d’Habitation, Marseille, France. Le Corbusier. (An apartment block with ____ different unit types)
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Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France. Le Corbusier. (More complex, sculptural shapes in concrete.)
Le Corbusier. (A visionary scheme of highly ordered groupings of skyscrapers)
La Ville Contemporaine.
▪“Less is more.”
▪Best known for developing boxy, steel-and-glass architecture for nearly every purpose - from houses to skyscrapers.
Mies van der Rohe
▪A renewed appreciation for the rich traditions of architecture past.
▪Architects began enlivening facades with color, pattern, and ornaments.
Postmodernism
▪“Nature, not the machine, should serve as the model for architecture.”
▪Finnish architect; one of the first modernists to fuse technology with craft.
▪Humanized modernism with curved walls and roofs and wood-finished interiors. He was also sensitive to the contours of the land and to a building’s orientation to daylight.
Alvar Aalto
MIT Baker House Dormitory, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Alvar Aalto.
Helsinki University of Technology Lecture Hall. Alvar Aalto.
▪Used advances in structural systems to create sculpturally expressive buildings.
▪His buildings followed a unique design direction according to the particulars of their site and purpose.
Eero Saarinen
TWA Flight Center, New York. Eero Saarinen.
Dulles International Airport, Dulles, Virginia. Eero Saarinen.
▪“Architectural form should reflect a building’s social purpose.”
▪His work is often compared to ancient monuments.
▪Composed of circles, squares, and triangles, his designs were constructed of rough concrete and brick to convey a massive primal quality.
▪Daylight played an important role in his buildings.
Louis Kahn
Phillips Exeter Academy Library, New Hampshire. Louis Kahn.
Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas. Louis Kahn. (Exemplifies his mastery of natural illumination.)
Richards Medical Research Building, Pennsylvania. Louis Kahn. (Divided clustered towers into “served” and “servant” spaces, an architectural principle that is still followed today.)
▪“Less is a bore.”
▪Suggested that architects should embrace ambiguity, decoration, and “messy vitality” in their buildings.
▪His vision was an architecture of “both-and” rather than “either-or.” This led to the development of a more pluralistic attitude towards architecture that still prevails today.
Robert Venturi
Episcopal Academy Chapel; Newtown Square, Pennsylvania. Robert Venturi.
▪Once an advocate of the International Style, became one of postmodernism’s biggest promoters.
Philip Johnson
▪Proponent of New Brutalism and high-tech.
▪He sculpted his buildings to convey solidity.
James Stirling
Neue Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart, Germany. James Stirling.
▪Incorporated decorative, historical references within his abstract designs.
▪His architecture often has a childlike, cartoonish quality, shown to exaggerated effect.
Michael Graves
Team Disney Burbank, California. Michael Graves.
The New York Five
Leading the modern revival group:
▪Peter Eisenman
▪Michael Graves
▪Charles Gwathmey
▪John Hejduk
▪Richard Meier
Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Richard Meier. (A cultural acropolis of six building situated high above a Los Angeles freeway.)
▪Inspired by the béton brut (raw concrete) used by Le Corbusier in his later buildings.
▪Used to describe massive modern architecture built of reinforced concrete, with the concrete’s rough, abrasive surfaces left exposed.
Brutalism
Art and Architecture Building, Yale University. Paul Rudolph.
▪Using the technology of building in a highly expressive way.
▪Pioneered by Richard Rogers, Norman Foster, and Renzo Piano.
High Tech
Millenium Dome, London. Richard Rogers.
(Spans 80,000 sq.m.; largest fabric-covered structure in the world.)
HSBC Building, Hong Kong. Norman Foster. (Mechanical ducts are kept hidden; prefers a slick, clean skin of metal and glass that is articulated by structure.)
▪Using bent, angled and exploded forms to represent the uncertainty of our times.
▪Drew upon the literary theories of Jacques Derrida, who holds that “there is no fixed truth but only multiple interpretations.”
Deconstructivism
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain. Frank Gehry.
Vitra Fire Station; Weil am Rhein, Germany. Zaha Hadid.
One World Trade Center; New York City. Daniel Libeskind. (The tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere.)
see other architect (SOM)
▪Sustainable design, considering land use, transportation issues, energy efficiency, indoor ecology and waste reduction when designing buildings.
▪Sustainability, to ensure that our actions and decisions today do not inhibit the opportunities of future generations.
Green Architecture
Nanyang Technological University; Singapore. CPG Consultants Pte Ltd.
How a building may be “green”
▪Using materials for healthier buildings
▪Gaining energy efficiency through systems and siting
▪Characterized by Hindu and Buddhist monuments
▪Structures sometimes share the same site, have rhythmic stratified motifs, and profuse carved ornamentation, often combining the religious and the sensuous.
Indian Architecture
▪Architecture of the Indian subcontinent
Mauryan Dynasty
The Great Stupa at Sanchi, oldest existing stupa in India.
■Ancient Indian people who united northern India and established an empire 320 BC.
■Architecture shows the cultural influence of Persia and the first use of dressed stone (stone worked to desired shape and smoothed on the face).
The site of Sanchi. (Comprises a group of Buddhist monuments - monolithic pillars, palaces, temples and monasteries. It is the oldest Buddhist sanctuary in existence and was a major Buddhist centre in India.)
Gupta Dynasty
▪_____ was the center of classical Indian art and literature
▪______ , Hindu state established in southern India, which contributed to the expansion of Indian culture into Southeast Asia.
▪______ style of Indian architecture in the Pallava period,
Court
Pallava
Dravidian,
■Large underground or partly underground chamber used by the men for religious ceremonies or councils.
Kiva
Believing that if a person releases their attachment to desire and the self, they can attain Nirvana. This is a state of liberation and freedom from suffering.
Buddhism
; a freestanding memorial pillar bearing carved inscriptions, religious emblems, or a statue.
Stambha
Also lats
■A Buddhist memorial mound to enshrine a relic of Buddha.
■Ceylon, dagoba; Tibet and Nepal, chorten.
■Dome-shaped mound on a platform, crowned by a chattri, surrounded by an ambulatory (stone vedika), with four toranas.
Stupa
Dhamek Stupa.
Parts of a Buddhist Stupa
_____ , elaborately carved, ceremonial gateway in Indian Buddhist and Hindu architecture with two or three lintels between two posts.
▪Torana
Parts of a Buddhist Stupa
, railing enclosing the stupa.
Vedika
Parts of a Buddhist Stupa
umbrella-shaped finial symbolizing dignity, composed of a stone disc on a vertical pole.
Chattri,
Parts of a Buddhist Stupa
a shallow berm ringing the base of the hemispherical mound
Medhi,
Other Buddhist Structures
_____ , monastery often excavated from solid rock.
Vihara
Other Buddhist Structures
_____ , shrine carved out of solid rock on a hillside; form of an aisled basilica with a stupa at one end.
Chaitya
Other Buddhist Structures
____ buddhist monastery or temple in Thailand or Cambodia
Wat,
Other Buddhist Structures
_____ Tibetan Buddhist monastery or nunnery.
Gompa,
Belief in a Supreme Being and adherence to certain concepts such as Truth, dharma, karma, reincarnation, and belief in the authority of the Vedas (sacred scriptures).
Hinduism
.
■A hindu temple.
■Rath, a monolithic, freestanding Hindu temple cut out of solid rock.
■Vimana, sanctuary of a Hindu temple in which a deity is enshrined.
■Shaivite temples (for Shiva) face east.
■Vaishnavite (for Vishnu) temples face west.
Mandira
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple
a phallus, the symbol of the god Shiva in Hindu architecture.
Lingnam,
, womb chamber; the dark innermost sanctuary where the statue of the deity is placed.
Garbha griha
bulbous stone finial of a sikhara.
Amalaka,
, tower usually tapered convexly and capped by an amalaka
Sikhara
monumentally, usually ornate gateway tower.
Gopuram,
large, porch-like hall and used for religious dancing and music.
Mandapa,
Shore Temple. (One of the oldest freestanding Hindu temple.)
Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia. (One of the largest religious structures in the world; a “temple mountain.”)
Angkor Wat
Angkor, Cambodia.
■Vrah Vishnulok, the temple’s probable original name.
■Built by Suryavarman, king of the Khmer empire.
■Constructed to honor the Hindu god, Vishnu and to serve as the king’s tomb after he died.
■Use of corbelled arch.
Borobudur, Central Java, Indonesia. (“Temple of the Countless Buddhas.” Largest Buddhist temple in the world.)
Borobudur
Central Java, Indonesia.
■The great “cosmic mountain.”
■Stepped pyramid resting on a base shaped to represent a mandala (geometric symbol of the universe.)
■Base (kamadhatu); Built in three tiers: a pyramidal base with five concentric square terraces (rupadhatu), the trunk of a cone with three circular platforms and, at the top, a stupa (arupadhatu).
Borobudur Temple Complex
▪The Borobudur Temple
▪Mendut Temple
Whose depiction of Buddha is represented by a formidable monolith accompanied by two Bodhisattvas
______ A smaller temple, inner space does not reveal which deity might have been the object of worship.
▪Pawon Temple
Mendut Temple
Pawon Temple
▪Palaces and temples are the chief building type.
▪Diverse architecture caused by differences in geographic and climatic conditions.
▪System of wood frame construction.
Chinese Architecture
■Neolithic culture in China centered around the Yellow River.
■Characterized by pit dwellings and fine pottery painted in geometric designs.
Yang-shao
A model of Jiangzhai, a Yangshao village.
The site of Yin,
■Also Yin Dynasty.
■1600-1030 BC.
■Introduction of writing, development of an urban civilization, and a mastery of bronze casting.
Shang Dynasty
The site of Yin, the capital of the Shang dynasty.
China Dynasty
▪221-206 BC
▪Emergence of a centralized government; first imperial dynasty.
▪The construction of much of the Great Wall of China.
Qin Dynasty
Towers and gateways
______ monumental gateway to a palace, tomb, or sacred place.
______ bell tower or pavilion at the right side of a city gate, palace entrance, or forecourt of a temple.
_____ left side counterpart of a zhonglou.
▪Pailou,
▪Zhonglou,
▪Gulou,
_______ - Bright Hall
_____ jade ring moat.
■A ritual structure that serves as the symbolic center of imperial power.
■Designated as the intersection of heaven (circle) and earth (square), oriented around the four cardinal directions.
_____ spirit altar, raised astronomical observatory; usually the central, circular upper storey of the mingtang.
Mingtang
■Biyong,
■Lingtai,
▪A Chinese pagoda.
▪Pagoda, Buddhist temple, square or polygonal in plan, with roofs projecting from each storey; erected as a memorial or to hold relics (derived from the Indian stupa).
Ta
The Songyue Temple Ta, Dengfeng, Henan Province. (China’s oldest surviving ta.)
Fogong Pagoda. (200-foot-high tower built entirely out of wood.)
■Circular Mound Altar, ritual platform.
■Imperial Vault of Heaven
■Hall for Prayer for Good Harvests
■Abstinence Palace
Temple of Heaven
Hall for Prayer for Good Harvest, Temple of Heaven.
Palace of Heavenly Purity, Beijing, China. (Built by emperor Zhu Di, the best preserved imperial palace in China.)
■A palace complex including temples, reception halls, residences, and service buildings.
■Palace of Heavenly Purity, the residence of the son of heaven and the conceptual center of the empire.
■Hall of Supreme Harmony, emperor’s throne room; also where he met daily with his officials.
Forbidden City
Summer Palace, Beijing, China. (Summer retreat from the Forbidden City.)
Arrangement of Buildings
▪Buildings are dispersed around a ____
▪Entire grouping is organized around a ________
▪Largest and most important building at the ______
▪Surrounding structures and courtyards _______ as they get closer to the main building.
courtyard.
central pathway or axis.
northernmost.
increase in size
The Great Wall of China, built by Qin Shih Huang Ti.
■Fortified wall to protect China against nomads from the north.
■Also served as a means of communication.
Great Wall of China
■The interaction of two opposing and complementary principles
■Yin: feminine, dark, and negative
■Yang: masculine, bright, and positive
Yin-Yang
■“wind water”
■Arranging architectural elements so that they are in harmony with nature.
■Goal: to promote the optimal flow of positive energy (chi’i) within the building.
■Most buildings face south or southeast to take advantage of prevailing winds and sunshine.
Feng Shui
Chiese
▪The basic measure in construction.
▪Standard unit of space marked by adjacent frame supports.
Jian
■Interlocking bracket system used in traditional Chinese construction to support roof beams.
■Has both structural and decorative purpose.
Dougong
Chinese
Connotations of colors:
▪Green, ____
▪Yellow, _____
▪Blue and black,_____
▪White and gray, _____
▪Red, ____
wood.
earth; spaces reserved for emperors.
water.
metal.
fire; hope and satisfaction.
▪Characterized by a synthesis of seminal ideas from China and native conditions producing a distinct style
▪Light, delicate, and refined.
Japanese Architecture
Nara Period
Heijō Palace, imperial residence.
■710-794 CE.
■Adoption of Chinese culture and form of government.
■Named after the first permanent capital and chief Buddhist center in ancient Japan.
▪785-1185 CE.
▪Modification and naturalization of ideas and institutions introduced from China.
Heian Period
“Way of the Gods.” The natural physical and supernatural transcendent world are both part of a single unified creation; holding the ideal of a life that is in harmony with and united with nature.
Shintoism
▪Style of Shinto shrine embodying the original style of Japanese building.
▪Rectangular plan raised on posts, surrounded by a railed veranda, with a free-standing post at each gable end.
Shimmei-zukuri
Japan
______, the ritual process of rebuilding the Ise every twenty years.
▪Shikinen sengu
Ise Jingu
The Ise Jingu consists of two shrines:
▪________ which is dedicated to Toyouke, the Shinto deity of clothing, food and housing.
▪________, which enshrines the most venerated deity Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess.
Outer Shrine (Geku),
Inner Shrine (Naiku)
Naiku, innermost shrine for Amaterasu. (Rebuilt every 20 years; Unlike most other Shinto shrines, the Ise Shrines are built in a purely Japanese architecture style which shows almost no influence from the Asian mainland.)
Itsukushima Shrine, Hiroshima Prefecture. (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
■Monumental freestanding gateway on the approach to a Shinto shrine.
■Two pillars connected at the top by a horizontal crosspiece and a lintel above it.
Torii
The torii of Itsukushima (Miyajima) Shrine.
Japanese Buddhist Temple.
-____, assembly hall for monks for reading sacred texts.
_____ Japanese pagoda enshrining Buddha relics.
_______ sanctuary where the main image of worship is kept.
_____ inner gateway to the precinct.
______ covered gallery surrounding the precinct.
Sorin, crowning spire on a Japanese pagoda.
Kodo
To,
Kondo, Golden Hall;
Chumon,
Kairo,
Horyuji Temple, Nara. (One of the oldest surviving wooden buildings in the world; Oldest existing temple complex in Japan)
■Japanese pagoda, also butto or toba.
■Central structure of a Buddhist compound.
To
The Golden Pavilion, Kyoto. (Kinkaku-ji; Built by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, a Zen temple.)
Himeji Castle. (Himeji-jo; the finest surviving example of early 17th-century Japanese castle architecture.)
■“The White Heron.”
■______, keeps.
■______,inner courtyard in the southeast corner of the court where a samurai would commit suicide.
Himeji Castle
Tenshu-gun
Harakiri-maru,
▪Meaning “writing hall.”
▪A new type of residential architecture during the Muromachi period (1338-1573).
▪Features the proportioning system of using tatami mats (about 1x2 yards in size).
_____, decorative alcove.
____,, staggered shelves.
____,paper-covered wooden lattice.
Shoin
▪Tokonoma,
▪Chigaidama
▪Shoji,
____,a recess with built-in shelving.
___,straw mats used as floor coverings (about 3’x6’)
____,post marking the partition between the tokonoma and the tana.
____.extension of the floor, usually facing a garden; serves as a passageway or sitting place.
_____, a vertical hanging scroll containing either text or a painting.
Tana,
Tatami,
Tokobashira,
Engawa,
Kakemono,
Chashitsu
■teahouses
■venue for tea ceremony
___, ornamental garden adjacent to the teahouse.
■Roji,
A linear unit for regulating column spacing in traditional Japanese construction.
Initially equal to 6 shaku (1.818 meters); later varied according to the tatami mats (approximately 3’ x 6’).
Ken
Ken
The size of a room is designated by the number of its______
floor mats (tatami).
Tokonoma, a shallow, slightly raised alcove for the display of a kakemono or flower arrangement.
Belief in Allah, Muhammad as a prophet, that the object of life is to live in a way that is pleasing to Allah so that one may gain Paradise.
Islam
▪Also Muslim, Muhammadan or Saracenic architecture.
▪Mosque as a distinct building type.
▪Domes, tunnel vaults, round and horseshoe arches, and rich surface decorations (calligraphy and floral motifs in a geometric framework; use of glazed tiles on interior and exterior surfaces).
▪Squinches, supports under the dome.
▪Muqarnas, “stalactite” decoration of icicle-like elements hanging from the ceiling.
Islamic Architecture
Muqarnas in the entrance gate to the Shah Mosque in Isfahan, Iran.
______
▪Also masjid or musjid.
▪Muslim building or place of public worship.
▪Four levels of prayer:
▪the individual, _____
▪the congregation, _____
▪the total population of a town, ______and
▪the entire Muslim world
Mosque
(masjid)
(jami)
(idgah)
Selimiye Mosque, Turkey. (The ultimate architectural expression of the Ottoman külliye, by architect Sinan.)
Genral term for a mosque; also a mosque used for daily prayer by individuals or small groups; has a mihrab but no minbar (pulpit).
Masjid
The congregational or Friday mosque; used for the main weekly service; usually larger than a masjid and provided with a minbar.
Jami
“Place of (community) prayer”; A great open praying area with nothing but a qibla wall and a mihrab.
Idgah
A teaching mosque.
Madrasa
Tower attached to the mosque; where the muezzin calls the Muslim people to prayer.
Minaret
large vaulted portal opening onto the central courtyard of a mosque.
Iwan
Also ivan or liwan,
pulpit from which the imam delivers his sermons.
Minbar
Also mimbar,
wall in a mosque in which the mihrab (niche or decorative panel) is set, oriented to Mecca.
Qibla
Also qiblah,
Parts of a mosque
____ , atrium
______ , fountain for washing before prayers.
______, colonnade
_____, reading desk
_____, screen, protective barrier of the mimbar.
▪Sahn
▪Fawwara, or meda
▪Liwanat
▪Dikka,
▪Maqsura,
Muslim Architecture
Decorations
▪Domes
▪Pointed or ogee arches
▪Walls covered in stone carvings, inlays, and mosaics.
▪Ornaments are based on flora, geometric shapes, and Arabic script.
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. (Islam’s oldest monument.)
_____
■Influenced by Byzantine architecture.
■Used as a shrine for pilgrims; at its center is the sacred rock from which Muhammad is said to have ascended to heaven.
■Octagonal in plan
Dome of the Rock
Jerusalem.
The Great Mosque (Masjid al-Haram), Mecca. (The largest mosque in the world; site of the Haj pilgrimage.)
■“House of God”
■Small cubical stone building in the courtyard of the Great Mosque at Mecca.
■Contains a sacred black stone.
■Objective of their pilgrimage.
■The point toward which they turn in praying.
Ka’ba
■Also Ka’aba or Ka’abah.
▪Islamic architecture of North Africa (regions of Spain under Moorish domination).
▪Building of large mosques and elaborate fortress-palaces.
▪Structural systems and decorations adapted from classical antiquity and combined with Islamic architecture.
Moorish Architecture
Palace Fortress of Alhambra, Granada, Spain.
Palace Fortress of Alhambra, Granada, Spain.
Or Indo-Islamic; blended traditions from India and Islam. (Mughal Period, golden age of Islamic architecture in northern India.)
Mughal Architecture
Humayun’s Tomb, New Delhi, India. (Forerunner of Taj Mahal, oldest of the Mughal monuments.)
Fatehpur Sikri (City of Victory), the capital of the Mughal Empire; built by Emperor Akbar.
Jama Masjid (The Great Mosque), one of the biggest in India; at the centre of the court is the tomb of Shaikh Salim, a Sufi saint.
Diwan-i-Kas
________, Hall of Private Audience, divided by overhanging mouldings called chajja.
_______, the Hall of Public Audience.
■Diwan-i-Kas
■Diwan-i-Am
Taj Mahal, Agra, India. (Most renowned example of Mughal architecture.)
■“Crown Palace”
■Built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
■Placed on a chahar bagh, a platform at the end of a walled garden divided by canals.
■The marble facade is decorated with floral motifs and a type of inlay called pietra dura (using cut, fitted, and polished colored stones to create images).
Taj Mahal
