Philippine Architecture (from PPT) Flashcards
■Prehistoric cave shelters were the earliest form of human habitation.
■The Tabon cave was the site to first establish the presence of humans in the Philippines during the Pleistocene.
Tabon Cave Complex
Lipuun Point, Palawan.
■Indigenous Filipinos who still continue the primeval practice of living in caves to his date.
Tau’t Batu
■Rock-hewn fortresses
Idjang
Batanes
_______
■Lean-to of the Agta of Palanan.
■Constructed along the principle of tripod.
______ Used by the Pinatubo Aeta; has no living platform; forms two sloping sides with one or both ends left open.
Pinanahang
Hawong.
Kalinga Tree House
Exemplifies the commonest building techniques based on the forms and materials of a particular historical period, region, or group of people.
Vernacular architecture
Domestic Structures
Archetypal tropical characteristics of Southeast Asian domestic architecture:
▪An elevated living floor
▪Buoyant rectangular volume
▪Raised pile foundation
▪Voluminous thatched roof
Traditional Isneg house.
■Roof suggests an inverted hull.
■Exposed floor joists outside suggest the profile of a boat.
■Datag or Xassaran, main section.
■Tamuyon, slightly raised platform on three sides.
Binuron
Binuron
Traditional Isneg house.
■Roof suggests an inverted hull.
■Exposed floor joists outside suggest the profile of a boat.
______ , main section.
_______ slightly raised platform on three sides.
■Datag or Xassaran
■Tamuyon,
Traditional Kalinga house.
■Octagonal in plan; exterior features are not strongly defined.
■Dataggon, central section.
■Sipi, slightly elevated side sections.
Binayon
Finaryon.
Binayon
Finaryon. Traditional Kalinga house.
■Octagonal in plan; exterior features are not strongly defined.
_____, central section.
____, slightly elevated side sections.
■Dataggon,
■Sipi,
Traditional Bontoc house, for the affluent.
______, dwelling for the poor.
_____, residence of widows or unmarried old women; can also be called katyufong.
Fay-u
■Katyufong
■Kol-lob,
Traditional Bontoc house in Sagada.
_____ , upper level granary.
Inagamang
■Agamang,
Inagamang
Other building types
_____, family residence.
____, council house and dormitory of the young and old unmarried males.
_____, female dormitory.
_____, storage for food, jewelry and wine jars.
_____, rice granary.
_____, pig pens.
▪Afong,
▪Ato,
▪Ulog or olog,
▪Al-kang,
▪Akhamang,
▪Falinto-og,
Traditional Ifugao house, for the affluent.
___, dwelling for the poor.
■Support system: four posts, two girders, three joists or beams.
■____,, rat guard.
■“The house as a womb.”
Bale
Fale.
■Abong,
Halipan
Traditional Ifugao house, for the affluent.
■Abong, dwelling for the poor.
■Support system: four posts, two girders, three joists or beams.
■Halipan, rat guard.
■“The house as a womb.”
Bale
Fale.
Traditional Kankanai house, for the wealthy.
_____, for poorer families; temporary abode.
____, more temporary.
Binangiyan
■Apa or inapa,
■Allao,
Traditional Ivatan house.
■Thick thatch, walls mortared with stone or plastered with white lime.
■Wooden post and lintel framework is implanted in the walls.
Rakuh
Traditional lowland dwelling, northern and central regions.
■“The passively-cooled house.”
■Porous surfaces
■Horizontality of windows
■Roof and window overhangs
■Surrounding gardens
Bahay kubo
Bahay Kubo
Interior Spaces
Primary spaces
▪Living room
▪Kitchen and service area (dapogan, banggerahan, and batalan)
Secondary spaces
▪Dining
▪Silong and balkon
▪Bedrooms
Traditional Badjao boat-house.
■No outriggers, roofed, loose and detachable structure.
_____,has outriggers, roofed, walled in on all sides by wooden boards.
_____, not roofed, only used for fishing and short trips.
Lepa
■Djenging,
■Dapang or Vinta,
Traditional Badjao landhouse.
_____, stairs where women often wash clothes and kitchen utensils.
Luma
■Harun
Traditional Tausug house.
■House building can be construed as corresponding to the birth of a human.
____, finials.
Bay Sinug
■Tadjuk pasung
Traditional Maranao house, ancestral residence of the datu and his extended family.
_____, traditional large house.
____, small house.
■The ____ (decorative beam ends) are often with pako rabong and naga carvings.
_____, lady’s dormitory tower.
Torogan
■Mala-a-walai,
■Lawig,
panolong
■Lamin,
Features of Vernacular Architecture
▪The builders are non-professional architects or engineers.
▪There is constant adaptation, using natural materials, to the geographical environment.
▪The actual process of construction involves intuitive thinking and is open to later modifications.
▪There is balance between social/economic functionality and aesthetic features.
▪Styles are subject to the evolution of traditional patterns specific to an ethnic domain.
Spanish Colonial Architecture
Instruments of Urbanism
▪Reducción
▪Encomienda system
▪System of cities and towns
▪Cuadricula
▪Colonial infrastructures
Forced urbanization and resettlement.
Reducción
Reducción
The formerly scattered barangays were brought together and reduced in number and made into compact and larger communities to facilitate religious conversion and cultural change.
_______, under the sound of the bells.
Bajo de las campana,
The colony was divided into parcels assigned to a Spanish colonist (encomendero) who was mandated to “allocate, allot or distribute” the resources of the domain.
Encomienda
System of
Cities and Towns
The institution of a hierarchal settlement system.
_______(city) or _______(town), core of the municipality.
_____, adjacent barangays.
Cabecera
poblacion
Barrios
Intramuros, The Walled City.
■Patterned after the walled fortresses of Europe
■Reserved for the nobility and the clergy.
Intramuros
_______
Living beyond the walls.
______, villages outside the walls.
_____, a separate urban quarter designated to the Chinese community .
_____, Japanese community.
Extramuros
▪Pueblos
▪Parian
▪Dilao
A system of streets and blocks laid out in a grid pattern, with uniform precision.
Cuadricula
▪Characteristics:
▪elevated location
▪an orderly grid of streets
▪a central plaza, a defensive wall, and zones for churches, shops, government buildings, hospitals, and slaughterhouses.
▪Encapsulates the classicist theories of urban design proposed by Vitruvius and Alberti.
The Laws of the Indies, 1573
Grid pattern of streets with the main plaza at the center surrounded by the church, the tribunal, other government buildings, and the marketplace.
Plaza Complex
Plaza de Roma. Plaza complex of Intramuros
Colonial Infrastructures
New building typologies and construction technology was introduced.
Edifices for religious conversion.
Churches
Parts of a Church
_____, main altar.
______, tabernacle.
______, pulpit.
______, elaborately ornamented altar screen.
______, where the priest and his assistants put on their robes before the mass.
_____, choir loft.
_____, screened gallery.
▪Altar mayor
▪Sagrario
▪Pulpito
▪Retablo
▪Sacristia
▪Coro
▪Tribunas
Church Complex
▪Church
_____, parish house or rectory.
_____, bell towers.
▪Convento
▪Campanarios
Basilica Minore del Santo Niño; Cebu. (Oldest church in the Philippines.)
Bantay Church (Shrine of Our Lady of Charity); Ilocos Sur. (Belfry served as a watchtower for pirates; Neo-Gothic.)
Carcar Church (Church of Sta. Catalina de Alexandria); Cebu. (Minaret-like bell towers; Neo-Mudejar.)
San Sebastian Church, Manila. (The first and only all-steel church in Asia; Neo-Gothic.)
Manila Cathedral; Intramuros, Manila. (Restoration, Fernando Ocampo; Neo-Romanesque)
Baroque Churches of the Philippines, UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
San Agustin Church; Intramuros, Manila.
Paoay Church, Paoay, Ilocos Norte.
Miag-ao Church; Miag-ao, Iloilo.
Santa Maria Church; Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur.
San Agustin Church; Intramuros, Manila.
■The Church of the Immaculate Conception of San Agustín.
■First church to be built in Luzon.
■Only structure in Intramuros to survive WWII.
■High Baroque style retablo.
■Ceiling paintings in the trompe l’oeil style.
■Chinese fu dogs at the entrance.
San Agustin Church
Intramuros, Manila.
Paoay Church, Paoay, Ilocos Norte.
■Saint Augustine Church.
■Most outstanding example in the Philippines of ‘Earthquake Baroque’.
■Volutes of contrafuertes (buttresses) and in the pyramidal finials of wall facades.
■Massive coral stone belltower.
Paoay Church
Paoay, Ilocos Norte.
Miag-ao Church; Miag-ao, Iloilo.
■Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Church
■Stands on the highest point of Miag-ao, its towers serving as lookouts against Muslim raids.
■It is the finest surviving example of ‘Fortress Baroque’.
■The facade epitomizes the Filipino transfiguration of western decorative elements.
Miag-ao Church
Miag-ao, Iloilo.
Santa Maria Church; Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur.
■Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción.
■Situated on a hill surrounded by a defensive wall.
■Separate pagoda-like bell tower at the midpoint of the nave wall.
■The brick walls are devoid of ornament but have delicately carved side entrances and strong buttresses.
Santa Maria Church
Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur.
Conservation
These legislations ensure their proper safeguarding, protection, conservation, management and use as religious structures, as declared National Cultural Treasures, National Historical Landmarks, and as World Heritage properties.
▪RA 10066 _______
▪RA 10086 ________
(National Heritage Law)
(National Historical Commission of the Philippines Law)
Characterized by heavy stone walls, moats, and grid road layouts. Bastions, keeps, and watchtowers were also built to cover blind spots.
Fortresses
Fort Santiago
Intramuros, Manila.
Parts of a Fort
_____, thick perimeter walls.
______, four-sided bulwarks skirting the cortinas on both ends.
____, moat.
____, stone embrasures where artilleries were propped up.
▪Cortinas
▪Bastiones or baluartes
▪Foso
▪Casamatas,
Institutional Buildings
Monumental civic architecture epitomized the colonial institutions under the Spanish governance.
■Also known as Casa del Ayuntamiento, Casa del Cabildo, Casa Consistorial, or Casa Real.
■As a seat of colonial governance, it housed several administrative offices and archives.
Ayuntamiento
Intramuros, Manila.
■Also known as Palacio del Gobernador General.
■Residence of the highest official of the land.
■Malacañang Palace, the summer residence of the Governor General
Palacio Real
Intramuros, Manila.
Other civic buildings
______, trial court.
______, customs house.
_______, treasury.
______, a smaller version of the Ayuntamiento in the provincial towns.
_____, expansive structures housing spaces for the administrators and his workers on a landed estate.
▪Real Audiencia, or Tribunal
▪Aduana
▪Hacienda Publica
▪Municipio, Casa de Municipal, or Casa Real
▪Casa Hacienda
Educational and Scientific Buildings
The various religious orders fulfilled the missionary tasks of bringing education, healthcare, and social welfare to the indigenous subjects.
Schools
■Colegio or universidad, found in the urban areas.
■Escuela primaria, found in different pueblos.
University of Sto. Tomas, Manila. Oldest established university in Asia.
Hospitals
_______,first hospital; built by the Franciscans; catered only to the Spaniards.
________, for the Chinese in Binondo.
______, for the lepers.
▪Hospital Real,
▪Hospital de San Gabriel
▪Hospital de San Lazaro
__________; established by the Jesuits to assist in forecasting typhoons.
Observatorio Astronomico y Meteorologico de Manila, or the Manila Observatory
Industrial Buildings
Because of the Hispanic urban program, living standards were elevated through urban infrastructure and public works.
Bridges
________, built after the destruction of Puente Grande (first and only bridge crossing the Pasig River) in the 1863 earthquake.
■Puente de España (Bridge of Spain)
Train Stations
______ of the Manila-Dagupan railway line; served as the main terminal for all northbound destinations.
■The Tutuban Station
Lighthouses
______, the oldest lighthouse in the Philippines; also known as the San Nicolas lighthouse.
■The Pasig Farola
Water System
■The _______ installed the piped-in water system. The water was offered to the public free of charge.
Carriedo Waterworks
Commercial Buildings
Spain attempted to establish an Asian trading empire to be based in Manila. Soon the city became one of the major colonial port cities in Southeast Asia.
Shops
______, very first large commercial structure; silk market in Binondo; housed stores for Chinese merchants and government offices.
■Tabacaleras, tobacco and cigar factories; Cigarreras, female workers.
■The bahay na bato was later retrofitted to have room for commercial function.
■Sari-sari store and carinderias.
■Alcaiceria de San Fernando
Hotels
_______ _____ ______, foremost hotels in Intramuros.
_______, boarding houses; less expensive lodgings.
■Hotel la Palma de Mallorca, Hotel de Paris, and Hotel de Espana
■Casas de huespedes
Banks
_____, first bank built; initially housed in the Aduana.
■Banco Español-Filipino de Isabel II
Domestic Structures
Dwellings reflecting the differences in social class.
Accesorias
■Apartment dwellings
■Evolved from the need of migrant laborers for cheap housing in commercial and industrial areas.
______, each unit; has a zaguan, sala and sleeping quarters.
■Vivienda
A housing prototype which combined elements of the indigenous and Hispanic building traditions to prevent the dangers posed by fire, earthquakes and cyclones.
Bahay na bato
Bahay na Bato; Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar, Bataan.
▪A new hybrid-type of construction, coined by Jesuit Francisco Ignacio Alcina, which refers to structures built partly of wood and partly of stone.
Arquitectura Mestiza
Characteristics of a Bahay na bato
▪Generally has two storeys, at times three.
▪The ground floor is made of cut stone or brick, the upper of wood.
▪Windows: ground floor, grillworks; second floor, sliding shutters with capiz shells or glass panels.
▪Capped by a high hip roof with a 45-degree-angle pitch.
Parts
Ground floor
_____, driveway or garage.
______, vestibule or storage; usually for the caroza.
_____, mezzanine area, for offices or servants’ quarters.
______, horse stables.
______, kitchen.
■Cochera
■Zaguan
■Entresuelo
■Cuadra
■Cocina
, wooden staircase.
Escalera
Parts
Second floor
______, interior overhanging veranda; most immediate room from the stairs.
_____, living room.
_____, bathroom.
_____, toilet.
______, kitchen.
______, dining area.
_____, outdoor terrace, located beside a balon or over an aljibe (water cistern).
______, bedroom.
■Caida or ante-sala
■Sala
■Baño
■Latrina
■Cocina
■Comedor,
■Azotea
■Cuarto
Parts
_______or corredor, flying wooden gallery.
______, praying area.
______, wooden fretwork on top of partitions.
■Galeria volada
■Oratorio
■Callado
Parts
______, window sill.
______, vents beneath the window sill which reach to the floor.
______, wooden balusters.
■Pasamano
■Ventanillas
■Barandillas
American Colonial Architecture
Tropical Hybrid Design
Familiar local architecture icons from Hispanized colonial structures overlaid with a neoclassical massing.
Official Architectural Styles
________ - Use of clay roof tiles, adobe, concrete, stucco, gabled roof, round arch entrances, arcades, corridors, and mirador towers.
_______ - Revival of using Greek and Roman orders as decorative motifs.
▪Colonial Revival Mission
▪Neoclassicism
▪The nerve center of colonial architectural production
▪Function was confined to the construction of roads and public buildings
▪Consultations, repair, design and supervision of construction
▪Consulting architects: William Parsons, George Fenhagen, and Ralph Harrington Doane.
Bureau of Public Works
■Protected Baguio and the nearby gold mines and projected the American military presence in northern Luzon
■Also served as a rest and recreation camp for officers and men.
Camp John Hay
Baguio.
■Home of the Philippine Division
■The main American ground unit in the Philippines.
Fort William McKinley
Manila.
Capitol of Pangasinan. Supervised by Ralph Harrington Doane, consulting architect.
Philippine General Hospital; Manila. William Parsons.
Manila Hotel. William Parsons. (One of the most prestigious hotels in the world during its time.)
■Neighborhood concept
■Nipa houses built on highly regulated blocks of subdivided lots.
■Built-in system of surface drainage, public latrines, public bath houses and laundry, and public water hydrants, which are free of charge.
The Sanitary Barrio
■“The healthy housing alternative.”
■Tropical features of vernacular buildings combined with hygienic structural principles and modern materials that gave premium to light, ventilation, and drainage
■Constructed of wood or ferroconcrete.
■Steps leading to a veranda, floor to ceiling partitions, bedrooms, living and dining room, kitchen, and toilet and bath.
Tsalet
Proposed plans for the development of Manila and Baguio, by Daniel Burnham.
■Set of mass-produced model schoolhouses.
Gabaldon Schoolhouses
Davao Municipal Hall and Calape Municipal Building (Bohol).
■Regarded as the master of the Neoclassic style.
■Among the first architect-educators.
Antonio Toledo
Manila City Hall.
Department of Tourism Building. Antonio Toledo.
Leyte Capitol Building. Antonio Toledo.
■First registered architect in the Philippines
■Established the Mapua Institute of Technology in 1925, the first architectural school in the Philippines.
Tomas Mapua
De La Salle University, Main Building. Tomas Mapua.
■First Filipino to be employed by the Americans as one of their architectural advisors.
■Pioneered in the establishment of an architectural and surveying office in the country.
Arcadio Arellano
Gota de Leche Building, Manila.
Mausoleum of the Veterans of the Revolution, Manila. Arcadio Arellano.
■One of the major department stores of the period.
■Advocated the enforcement of the Building Code of Manila
Tomas Arguelles
Heacock’s Building.
■Promoted the shift to] proto-modern (art deco and streamline modern) and nativist phase of Philippine architecture.
Juan Arellano
Metropolitan Museum, Manila. Art Deco.
National Museum (formerly the Legislative Building), Manila. Juan Arellano.
Post Office Building, Manila. Juan Arellano.
Benitez Hall (Education) and Malcolm Hall (Law), UP Diliman. Juan Arellano.
■Introduced new architectural forms in the Philippines by incorporating modern and exotic design motifs through the grammar of art deco.
Andres Luna de San Pedro
Regina Building, Manila.
Crystal Arcade, Manila. Andres Luna de San Pedro. (Manila’s most modern building before WWII, Art Deco.)
■National Artist for Architecture;
■His buildings were characterized by clean lines, plain surfaces, and bold rectangular masses.
■He also became president of the Philippine Institute of Architects.
Pablo Antonio
FEU Main Building. Art Deco.
Ideal Theater and Galaxy Theater. Pablo Antonio.
■Designed with straightforward simplicity, synthesizing traditional designs with art-deco ornaments.
■co-founded the UST School of Fine Arts and Architecture in 1930.
Fernando Ocampo
Manila Cathedral. Neo-Romanesque.
UST Central Seminary Building. Fernando Ocampo.
■National Artist for Architecture.
■Worked largely in the Art Deco style, combining stylized flora and angular forms.
Juan Nakpil
Gonzalez Hall, UP Diliman. Main Library.
Quezon Hall, UP Diliman (Admin Building). Juan Nakpil.
Quiapo Church, Manila. Juan Nakpil. (Reconstruction and addition of dome and belfry.)
Cesar Concio
Church of the Risen Lord, UP Diliman.
Palma Hall (Arts and Sciences) and Melchor Hall (Engineering), UP Diliman. Cesar Concio.
ANGEL NAKPIL
National Press Club Building, Manila.
Alfredo Luz
Ramon Magsaysay Center, Manila.
Gabriel Formoso
Pacific Star Building, Makati City.
Carlos Arguelles
Philamlife Building, Manila.
Federico Ilustre
GSIS Building, Manila.
■Head of the Division of Architecture.
Quezon Memorial Shrine, Quezon City. Federico Ilustre (Art Deco)
Veterans Memorial Building, Manila. Federico Ilustre. (Demolished)
Ruperto Gaite
Quezon City Assembly Hall, Quezon City.
Juan Nakpil
SSS Building, Quezon City.
Marcos de Guzman
Residence of Artemio Reyes.
■Plateriform, saucer-shape motif.
Mañosa Brothers
Residence of Ignacio Arroyo.
Mutya ng Pasig Revolving Restaurant.
■National Artist for Architecture.
Leandro Locsin
Parish of the Holy Sacrifice, UP Diliman.
Church of St. Andrew, Makati City. Leandro Locsin.
Araneta Coliseum, Cubao, Quezon City. (Designed by the Progressive Development Corporation owned by J. Amado Araneta; one of the largest coliseums and indoor facilities in Asia, also one of the largest clear span domes in the world.)
Juan Nakpil
SSS Building, Quezon City.
Commercial Bank and Trust Building and Rizal Theater. Juan Nakpil.
Victor Tiotuyco
UP International Center, UP Diliman.
Jose Ma. Zaragoza
Santo Domingo Church, Quezon City.
Carlos Arguelles
Cathedral of the Holy Child, Manila.
Carlos Santos-Viola
Iglesia ni Cristo, Central. Quezon City.
Felipe Mendoza
Manila Mormon Temple, Quezon City.
Arellano-Frost Plan
■Constitution Hills, new site of the government center located on a high plateau.
San Miguel Corporation Building, Mañosa brothers and IP Santos, father of Philippine Landscape Architecture.
Benguet Corporation Building, Leandro Locsin. (First and oldest mining company in the Philippines.)
GSIS Building, Pasay City. Jorge Ramos.
Felipe Mendoza
Development Academy of the Philippines, Pasig City.
Abelardo Hall (Music), UP Diliman. Roberto Novenario.
Vinzon’s Hall, UP Diliman. Cesar Concio.
Captain Luis Gonzaga Building, Rizal Avenue corner Carriedo. Pablo Antonio.
Julio Victor Rocha
Roque Roano Building, UST Manila.
■Initiated the successful use of brise soleil.
Meralco Building. Jose Zaragosa. (First building to rise along Ortigas Avenue.)
■Considered as the first skyscraper in the Philippines.
Angel Nakpil
Picache Building, Manila.
■First to use vertical brise soleil as a decorative feature.
Luis Ma. Araneta
Araneta-Tuason Building, Manila.
■Introduced the use of exposed aggregate finish.
Cresenciano de Castro
Asian Development Bank Building, Manila.
(First office building to surpass the old height restriction in the Makati CBD. Redeveloped in 2005 by the Japanese firm, Takenobu Mohri Architects and Associates.)
Insular Life Building, Cesar Concio.
■Tausug house silhouette; naga tadjuk pasung gable finial.
Juan Nakpil
Cotabato Municipal Hall.
Sulo Hotel, Mañosa Brothers.
Otilio Arellano
Philippine Pavilion, 1964 New York’s Fair.
Leandro Locsin
Philippine Pavilion, 1970 Osaka World Exposition.
Batasang Pambansa Building, Felipe Mendoza.
National Arts Center, Laguna. Leandro Locsin.
Nayong Filipino. (A miniature village simulating the folk art and architecture drawn from different regions; the first cultural park established in Asia and the world.)
Tanghalang Pambansa, CCP Main Theater. Leandro Locsin.
(Arena-type, ______-seat theater constructed within 77 days; intended venue for the 1974 Ms. Universe Pageant.)
Folk Arts Theater, Tanghalang Francisco Balagtas. Leandro Locsin.
10,000
PICC, Philippine International Convention Center. Leandro Locsin.
PHILCITE, Philippine Center for International Trade and Exhibitions. Leandro Locsin.
Manila Film Center, Froilan Hong. (Applied classical proportions in the design of its facade.)
Tahanang Filipino or Coconut Palace, Francisco Mañosa. (State guest house by the bay, in promotion of Imelda’s Coconut Utilization Program.)
melda’s idea of a model community plan, a self-reliant and self-sufficient settlement designed for 50-100 families in a two-and-a-half hectare area.
Bagong Lipunan Improvement of Sites and Services (BLISS).
“The passively cooled urban house”, a prototype house designed by Geronimo Manahan in collaboration with the Ministry of Energy.
Jorge Ramos
Philippine Heart Center, Quezon City.
■Lung Center
■Kidney Institute
■Eye Center
■Lungsod ng Kabataan (Children’s City)
■Research Institute for Tropical Medicine
■expansion of PGH
Michael Graves
World Trade Exchange, Binondo, Manila.
I.M. Pei
Essensa Towers, Taguig, Metro Manila.
Arquitectonica
Pacific Plaza Tower, Taguig City.
■Westin Times Square Hotel in New York.
■SM MOA, MOA Arena, SMX Convention Center, Megamall (expansion), SM Aura Premier and SM City North EDSA.
■Recio + Casas Architects, AOR.
SOM
RCBC Plaza (Yuchengco Tower), Ayala Avenue, Makati.
■W.V. Coscolluela & Associates, AOR.
PBCom Tower, Ayala Avenue, Makati City. Tallest office building in the Philippines.
■Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.
■John Hancock Center and Burj Khalifa.
■GF & Partners Architects, AOR.
Philip Recto
One San Miguel Building, Pasig City.
KPF
GT International Tower, Makati City.
■Kohn, Pendersen, and Fox.
■GF & Partners Architects, AOR.
Rogelio Villarosa
Tektite Tower, Ortigas.
■Use of mirror glass.
NAIA Terminal 3, SOM.
Eduardo Calma
DLSU-CSB School of Fine Arts and Design, Manila.
Rockwell Center and Eastwood City. (Disney-fication, the urban space gradually transformed into an environment akin to theme parks.)
Tagaytay Highlands. (A community as an escape from the city to a life enveloped by nature.)
Antonio Sindiong
SM Megamall.
■Largest mall in Asia with its concept of a self-contained city, 1992.
Arquitectonica
■Robert Carag Ong and Associates as AOR, 2006.
RTKL Associates Inc.
Gateway Mall, Cubao.
■Rogers, Taliaferro, Kostritsky and Lamb Associates Inc.
■Set the standard for the upscale malling experience in Cubao.
■Oasis, glass-encased floating garden, 2004.
Ayala Center Cebu. (Endeavours to create a highly pedestrianized urban center.)
