tablets Flashcards
it is a compressed solid dosage form containing medicaments with or without Excipients.
Tablet
Tablet is the most popular dosage form. ___ total medicines are dispensed in the form of it.
70%
These are solid, flat or biconvex dishes, unit dosage form, prepared by compressing a drug or a mixture of drugs, with or without diluents.
Tablets
Advantages of Tablets (for patients)
✓ Easy to administer
✓ Unpleasant taste can be masked
✓ Accuracy in dose
Advantages of Tablets (manufacturer)
✓ Stable
✓ Economical
✓ Easiest and Cheapest to package and ship
Disadvantages of Tablets
• Challenging for children and unconscious patients.
• Compression problems with crystalline drugs.
• Unsuitable for hygroscopic drugs.
• Difficulties with slow-dissolving drugs.
• Added costs for taste masking through coating/encapsulation.
General Properties of Tablet Dosage Form
Defect-free and elegant.
Withstand shocks.
Maintain physical and chemical integrity.
Consistent medicinal agent release.
Types of Tablets
• Tablets ingested orally
• Tablets used in the oral cavities
• Tablets administered by other routes
• Tablets used to prepare solutions
Formed by compression and contain no special coating. It provides rapid disintegration in gastric fluid after ingestion, allowing for quick absorption of the dosage form.
Ex: Paracetamol & Aspirin
Compressed Tablet
Tablets made by more than one compression cycle.
Multiple Compressed Tablets
It is meant for administration by swallowing and are designed to by-pass the stomach and get disintegrated in the intestine only.
Ex: Bisacodyl tablet
Enteric coated Tablets
Containing a sugar coating. These are done to mask the bitter and unpleasant odour and the taste of the medicament.
Ex: Ascorbic Acid (Poten-Cee)
Sugar coated Tablets
Tablet that has a film coating of some polymer substance, such as hydroxy propyl cellulose. This protects the medicament from atmospheric effects.
Ex: Sildenafil (Viagra)
Film coated tablets
Tablets which are required to be broken and chewed in between the teeth before ingestion. These tablets should have very acceptable taste and flavour.
Ex: Simeticone (Restime)
Chewable tablets
Release the drug at a desired time and prolong the effect of the medicament.
This release the medicament in a sufficient quantity and as when required to maintain the maximum effective concentration of the drug in the blood throughout the period of treatment.
Ex: Diclofenac SR
Sustained action tablets
Tablets Ingested Orally
• Compressed Tablet
• Multiple Compressed Tablet
• Enteric Coated Tablet
• Sugar Coated Tablet
• Film Coated Tablet
• Chewable Tablet
• Sustained Action Tablet
Placed between the gum & cheek. This dissolves slowly & absorb directly.
Ex: Progesterone
Buccal Tablet
Placed under the tongue. This dissolves quickly and absorbed directly without passing into GIT
Ex: Nitroglycerin
Sublingual Tablet
This is designed to exert a local mouth or throat.
Ex: Strepsils
Lozenges
These are minor compressed tablet meant for placing them in the empty socket after tooth extraction. These cones enerally get dissolved in 20-40 minutes time
Ex. Advil
Dental Cones
Tablets Used in the Oral Cavities
• Buccal Tablet
• Sublingual Tablet
• Lozenges
• Dental Cone
This tablet placed below the skin or subcutaneouslyby means of a minor surgical operation and are slowly absorbed.
Ex: Prodetoxon
Implantation Tablet
This tablet are meant to dissolve slowly in vaginal cavity.
Ex: Clotrimaxole
Vaginal Tablet
Tablets Administered in Other Routes
Implantation Tablet
Vaginal Tablet
This is meant to add in water. They dissolved rapidly in water due to the chemical reaction which takes place between alkali bicarbonate and citric acid.
Ex: Ranitidine (Histac)
Effervescent Tablet
This is intended to a given volume of water to produce a solution of a given concentration.
Ex: Enzyme tablet (Digiplex)
Dispensing Tablet
This is a compressed tablet that contains one or more dugs. It is dissolved in sterile water and administered parenterally.
Hypodermic Tablet
These are small cylindrical, moulded or compressed tablet which contains a potent medication with a diluent.
Ex: Enzyme tablet (Digiplex)
Tablet Triturates
Tablets Used to Prepare Solutions
• Effervescent Tablet
• Dispensing Tablet
• Hypodermic Tablet
• Tablet Triturates
- Fillers used to make the required bulk of the tablet
- Provide better tablet properties such as improved cohesion
Diluent
The most widely used diluent for tablet formulation. It is obtained in hydrous and anhydrous form.
Lactose
Two grades of lactoses are commercially available:
60 to 80 mesh – coarse
80 to 100 mesh – regular grade
it has excellent compressibility properties
Spray Dried Lactose
Obtained from corn, wheat or potatoes and rice. It is occasionally used as a tablet diluent.
Starch
free-flowing, directly compressible starch. It is used as diluent, binder, and disintegrant.
Sta-Rx 1500
are two hydrolyzed starches – contains dextrose and maltose
Emdex and Celutab
Dextrose is Available in two forms:
- Hydrates
- Anhydrous
- Its slow solubility, and its pleasant feeling in the mouth
- Non-hygroscopic
- Low calorie and non-carcinogenic.
Mannitol
separation of two or more distinct layers
CAUSE: Air entrapment
REMEDY: Increasing the density of granules
Lamination
partial or complete separation of the top
or bottom of tablet
CAUSE: Air entrapment
REMEDY: Increasing the density of granules
Capping
tablet materials adhering to the die wall
CAUSE: Excessive moisture
REMEDY: Further drying
Sticking
portion of the surface of the tablet is
removed
CAUSE: punch tips have engraving or embossing, REMEDY:Lettering should be large as possible
Picking
unequal distribution of color on a tablet,
CAUSE: improperly mixed dye
REMEDY: Proper mixing
Mottling
It is widely used equipment in pharmaceutical industries mostly to pack tablet capsules & pills in aluminum foil and make them safe & ready to distribute in the market
Strip Packing Machine
It is produced by a thermoforming process. During the process, a plastic or aluminum foil sheet is heated and molded to form single or multiple bubbles or pockets known as blisters.
Blister Packaging
Consisting of a circular metal pan tilted at an angle of 30-45 degrees on a stand.
Standard Coating Pan
are the equipment that has a fully or partially perforated drum.
• It rotates on the horizontal axis while the overall
system remains enclosed.
• For the effective coating there is a spraying
nozzle in the machine.
Perforated Coating Pans
The test that is used to measure how thick the tablet is
Ensure that the tablet is within a specific range
Tablet Thickness Test
also known as eccentric pressor single station press is the simpliest machine for tablet manufacturing
• This machine uses single set of station tooling ( a die and a pair of upper and lower punches.)
Single Punch Tablet
Used in small batch production
Single Punch/ Single Station/ Eccentric Presses
✓ It measures the extent and rate of solution formation from a dosage form, such as tablet
✓ The dissolution of a drug is important
for its bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness.
Dissolution Tester
It is used to test the durability of tablets during packing processes and transit.
✓ This involves repeatedly dropping a sample of tablets over a fixed time, using a rotating drum with a baffle.
Friability Testing
✓ More correctly diametral/diametrical strength
known as crushing
✓ Designed to detect breaking strength of tablets.
✓ It tests hardness value of tablets with specific tablet diameter and specific hardness range.
Tablet Hardiness Tester
A solid state instrument designed for the accurate estimation of disintegration time of tablets as per IP/USP standards.
✓ The instrument is designed to test two
batches of six tablets, simultaneously.
The unit is extremely useful for pharmaceutical industries.
Disintegration Tester
- It is used in large scale production unit.
• In this machine 1200 tablets are prepared in one minute.
• There are 70 sets of dies & punches.
Multi-Station / Rotary Presses
It is a process of producing granules generally. This process implies the techniques that are used to combine powdered particles to form relatively bigger ones called granules. this process is used for production of tablets.
Granulation
a process where no liquid component is used in the granule formation
Dry Granulation
the process where coating material is applied to the surface of the tablet to achieve the desired properties of dosage form over the uncoated variety.
Tablet Coating
manufacturing process directly compresses powdered materials into tablets without modifying physical properties
Direct Compression
The process in which formation of granules is done by adding a granulating liquid.
Wet Granulation
the different solid or powder ingredients are reduced to the same particle size since particles of different sizes will segregate while mixing
Pulverization and Mixing
the process in which primary powder particles are made to adhere to form large multi-particle entities.
Granulation
used to impart cohesive qualities
to the powdered material
Binders and Adhesive
- Used for wet and dry granulation
- Used for cutting and hammering of the substance.
- Easy to operate and can work on variable speed.
Multi Mill
It is fast acting and rapidly removes moisture from powder particles to a level that is acceptable for tablet formulation.
Fluidized Bed Dryer
A high-pressure Hot air
from the supply is passed through the perforated container containing wet granules.
Fluidized Bed Dryer
As the hot air passes through container granules start to suspend in the air to become dry (called a fluidized state), the process is called ___.
fluidization
Other name: Rotary granulator
- Used for wet and dry granulation
- Reduction of material through shear with few attrition.
Oscillating Granulator
Weighs in Kilogram
Bulk Weighing Balance
Weighs in Grams and mg
Electronic Weighing Balance
• Consists of two cone-shaped sections welded at
their bases to a central cylindrical section.
• Useful for mixing dry powder and granules for tablets
formulation
• Performs mixing, uniform blending and de-agglomeration functions.
Double-Cone Mixer
Normal cycle time is ___ and can be more or less depending upon the complexity of the material
being mixed.
10 minutes
Other name: Twin Shell blender, V cone blender
• Made up of 2 inclined cylinders that are welled together in a V- shape angle ranging 75 degrees to 90 degrees
• Performs a 360-degree rotation
V-Blender
It is an optical isomer of mannitol Disadvantages: It is hygroscopic at humidities above 65%.
Sorbitol
Characteristics of binder
• Method-I - Used in dry form in the powder and then moistened with a solvent
• Method-II - Often added in solution form
• Method-III- MCC, microcrystalline dextrose, amylose, and PVP are utilized in the direct
compression technique.
