ppt Flashcards
Secondary packaging plays a vital role in the marketing strategy surrounding the product. This is especially relavent in case of display packaging.
Branding and Display
secondary packaging serves to group sevaral products together for ease of handling, transport and storage.
Logistics
Components of packaging
Container and closure
may be defined as a device in which the drug is enclosed and is in direct contact with the drug.
container
is a device which seals the container to exclude oxygen, carbon dioxide, moisture, micro-organisms and prevent the loss of volatile substances.
closure
is a mechanical device which is screwed on and off of a threaded “finish” on a container.
• Either continuous threads or lugs are used.
• Metal caps can be either preformed or in some instances, rolled on after application.
• Plastic caps may use several types of molded polymer
screw closure
Beverage bottles are frequently closed using this
These are shallow metal caps that are crimped into locking position around the head of the bottle
crown caps
For opening, the top is designed to pry off or, break off, or have a built in dispenser.
snap on
a bottle that can dispense, squirt, spray or mist fluids.
A common use for this is dispensing cool cleaners, cosmetics, and chemical specialties.
spray bottles
• Most common
• Made entirely of glass in a size
range of 0.5-50mL.
• Glass may be neutral or lime soda but former is preferred.
Ampoules
• Cylindrical glass tubes with a capacity of slightly more than 1mL.
• They are closed at one end with a rubber stopper and the other end by a rubber plunger.
• Compared with ampoules, they are quicker and easier to use. They are safer as accidental contact with potent drug preparations in the injection is minimised as well as there is no possibility of injecting glass spicules.
• More suitable for suspensions.
Cartridges
• It is often called a blood bottle because it is used for giving and taking blood.
• It is most popular for IV fluids.
• The graduated capacity is 540mL, volume being the sum of anticoagulants(120mL) and blood
when the bottle is used for taking blood(added 500mL, normally).
British standard transfusion bottle:
It is used for transferring IV injections from the bottle to the patients. Disposable giving sets consists of a piece of tubing about 1.5m long with a needle at one end for insertion into vein and a means of piercing the bottle closure at the other
Giving Sets
These are being increasingly used for infusion and dialysing fluid and for blood as they are unbreakable, light, disposable and occupy less storage space.
Plastic containers
They are not a type of single dose large volume injections but are commonly used for injecting, withdrawing or instilling fluids.
Disposable plastic/ glass syringes
the alkali is extracted from the surface of the glass containers and a silica rich layer is formed which sometimes gets detached from the surface and can be seen in the contents in the form of
shining flakes.
Flaking
common problem with glass containers in which sometimes moisture
condensed on the surface of glass
container, can extract some weakly bonded alkali, leaving behind a white deposit of alkali carbonate.
weathering
It is done to estimate the amount of alkali leached from the powdered glass, which happens at elevated temperatures.
Powdered Glass test
This test is for type II glass. The principle involved in this is whether the alkali leaches from surface of container.
Water attack test
The test is directly related to the stability of pharmaceuticals packed in it.
Hydrolytic resistance test
This test is for glass containers intended for aqueous parenterals.
The inner and outer surface of container is washed with fresh distilled
water for 5 min.
Arsenic test
Sample container is placed in upright position in tray and the tray is immersed in hot water for a given time
The container is then transferred in cold water bath and temp should be controlled. Cracks are examined before and after test
(45°C temp. difference should be there)
Thermal shock test
Instrument used American glass research increment pressure tester.
Internal Bursting Pressure test
The transmission of gases,vapour,liquid through plastic material have adverse reaction on shelf life.
Permeation
Most of the plastic material have one or ingredients added in small qty leaching occurs.
Leaching
The process involve removal of constituent from the product by packaging material.
Sorption
This test is applicable to containers which are to be squeezed in order to remove the contents.
Collapsibility test
cloudiness of suspension is observed when viewed through the container and compared with a similar container filled with water
tranparency test
