T8 Human genome project and twin studies Flashcards
Explain how drugs can be produced using genetically modified organisms
Desired human gene cut with restriction enzymes to produce sticky ends
Plasmid removed from bacteria and cut with same restriction enzymes
Human gene inserted into plasmid which is inserted into bacteria using ligase
Transgenic bacteria reproduce by binary fission and are cultured
Bacteria produce human protein which can be harvested and purified
Explain sticky vs blunt ends when cutting DNA with restriction endonucleases
Blunt ends are when DNA is cut between nucleotides in the chain, only allowing bonding to extend the chain
Sticky ends is when DNA is cut to have more binding sites including for phosophodiester bonds and hydrogen bonds for bases - allows more sitesfor binding
Benefits of HGP
Shows where specific molecules attach to to bring about change
Doctors in future may be able to prescribe drugs specific to the genome
Drawbacks of HGP
- ethics and the fact that certain fragments of DNA have been patented to individuals
- genetic discrimination
Benefits of using GMOS
Solve food shortages
Treatments of diseases
Increase genetic diversity
Risks of using GMOs
Antibiotic resistance
Dependence on herbicides
Spread of herbicide resistance from crops to weeds
Unknown long term effects
Why does the use of identical twins raised in different environments allow the determination of nature or nurture of a trait
Identical twins share 100% of their DNA
So the genetic component is controlled
And you can see whetehr the trait varies due to different environments or if it doesn’t because it’s genetic
Why does the use of fraternal twins raised in the same environment allow the determination of nature or nurture of a trait
If they have the same trait despite their different DNA this could indicate this trait is influenced by environment
If they have different behaviour despite growing up in the same environment - this could suggets the component is genetic
