T6 Reading

Question 1

What is the preferred insulin regimen for most adults with type 1 diabetes?

Answer 1

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or multiple daily doses of prandial and basal insulin.

Question 2

Why are insulin analogs preferred over injectable human insulins for adults with type 1 diabetes?

Answer 2

To minimize the risk of hypoglycemia.

Question 3

What is recommended for adults with type 1 diabetes to improve glycemic outcomes?

Answer 3

Early use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).

Question 4

What should be prescribed to all individuals taking insulin or at high risk for hypoglycemia?

Answer 4

Glucagon, with education for family and caregivers on how to administer it.

Question 5

How often should insulin treatment plans be evaluated for individuals with type 1 diabetes?

Answer 5

Every 3–6 months.

Question 6

Why is insulin essential for individuals with type 1 diabetes?

Answer 6

Because type 1 diabetes is characterized by absent or near-absent beta-cell function.

Question 7

What are the components of a typical insulin replacement plan?

Answer 7

Basal insulin, mealtime insulin, and correction insulin.

Question 8

What is the benefit of basal insulin analogs over NPH insulin?

Answer 8

Longer duration of action with more constant plasma concentrations, leading to less hypoglycemia.

Question 9

What technology is now considered standard of care for most people with type 1 diabetes?

Answer 9

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).

Question 10

What system can improve both glycemic control and reduce hypoglycemia risk in type 1 diabetes?

Answer 10

Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems.

Question 11

What should guide the choice of pharmacologic agents for adults with type 2 diabetes?

Answer 11

Person-centered shared decision-making, considering cardiovascular and renal comorbidities, hypoglycemia risk, and other individual factors.

Question 12

When should early combination therapy be considered in type 2 diabetes?

Answer 12

At treatment initiation to shorten time to individualized treatment goals.

Question 13

What pharmacologic strategy is recommended for adults with type 2 diabetes and CKD?

Answer 13

Use of SGLT2 inhibitors to minimize CKD progression and reduce cardiovascular events.

Question 14

When should insulin be considered for adults with type 2 diabetes?

Answer 14

If there is ongoing catabolism, symptoms of hyperglycemia, or very high A1C or blood glucose levels.

Question 15

What is the preferred pharmacologic agent over insulin for glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes?

Answer 15

GLP-1 receptor agonists, including dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Question 16

What is the recommended approach to blood glucose monitoring in adults with diabetes on insulin therapy?

Answer 16

Use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for all insulin-treated adults.

Question 17

When should dual therapy be considered in type 2 diabetes management?

Answer 17

If A1C target is not reached within 3 months of monotherapy.

Question 18

What is the role of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 18

To reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and slow CKD progression.

Question 19

What is the first-line therapy for adults with type 2 diabetes and ASCVD?

Answer 19

SGLT2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists with demonstrated cardiovascular benefit.

Question 20

What should guide insulin dose adjustments?

Answer 20

Fasting glucose levels and patient-specific factors such as weight and activity.

Question 21

What is the preferred agent for type 2 diabetes patients with heart failure?

Answer 21

SGLT2 inhibitors to reduce the risk of heart failure hospitalization.

Question 22

Why is early use of combination therapy recommended in type 2 diabetes?

Answer 22

It can help to achieve target A1C more quickly and sustain glycemic control.

Question 23

What is the benefit of GLP-1 receptor agonists over insulin in certain patients with type 2 diabetes?

Answer 23

Lower risk of hypoglycemia and beneficial effects on weight reduction.

Question 24

What is the significance of individualized glycemic targets in diabetes management?

Answer 24

They should be based on patient characteristics, comorbidities, and risk factors.

Question 25

What is the impact of using CGM in patients with type 1 diabetes?

Answer 25

It leads to improved A1C control and reduced hypoglycemia episodes.

Question 26

What are the indications for initiating insulin therapy in adults with type 2 diabetes?

Answer 26

Ongoing catabolism, weight loss, or significant hyperglycemia (A1C >10% or blood glucose >300 mg/dL).

Question 27

What are the benefits of using SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with CKD?

Answer 27

Reduced progression to kidney failure and cardiovascular protection.

Question 28

Why is it important to evaluate renal function when using metformin in type 2 diabetes?

Answer 28

Metformin should be discontinued if eGFR falls below 30 mL/min/1.73 m² to avoid lactic acidosis.

Question 29

What is the role of combination therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease?

Answer 29

Combining SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists can provide dual protection against CV events and CKD progression.

Question 30

What is the threshold for diagnosing diabetes using fasting plasma glucose (FPG)?

Answer 30

FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L).

Question 31

What should be included in the comprehensive management of diabetes?

Answer 31

Glycemic control, blood pressure management, lipid management, and lifestyle interventions.

Question 32

How often should A1C levels be assessed in patients who are not meeting glycemic targets?

Answer 32

Every 3 months until glycemic goals are achieved.