L4 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

More than ______ million people in the US have diabetes, with about 95% of them having type 2 diabetes.

Answer 1

37

Question 2

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for approximately ______ of people with diabetes.

Answer 2

95%

Question 3

Insulin is a ______ protein composed of two chains linked by disulfide bridges.

Answer 3

small

Question 4

Insulin cannot be taken orally and must be administered via ______.

Answer 4

injection

Question 5

Proinsulin is processed into insulin and ______.

Answer 5

C-peptide

Question 6

Insulin is synthesized as ______, which is processed into insulin and C-peptide.

Answer 6

proinsulin

Question 7

Insulin is secreted in two phases: ______ release between meals and bolus release during meals.

Answer 7

basal

Question 8

Basal insulin release restrains glucose production by the ______.

Answer 8

liver

Question 9

Bolus insulin release occurs during meals to allow for tissue absorption of ______.

Answer 9

glucose

Question 10

Endogenous insulin is primarily cleared by the ______.

Answer 10

liver

Question 11

Exogenous insulin is primarily cleared by the ______ after subcutaneous injection.

Answer 11

kidneys

Question 12

Exogenous insulin promotes glucose uptake and inhibits glucose release in the ______.

Answer 12

liver

Question 13

Exogenous insulin may produce normal ______ levels but has less action on the liver compared to endogenous insulin.

Answer 13

glycemia

Question 14

The insulin receptor is composed of two subunits: the extracellular ______ subunit and the transmembrane ______ subunit.

Answer 14

alpha, beta

Question 15

Insulin binding to its receptor activates ______ activity in the beta subunit, which acts on cytoplasmic proteins.

Answer 15

tyrosine kinase

Question 16

The number of insulin receptors varies across different cell types, with the highest expression in ______, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue.

Answer 16

liver

Question 17

Insulin binding to its receptor stimulates the translocation of ______ transporters in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.

Answer 17

GLUT4

Question 18

GLUT1 is responsible for glucose transport across the ______.

Answer 18

blood-brain barrier

Question 19

GLUT2 is found in the ______ cells of the pancreas and the liver, where it regulates insulin release and glucose homeostasis.

Answer 19

beta

Question 20

GLUT3 is primarily expressed in the ______ for glucose uptake.

Answer 20

brain

Question 21

In skeletal muscle, insulin increases ______ synthesis and inhibits protein breakdown.

Answer 21

protein

Question 22

In the liver, insulin promotes glucose storage as ______.

Answer 22

glycogen

Question 23

Insulin inhibits the breakdown of glycogen, a process known as ______.

Answer 23

glycogenolysis

Question 24

In adipose tissue, insulin promotes the synthesis of ______ from fatty acids.

Answer 24

triglycerides

Question 25

Insulin inhibits the breakdown of ______ in adipose tissue, promoting fat storage.

Answer 25

fat

Question 26

In skeletal muscle, insulin is required for the ______ of glucose into the cell.

Answer 26

transport

Question 27

Insulin promotes glucose metabolism for ATP production in both liver and ______ tissue.

Answer 27

skeletal muscle

Question 28

In the liver, insulin inhibits both ______ and gluconeogenesis.

Answer 28

glycogenolysis

Question 29

The goal of insulin therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes is to reproduce ______ insulin secretion.

Answer 29

physiological

Question 30

In the fasting state, plasma glucose is maintained at ______ mg/dL in non-diabetic individuals.

Answer 30

70-100

Question 31

In the postprandial state, plasma insulin levels rise to approximately ______ pM in response to a meal.

Answer 31

500

Question 32

The half-life of circulating insulin is approximately ______ minutes.

Answer 32

5

Question 33

Exogenous insulin injections may produce normal glycemia, but portal insulin concentrations are lower than those seen with ______ insulin.

Answer 33

endogenous

Question 34

Insulin clearance occurs mainly in the liver and ______.

Answer 34

kidneys

Question 35

GLUT4 transporters in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue are translocated to the membrane in response to ______ binding to its receptor.

Answer 35

insulin

Question 36

Insulin therapy aims to mimic both basal and ______ insulin secretion.

Answer 36

bolus

Question 37

Basal insulin levels help maintain fasting blood glucose by restraining ______ production in the liver.

Answer 37

glucose

Question 38

Bolus insulin is required after meals to help with glucose ______ by tissues.

Answer 38

absorption

Question 39

In people with diabetes, postprandial glucose levels can rise above ______ mg/dL without proper insulin regulation.

Answer 39

200

Question 40

Insulin is secreted in response to rising blood glucose levels, promoting the ______ of glucose into cells.

Answer 40

uptake

Question 41

Glucose stored as glycogen in the liver can be broken down during fasting periods to maintain blood glucose levels through ______.

Answer 41

glycogenolysis

Question 42

The half-life of circulating insulin is approximately ______ minutes.

Answer 42

5

Question 43

Skeletal muscle cells rely on insulin to transport glucose across the cell membrane through ______ transporters.

Answer 43

GLUT4

Question 44

In the liver, insulin promotes glucose storage by stimulating the enzyme ______, which converts glucose to glycogen.

Answer 44

glycogen synthase

Question 45

Adipose tissue requires insulin for glucose uptake, which is used for the synthesis of ______.

Answer 45

triglycerides

Question 46

In adipose tissue, insulin inhibits the breakdown of ______, promoting fat storage.

Answer 46

lipids

Question 47

Insulin promotes the uptake of amino acids and the synthesis of ______ in skeletal muscle.

Answer 47

proteins

Question 48

Exogenous insulin may lead to normal blood glucose levels, but it does not replicate the ______ insulin levels seen in healthy individuals.

Answer 48

portal

Question 49

Exogenous insulin is cleared primarily by the ______, unlike endogenous insulin which is cleared by the liver.

Answer 49

kidneys

Question 50

Insulin receptor activation stimulates the translocation of glucose transporters to the ______ in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.

Answer 50

cell membrane

Question 51

Increased plasma insulin levels after a meal promote the uptake of glucose into the ______, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue.

Answer 51

liver

Question 52

Endogenous insulin is secreted directly into the ______ vein and travels to the liver for initial clearance.

Answer 52

portal

Question 53

In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas cannot produce ______, requiring exogenous insulin for glucose regulation.

Answer 53

insulin