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PHR 938 Endocrine B1 > L2 Diabetes Mellitus > Flashcards

L2 Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes mellitus involves insufficient insulin secretion and reduced responsiveness to ______.

A

insulin

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2
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance and progressive ______ dysfunction.

A

beta-cell

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3
Q

Metformin belongs to the ______ class and works by activating AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK).

A

biguanide

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4
Q

AMPK activation by metformin reduces hepatic glucose production and increases ______ glucose uptake.

A

peripheral

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5
Q

One advantage of metformin over sulfonylureas is that it does not increase plasma ______ levels.

A

insulin

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6
Q

Metformin’s most common side effects are ______ related, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

A

gastrointestinal

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7
Q

Insulin secretion is stimulated by increased blood glucose and the hormone ______ from the intestines.

A

GLP-1

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8
Q

In insulin release from beta cells, glucose enters the cell via ______ transporters.

A

GLUT2

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9
Q

In beta cells, glucose metabolism increases ATP levels, leading to the closure of ______ channels and membrane depolarization.

A

ATP-sensitive potassium

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10
Q

Sulfonylureas bind to the ______ receptor on beta cells, closing potassium channels and stimulating insulin release.

A

sulfonylurea

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11
Q

Second-generation sulfonylureas, such as glyburide and glipizide, are commonly used to treat ______.

A

type 2 diabetes

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12
Q

Metformin is contraindicated in patients with ______ impairment due to the risk of lactic acidosis.

A

renal

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13
Q

The use of iodinated contrast dyes in imaging studies can increase the risk of ______ when used with metformin.

A

renal dysfunction

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14
Q

Metformin reduces glucose production in the ______, helping to lower blood glucose levels.

A

liver

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15
Q

Sulfonylureas primarily stimulate insulin secretion from ______ cells in the pancreas.

A

beta

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16
Q

Sulfonylureas are associated with an increased risk of ______, especially in elderly patients.

A

hypoglycemia

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17
Q

Thiazolidinediones, such as pioglitazone, are ligands of the ______ receptor, which regulates genes involved in glucose metabolism.

A

PPAR-gamma

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18
Q

Thiazolidinediones reduce insulin resistance by decreasing free ______ levels and increasing insulin-dependent glucose uptake.

A

fatty acid

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19
Q

Thiazolidinediones increase insulin sensitivity in tissues such as skeletal muscle and ______.

A

adipose tissue

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20
Q

Thiazolidinediones are contraindicated in patients with ______ due to the risk of fluid retention and heart failure.

A

heart failure

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21
Q

Rosiglitazone, a thiazolidinedione, has been associated with an increased risk of ______.

A

myocardial infarction

22
Q

Repaglinide is a ______ channel modulator used to stimulate insulin release in a glucose-dependent manner.

A

KATP

23
Q

Meglitinides, such as repaglinide, are particularly effective in controlling ______ blood glucose levels.

A

postprandial

24
Q

Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors work by reducing glucose reabsorption in the ______.

A

kidneys

25
Q

SGLT2 inhibitors can lead to increased risk of ______ infections due to glucosuria.

A

urinary tract

26
Q

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors increase incretin levels, leading to enhanced ______ secretion in response to meals.

A

insulin

27
Q

Patients with type 1 diabetes require ______ insulin therapy to maintain blood glucose control.

A

exogenous

28
Q

Basal insulin is administered to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting, while ______ insulin covers postprandial glucose increases.

A

bolus

29
Q

The preferred route of insulin administration is via ______ injection.

A

subcutaneous

30
Q

Insulin analogs, such as lispro and aspart, have a rapid onset of action and are used to control ______ glucose levels.

A

postprandial

31
Q

Insulin dosing must be adjusted based on blood glucose monitoring to avoid the risk of ______.

A

hypoglycemia

32
Q

Patients with type 2 diabetes often require ______ therapy as their condition progresses.

A

insulin

33
Q

The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is strongly associated with ______, a condition marked by excess body fat.

A

obesity

34
Q

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are used to enhance insulin secretion and suppress ______ secretion.

A

glucagon

35
Q

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors prolong the activity of ______, leading to improved insulin release.

A

incretins

36
Q

The main side effect associated with sulfonylureas is ______, which results from increased insulin release.

A

hypoglycemia

37
Q

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic ______ cells.

A

beta

38
Q

Metformin is often used in combination with other antidiabetic agents, such as ______, to improve glycemic control.

A

sulfonylureas

39
Q

Patients on insulin therapy should regularly monitor their ______ levels to prevent hypoglycemia.

A

blood glucose

40
Q

Exercise improves insulin sensitivity by increasing the number of ______ transporters in muscle cells.

A

glucose

41
Q

SGLT2 inhibitors lower blood glucose by promoting glucose excretion through the ______.

A

urine

42
Q

Pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione, activates ______ receptors to reduce insulin resistance.

A

PPAR-gamma

43
Q

Patients with type 1 diabetes require daily injections of ______ insulin to maintain glucose control.

A

basal

44
Q

The use of ______ insulin is important for controlling blood glucose levels after meals.

A

bolus

45
Q

Patients with diabetes are at increased risk of ______ due to damage to blood vessels and nerves.

A

foot ulcers

46
Q

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is used to assess long-term ______ control in patients with diabetes.

A

glycemic

47
Q

Incretins, such as GLP-1, enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion and ______ glucagon release.

A

inhibit

48
Q

Thiazolidinediones are associated with weight gain due to increased ______ retention.

A

fluid

49
Q

Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes is primarily seen in muscle, liver, and ______ tissue.

A

adipose

50
Q

Beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes leads to insufficient insulin release in response to ______ glucose levels.

A

elevated

51
Q

Incretin-based therapies, such as DPP-4 inhibitors, increase the levels of hormones that enhance insulin secretion in response to ______.

A

meals

PHR 938 Endocrine B1 (13 decks)

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