L2 Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
Diabetes mellitus involves insufficient insulin secretion and reduced responsiveness to ______.
insulin
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance and progressive ______ dysfunction.
beta-cell
Metformin belongs to the ______ class and works by activating AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK).
biguanide
AMPK activation by metformin reduces hepatic glucose production and increases ______ glucose uptake.
peripheral
One advantage of metformin over sulfonylureas is that it does not increase plasma ______ levels.
insulin
Metformin’s most common side effects are ______ related, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
gastrointestinal
Insulin secretion is stimulated by increased blood glucose and the hormone ______ from the intestines.
GLP-1
In insulin release from beta cells, glucose enters the cell via ______ transporters.
GLUT2
In beta cells, glucose metabolism increases ATP levels, leading to the closure of ______ channels and membrane depolarization.
ATP-sensitive potassium
Sulfonylureas bind to the ______ receptor on beta cells, closing potassium channels and stimulating insulin release.
sulfonylurea
Second-generation sulfonylureas, such as glyburide and glipizide, are commonly used to treat ______.
type 2 diabetes
Metformin is contraindicated in patients with ______ impairment due to the risk of lactic acidosis.
renal
The use of iodinated contrast dyes in imaging studies can increase the risk of ______ when used with metformin.
renal dysfunction
Metformin reduces glucose production in the ______, helping to lower blood glucose levels.
liver
Sulfonylureas primarily stimulate insulin secretion from ______ cells in the pancreas.
beta
Sulfonylureas are associated with an increased risk of ______, especially in elderly patients.
hypoglycemia
Thiazolidinediones, such as pioglitazone, are ligands of the ______ receptor, which regulates genes involved in glucose metabolism.
PPAR-gamma
Thiazolidinediones reduce insulin resistance by decreasing free ______ levels and increasing insulin-dependent glucose uptake.
fatty acid
Thiazolidinediones increase insulin sensitivity in tissues such as skeletal muscle and ______.
adipose tissue
Thiazolidinediones are contraindicated in patients with ______ due to the risk of fluid retention and heart failure.
heart failure