T3 Readings Flashcards
What is the diagnostic criteria for diabetes based on A1C or plasma glucose?
A1C >= 6.5%, FPG >= 126 mg/dL, or 2-h PG >= 200 mg/dL.
When should screening for diabetes begin?
At age 35, or earlier in adults with overweight or risk factors.
What is the recommended screening interval for diabetes if initial tests are normal?
Every 3 years.
What medications are known to increase the risk of diabetes?
Glucocorticoids, statins, thiazide diuretics, and second-generation antipsychotics.
How should screening be managed in individuals on second-generation antipsychotics?
Screen for prediabetes and diabetes at baseline and 12-16 weeks after medication initiation.
What is the treatment recommendation for individuals with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?
Screen for prediabetes or diabetes at 4–12 weeks postpartum and lifelong every 3 years.
What is the A1C range that indicates high risk for diabetes?
A1C range of 5.7–6.4%.
What is the most appropriate glucose test for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?
75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24–28 weeks of gestation.
What is the target A1C for many nonpregnant adults with diabetes?
A1C < 7%.
What should be considered when selecting diabetes medications for individuals with cardiovascular disease?
Use SGLT2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists with demonstrated cardiovascular benefits.
What is the A1C target for older adults with complex health status?
A1C target of 7.5% to 8.0%.
What is the role of CGM in diabetes management?
It provides detailed data for optimizing glucose control, especially in insulin-treated patients.
How should diabetes be managed in patients with HIV?
Screen for diabetes before starting or switching antiretroviral therapy, and repeat screening 3–6 months after changes.
What are the primary risk factors for type 2 diabetes?
Obesity, family history of diabetes, and certain racial/ethnic groups.
How should diabetes be screened in children and adolescents?
Screen youth with overweight or obesity and additional risk factors, starting at age 10 or puberty.
What is overbasalization in insulin therapy?
When the basal insulin dose exceeds 0.5 units/kg/day and causes hypoglycemia or high glucose variability.
What lifestyle intervention is recommended to prevent type 2 diabetes?
Weight loss and increased physical activity.
What is the treatment strategy for type 1 diabetes?
Use of multiple daily injections of insulin or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.
What should be the frequency of glucose monitoring in patients with insulin therapy?
At least two times a year, or more frequently if not meeting treatment goals.
What is the use of glucagon in diabetes management?
It is used to treat severe hypoglycemia in insulin-treated patients.
What is the screening protocol for diabetes in individuals with pancreatitis?
Screen within 3–6 months following an episode of acute pancreatitis.
What is the significance of A1C in diabetes diagnosis?
It provides an estimate of average blood glucose levels over 2-3 months.
When should screening for prediabetes and diabetes be considered in asymptomatic adults?
In adults with overweight or obesity and one or more risk factors.
What is the diagnostic criteria for impaired fasting glucose (IFG)?
FPG 100–125 mg/dL.
How often should adults with prediabetes be tested for diabetes?
At least annually.
What is the A1C goal for older adults with a complex health status?
7.5% to 8.0%.
How should glycemic goals be individualized for patients?
Consider duration of diabetes, life expectancy, comorbidities, and patient preferences.
What are the primary considerations for using insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes?
Insulin is usually reserved for patients who are unable to achieve glycemic targets with oral medications.
What factors increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in children?
Maternal history of diabetes, family history of diabetes, and signs of insulin resistance.
What screening is recommended for individuals with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) postpartum?
Screen for diabetes 4–12 weeks postpartum.
What is the relationship between A1C and cardiovascular disease risk?
Higher A1C levels are associated with increased cardiovascular risk.
What is the preferred diagnostic test for prediabetes in children?
FPG, 2-h PG during OGTT, or A1C.
What is the role of diet and exercise in preventing type 2 diabetes?
They reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, particularly in individuals with prediabetes.
What are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents?
Obesity, family history, and certain racial/ethnic groups.
How is hypoglycemia defined in patients with diabetes?
Glucose levels below 70 mg/dL.
What should be monitored in patients starting insulin therapy?
Monitor for hypoglycemia and signs of overbasalization.
What is the recommended screening interval for children with risk factors for diabetes?
Screen every 3 years, or more frequently if BMI increases.
What medications are associated with increased risk of developing diabetes?
Glucocorticoids, second-generation antipsychotics, and HIV medications.
What is the preferred diagnostic test for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?
75-g OGTT at 24-28 weeks of gestation.
What are the recommended screening tests for diabetes in adults?
FPG, 2-h PG during 75-g OGTT, and A1C.
What are the diagnostic criteria for diabetes based on fasting plasma glucose?
FPG ≥126 mg/dL.
How should glycemic goals be adjusted for older adults?
Goals should be individualized based on health status and life expectancy.
What is the appropriate screening test for diabetes in individuals with HIV?
FPG or A1C before starting or switching antiretroviral therapy.
What should be the focus of diabetes management in patients with cardiovascular disease?
Use SGLT2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists with cardiovascular benefits.
What is the definition of prediabetes?
Intermediate state of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism with glucose levels higher than normal but not yet diagnostic of diabetes.
