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PHR 938 Endocrine B1 > T3 Readings > Flashcards

T3 Readings Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for diabetes based on A1C or plasma glucose?

A

A1C >= 6.5%, FPG >= 126 mg/dL, or 2-h PG >= 200 mg/dL.

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2
Q

When should screening for diabetes begin?

A

At age 35, or earlier in adults with overweight or risk factors.

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3
Q

What is the recommended screening interval for diabetes if initial tests are normal?

A

Every 3 years.

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4
Q

What medications are known to increase the risk of diabetes?

A

Glucocorticoids, statins, thiazide diuretics, and second-generation antipsychotics.

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5
Q

How should screening be managed in individuals on second-generation antipsychotics?

A

Screen for prediabetes and diabetes at baseline and 12-16 weeks after medication initiation.

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6
Q

What is the treatment recommendation for individuals with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?

A

Screen for prediabetes or diabetes at 4–12 weeks postpartum and lifelong every 3 years.

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7
Q

What is the A1C range that indicates high risk for diabetes?

A

A1C range of 5.7–6.4%.

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8
Q

What is the most appropriate glucose test for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?

A

75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24–28 weeks of gestation.

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9
Q

What is the target A1C for many nonpregnant adults with diabetes?

A

A1C < 7%.

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10
Q

What should be considered when selecting diabetes medications for individuals with cardiovascular disease?

A

Use SGLT2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists with demonstrated cardiovascular benefits.

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11
Q

What is the A1C target for older adults with complex health status?

A

A1C target of 7.5% to 8.0%.

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12
Q

What is the role of CGM in diabetes management?

A

It provides detailed data for optimizing glucose control, especially in insulin-treated patients.

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13
Q

How should diabetes be managed in patients with HIV?

A

Screen for diabetes before starting or switching antiretroviral therapy, and repeat screening 3–6 months after changes.

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14
Q

What are the primary risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

A

Obesity, family history of diabetes, and certain racial/ethnic groups.

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15
Q

How should diabetes be screened in children and adolescents?

A

Screen youth with overweight or obesity and additional risk factors, starting at age 10 or puberty.

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16
Q

What is overbasalization in insulin therapy?

A

When the basal insulin dose exceeds 0.5 units/kg/day and causes hypoglycemia or high glucose variability.

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17
Q

What lifestyle intervention is recommended to prevent type 2 diabetes?

A

Weight loss and increased physical activity.

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18
Q

What is the treatment strategy for type 1 diabetes?

A

Use of multiple daily injections of insulin or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.

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19
Q

What should be the frequency of glucose monitoring in patients with insulin therapy?

A

At least two times a year, or more frequently if not meeting treatment goals.

20
Q

What is the use of glucagon in diabetes management?

A

It is used to treat severe hypoglycemia in insulin-treated patients.

21
Q

What is the screening protocol for diabetes in individuals with pancreatitis?

A

Screen within 3–6 months following an episode of acute pancreatitis.

22
Q

What is the significance of A1C in diabetes diagnosis?

A

It provides an estimate of average blood glucose levels over 2-3 months.

23
Q

When should screening for prediabetes and diabetes be considered in asymptomatic adults?

A

In adults with overweight or obesity and one or more risk factors.

24
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for impaired fasting glucose (IFG)?

A

FPG 100–125 mg/dL.

25
Q

How often should adults with prediabetes be tested for diabetes?

A

At least annually.

26
Q

What is the A1C goal for older adults with a complex health status?

A

7.5% to 8.0%.

27
Q

How should glycemic goals be individualized for patients?

A

Consider duration of diabetes, life expectancy, comorbidities, and patient preferences.

28
Q

What are the primary considerations for using insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes?

A

Insulin is usually reserved for patients who are unable to achieve glycemic targets with oral medications.

29
Q

What factors increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in children?

A

Maternal history of diabetes, family history of diabetes, and signs of insulin resistance.

30
Q

What screening is recommended for individuals with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) postpartum?

A

Screen for diabetes 4–12 weeks postpartum.

31
Q

What is the relationship between A1C and cardiovascular disease risk?

A

Higher A1C levels are associated with increased cardiovascular risk.

32
Q

What is the preferred diagnostic test for prediabetes in children?

A

FPG, 2-h PG during OGTT, or A1C.

33
Q

What is the role of diet and exercise in preventing type 2 diabetes?

A

They reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, particularly in individuals with prediabetes.

34
Q

What are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents?

A

Obesity, family history, and certain racial/ethnic groups.

35
Q

How is hypoglycemia defined in patients with diabetes?

A

Glucose levels below 70 mg/dL.

36
Q

What should be monitored in patients starting insulin therapy?

A

Monitor for hypoglycemia and signs of overbasalization.

37
Q

What is the recommended screening interval for children with risk factors for diabetes?

A

Screen every 3 years, or more frequently if BMI increases.

38
Q

What medications are associated with increased risk of developing diabetes?

A

Glucocorticoids, second-generation antipsychotics, and HIV medications.

39
Q

What is the preferred diagnostic test for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?

A

75-g OGTT at 24-28 weeks of gestation.

40
Q

What are the recommended screening tests for diabetes in adults?

A

FPG, 2-h PG during 75-g OGTT, and A1C.

41
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for diabetes based on fasting plasma glucose?

A

FPG ≥126 mg/dL.

42
Q

How should glycemic goals be adjusted for older adults?

A

Goals should be individualized based on health status and life expectancy.

43
Q

What is the appropriate screening test for diabetes in individuals with HIV?

A

FPG or A1C before starting or switching antiretroviral therapy.

44
Q

What should be the focus of diabetes management in patients with cardiovascular disease?

A

Use SGLT2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists with cardiovascular benefits.

45
Q

What is the definition of prediabetes?

A

Intermediate state of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism with glucose levels higher than normal but not yet diagnostic of diabetes.

PHR 938 Endocrine B1 (13 decks)

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