L1 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by insufficient insulin secretion, reduced responsiveness to insulin, and increased ______ production.

Answer 1

glucose

Question 2

A major acute complication of diabetes mellitus is ______, which involves severe hyperglycemia and ketone production.

Answer 2

diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 3

Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to tissue injury through processes such as oxidative stress and altered ______ function.

Answer 3

protein

Question 4

The chronic complications of diabetes mellitus include retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and ______ disease.

Answer 4

cardiovascular

Question 5

______ is a common cause of blindness in adults with diabetes.

Answer 5

Diabetic retinopathy

Question 6

Blood glucose levels are tightly maintained between ______ mg/dL in healthy individuals.

Answer 6

70 to 130

Question 7

The hormone ______ is secreted by pancreatic alpha cells in response to low blood glucose.

Answer 7

glucagon

Question 8

Insulin is secreted by ______ cells in the pancreas in response to elevated blood glucose.

Answer 8

beta

Question 9

Type 1 diabetes mellitus involves the selective destruction of ______ cells, resulting in severe or absolute insulin deficiency.

Answer 9

beta

Question 10

In type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin secretion is ______, and insulin action is impaired.

Answer 10

reduced

Question 11

Insulin resistance occurs when normal amounts of insulin produce ______ than normal biological responses.

Answer 11

less

Question 12

Increased levels of circulating ______ contribute to insulin resistance in the liver and muscle.

Answer 12

fatty acids

Question 13

Insulin resistance in adipocytes leads to increased ______ and release of fatty acids into the circulation.

Answer 13

lipolysis

Question 14

In type 2 diabetes, the liver produces excessive glucose through processes such as ______ and gluconeogenesis.

Answer 14

glycogenolysis

Question 15

Increased lipid storage in ______ and liver cells contributes to insulin resistance by impairing insulin receptor signaling.

Answer 15

skeletal muscle

Question 16

A diagnosis of diabetes mellitus can be made with a fasting plasma glucose level greater than ______ mg/dL.

Answer 16

126

Question 17

Another diagnostic criterion for diabetes is a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level greater than ______%.

Answer 17

6.5

Question 18

Impaired fasting glucose is defined as a fasting plasma glucose level between ______ and 125 mg/dL.

Answer 18

100

Question 19

The oral glucose tolerance test measures plasma glucose levels two hours after ingesting glucose, with diabetes diagnosed if levels exceed ______ mg/dL.

Answer 19

200

Question 20

Hemoglobin A1c reflects average blood glucose levels over the previous ______ months.

Answer 20

2 to 3

Question 21

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is usually diagnosed in individuals under the age of ______.

Answer 21

30

Question 22

In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance is combined with ______ dysfunction, leading to a relative deficiency of insulin.

Answer 22

beta-cell

Question 23

______ is a strong risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes and is associated with increased lipid storage in muscle and liver.

Answer 23

Obesity

Question 24

Type 2 diabetes has a strong genetic component, with a ______-fold increased risk if both parents have the condition.

Answer 24

6

Question 25

In type 2 diabetes, early in the disease, insulin levels may be elevated as a compensatory response to ______.

Answer 25

insulin resistance

Question 26

The main goal of diabetes therapy is to treat hyperglycemia and prevent or reduce ______ complications.

Answer 26

chronic

Question 27

In type 1 diabetes, insulin replacement therapy is required to ______.

Answer 27

sustain life

Question 28

In type 2 diabetes, lifestyle changes such as ______ and reduced blood pressure can significantly improve glycemic control.

Answer 28

weight loss

Question 29

______ improves insulin sensitivity and helps manage blood glucose levels in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Answer 29

Exercise

Question 30

Early in the course of diabetes, improved ______ control can reduce the risk of disease complications.

Answer 30

glycemic

Question 31

Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose into tissues and inhibits glucose production by the ______.

Answer 31

liver

Question 32

In patients with diabetes, insulin sensitivity can be affected by factors such as age, ______, and illness.

Answer 32

body weight

Question 33

______ is the amount of glucose cleared from the blood in response to a dose of insulin.

Answer 33

Insulin sensitivity

Question 34

In type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion is ______ after meals, leading to postprandial hyperglycemia.

Answer 34

delayed

Question 35

In type 2 diabetes, there is a loss of the first phase of ______ secretion.

Answer 35

insulin

Question 36

The hormone ______, secreted by alpha cells, increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver.

Answer 36

glucagon

Question 37

In healthy individuals, the pancreas adjusts insulin secretion based on blood glucose levels, promoting ______ uptake into tissues.

Answer 37

glucose

Question 38

Type 2 diabetes is often diagnosed in individuals over the age of ______, but increasing cases are being seen in younger populations.

Answer 38

45

Question 39

The primary cause of type 1 diabetes is the autoimmune destruction of ______ cells in the pancreas.

Answer 39

beta

Question 40

Diabetes-related ______ is the leading cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputations.

Answer 40

peripheral neuropathy

Question 41

Hyperglycemia in diabetes can damage blood vessels and lead to ______ complications such as retinopathy and nephropathy.

Answer 41

microvascular

Question 42

______ is a serious condition in which high blood glucose levels and ketone production lead to metabolic acidosis.

Answer 42

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 43

In type 2 diabetes, the body’s tissues become resistant to insulin, leading to ______ blood glucose levels.

Answer 43

elevated

Question 44

The risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases with body weight and lack of ______.

Answer 44

physical activity

Question 45

Insulin is essential for survival in type 1 diabetes because the body produces little to no ______.

Answer 45

endogenous insulin

Question 46

Type 2 diabetes management typically involves lifestyle modifications, oral medications, and sometimes ______.

Answer 46

insulin therapy

Question 47

______ is the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes and works by reducing hepatic glucose production.

Answer 47

Metformin

Question 48

Sulfonylureas are a class of medications that stimulate ______ release from pancreatic beta cells.

Answer 48

insulin

Question 49

A major risk factor for type 2 diabetes is central (abdominal) ______.

Answer 49

obesity

Question 50

______ is a condition where blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes.

Answer 50

Prediabetes

Question 51

The most common symptom of diabetes is ______, or frequent urination.

Answer 51

polyuria

Question 52

Hyperglycemia leads to the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which contribute to ______ damage.

Answer 52

tissue

Question 53

The hormone ______, secreted by beta cells, works alongside insulin to regulate blood glucose levels.

Answer 53

amylin

Question 54

The progression of type 2 diabetes is marked by declining ______ cell function and increasing insulin resistance.

Answer 54

beta

Question 55

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists are a class of drugs that enhance ______ secretion in response to meals.

Answer 55

insulin