L1 Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by insufficient insulin secretion, reduced responsiveness to insulin, and increased ______ production.
glucose
A major acute complication of diabetes mellitus is ______, which involves severe hyperglycemia and ketone production.
diabetic ketoacidosis
Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to tissue injury through processes such as oxidative stress and altered ______ function.
protein
The chronic complications of diabetes mellitus include retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and ______ disease.
cardiovascular
______ is a common cause of blindness in adults with diabetes.
Diabetic retinopathy
Blood glucose levels are tightly maintained between ______ mg/dL in healthy individuals.
70 to 130
The hormone ______ is secreted by pancreatic alpha cells in response to low blood glucose.
glucagon
Insulin is secreted by ______ cells in the pancreas in response to elevated blood glucose.
beta
Type 1 diabetes mellitus involves the selective destruction of ______ cells, resulting in severe or absolute insulin deficiency.
beta
In type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin secretion is ______, and insulin action is impaired.
reduced
Insulin resistance occurs when normal amounts of insulin produce ______ than normal biological responses.
less
Increased levels of circulating ______ contribute to insulin resistance in the liver and muscle.
fatty acids
Insulin resistance in adipocytes leads to increased ______ and release of fatty acids into the circulation.
lipolysis
In type 2 diabetes, the liver produces excessive glucose through processes such as ______ and gluconeogenesis.
glycogenolysis
Increased lipid storage in ______ and liver cells contributes to insulin resistance by impairing insulin receptor signaling.
skeletal muscle
A diagnosis of diabetes mellitus can be made with a fasting plasma glucose level greater than ______ mg/dL.
126
Another diagnostic criterion for diabetes is a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level greater than ______%.
6.5
Impaired fasting glucose is defined as a fasting plasma glucose level between ______ and 125 mg/dL.
100
The oral glucose tolerance test measures plasma glucose levels two hours after ingesting glucose, with diabetes diagnosed if levels exceed ______ mg/dL.
200
Hemoglobin A1c reflects average blood glucose levels over the previous ______ months.
2 to 3
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is usually diagnosed in individuals under the age of ______.
30
In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance is combined with ______ dysfunction, leading to a relative deficiency of insulin.
beta-cell
______ is a strong risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes and is associated with increased lipid storage in muscle and liver.
Obesity
Type 2 diabetes has a strong genetic component, with a ______-fold increased risk if both parents have the condition.
6
In type 2 diabetes, early in the disease, insulin levels may be elevated as a compensatory response to ______.
insulin resistance
The main goal of diabetes therapy is to treat hyperglycemia and prevent or reduce ______ complications.
chronic
In type 1 diabetes, insulin replacement therapy is required to ______.
sustain life
In type 2 diabetes, lifestyle changes such as ______ and reduced blood pressure can significantly improve glycemic control.
weight loss
______ improves insulin sensitivity and helps manage blood glucose levels in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Exercise
Early in the course of diabetes, improved ______ control can reduce the risk of disease complications.
glycemic
Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose into tissues and inhibits glucose production by the ______.
liver
In patients with diabetes, insulin sensitivity can be affected by factors such as age, ______, and illness.
body weight
______ is the amount of glucose cleared from the blood in response to a dose of insulin.
Insulin sensitivity
In type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion is ______ after meals, leading to postprandial hyperglycemia.
delayed
In type 2 diabetes, there is a loss of the first phase of ______ secretion.
insulin
The hormone ______, secreted by alpha cells, increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver.
glucagon
In healthy individuals, the pancreas adjusts insulin secretion based on blood glucose levels, promoting ______ uptake into tissues.
glucose
Type 2 diabetes is often diagnosed in individuals over the age of ______, but increasing cases are being seen in younger populations.
45
The primary cause of type 1 diabetes is the autoimmune destruction of ______ cells in the pancreas.
beta
Diabetes-related ______ is the leading cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputations.
peripheral neuropathy
Hyperglycemia in diabetes can damage blood vessels and lead to ______ complications such as retinopathy and nephropathy.
microvascular
______ is a serious condition in which high blood glucose levels and ketone production lead to metabolic acidosis.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
In type 2 diabetes, the body’s tissues become resistant to insulin, leading to ______ blood glucose levels.
elevated
The risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases with body weight and lack of ______.
physical activity
Insulin is essential for survival in type 1 diabetes because the body produces little to no ______.
endogenous insulin
Type 2 diabetes management typically involves lifestyle modifications, oral medications, and sometimes ______.
insulin therapy
______ is the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes and works by reducing hepatic glucose production.
Metformin
Sulfonylureas are a class of medications that stimulate ______ release from pancreatic beta cells.
insulin
A major risk factor for type 2 diabetes is central (abdominal) ______.
obesity
______ is a condition where blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes.
Prediabetes
The most common symptom of diabetes is ______, or frequent urination.
polyuria
Hyperglycemia leads to the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which contribute to ______ damage.
tissue
The hormone ______, secreted by beta cells, works alongside insulin to regulate blood glucose levels.
amylin
The progression of type 2 diabetes is marked by declining ______ cell function and increasing insulin resistance.
beta
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists are a class of drugs that enhance ______ secretion in response to meals.
insulin
