L3 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

Incretins are hormones released from the intestines that act on ______ cells to stimulate insulin secretion.

Answer 1

beta

Question 2

Two primary incretins are ______ and GLP-1.

Answer 2

GIP

Question 3

The incretin effect refers to higher insulin levels after ______ administration of glucose compared to IV administration.

Answer 3

oral

Question 4

In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the incretin effect is ______.

Answer 4

reduced

Question 5

GLP-1 helps maintain insulin secretion during ______.

Answer 5

hyperglycemia

Question 6

GLP-1 also reduces ______ secretion, delays gastric emptying, and promotes satiety.

Answer 6

glucagon

Question 7

In patients with T2DM, blood concentrations of GLP-1 are ______ compared to healthy individuals.

Answer 7

decreased

Question 8

GLP-1 has a glucose-dependent effect, meaning insulin secretion is ______ when glucose levels are low.

Answer 8

minimal

Question 9

GLP-1 is rapidly inactivated by the enzyme ______.

Answer 9

dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4)

Question 10

DPP-4 inhibitors are used to ______ GLP-1 and GIP levels, improving insulin secretion.

Answer 10

increase

Question 11

DPP-4 inhibitors lead to improved control of both ______ and ______ blood glucose levels.

Answer 11

fasting, postprandial

Question 12

Common DPP-4 inhibitors include sitagliptin, saxagliptin, ______, and linagliptin.

Answer 12

alogliptin

Question 13

DPP-4 inhibitors are often combined with other oral antidiabetic agents, such as ______ and thiazolidinediones.

Answer 13

metformin

Question 14

A potential adverse effect of DPP-4 inhibitors is ______, though it is rare.

Answer 14

arthralgia

Question 15

DPP-4 inhibitors are typically administered ______ daily without regard to meals.

Answer 15

once

Question 16

SGLT2 inhibitors work by blocking glucose reabsorption in the ______.

Answer 16

kidneys

Question 17

SGLT2 inhibitors lead to increased ______ excretion, which lowers blood glucose concentrations.

Answer 17

urinary glucose

Question 18

Common SGLT2 inhibitors include canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, ______, and ertugliflozin.

Answer 18

empagliflozin

Question 19

SGLT2 inhibitors are primarily used as an adjunct to ______ and ______ in the treatment of T2DM.

Answer 19

diet, exercise

Question 20

SGLT2 inhibitors are also associated with a reduced risk of ______ events in patients with established cardiovascular disease.

Answer 20

cardiovascular

Question 21

A common adverse effect of SGLT2 inhibitors is an increased risk of ______ infections.

Answer 21

urinary tract

Question 22

SGLT2 inhibitors should not be used in patients with severe ______ impairment due to reduced efficacy.

Answer 22

renal

Question 23

Canagliflozin, empagliflozin, and dapagliflozin are also indicated for the reduction of major cardiovascular events and ______.

Answer 23

heart failure

Question 24

Exenatide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that promotes glucose-dependent ______ secretion.

Answer 24

insulin

Question 25

Exenatide reduces ______ levels and delays gastric emptying, leading to reduced food intake.

Answer 25

glucagon

Question 26

Liraglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that is administered ______ daily and is independent of meals.

Answer 26

once

Question 27

Dulaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist with a ______ half-life, allowing for once-weekly dosing.

Answer 27

5-day

Question 28

GLP-1 receptor agonists are often associated with ______ as a common side effect, which decreases over time.

Answer 28

nausea

Question 29

Lixisenatide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist with an elimination half-life of approximately ______ hours.

Answer 29

3

Question 30

Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, is available as both a ______ injection and an oral tablet.

Answer 30

subcutaneous

Question 31

Tirzepatide is a novel therapy that activates both ______ and ______ receptors.

Answer 31

GLP-1, GIP

Question 32

Tirzepatide provides potent glucose-lowering effects and is administered via ______ injection once weekly.

Answer 32

subcutaneous

Question 33

GLP-1 receptor agonists promote ______-dependent insulin secretion, meaning they primarily act when blood glucose is elevated.

Answer 33

glucose

Question 34

Pramlintide is a synthetic analog of ______, a peptide secreted by pancreatic beta cells.

Answer 34

amylin

Question 35

Pramlintide is used as an adjunct to insulin therapy in patients with type ______ diabetes.

Answer 35

1 or 2

Question 36

Pramlintide reduces postprandial glucagon secretion and delays ______ emptying.

Answer 36

gastric

Question 37

Pramlintide is associated with an increased risk of severe ______ when used with insulin, particularly in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Answer 37

hypoglycemia

Question 38

GLP-1 receptor agonists have been shown to reduce the risk of major ______ events in adults with T2DM.

Answer 38

cardiovascular

Question 39

Dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor activation by tirzepatide leads to synergistic effects on ______ secretion.

Answer 39

insulin

Question 40

The incretin effect is reduced in patients with T2DM due to decreased ______ secretion.

Answer 40

GLP-1

Question 41

GLP-1 receptor agonists promote ______ by reducing food intake and increasing satiety.

Answer 41

weight loss

Question 42

The elimination half-life of dulaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, is approximately ______ days.

Answer 42

5

Question 43

SGLT2 inhibitors increase urinary excretion of glucose by blocking ______ reabsorption in the proximal tubules of the kidneys.

Answer 43

glucose

Question 44

DPP-4 inhibitors work by preventing the degradation of ______ and ______.

Answer 44

GLP-1, GIP

Question 45

Sitagliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor that increases ______ secretion in response to meals.

Answer 45

insulin

Question 46

GLP-1 receptor agonists should be avoided in patients with a family history of ______ tumors.

Answer 46

thyroid

Question 47

The primary site of action of SGLT2 inhibitors is the ______ tubule of the nephron.

Answer 47

proximal

Question 48

A common side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors is increased incidence of ______ infections.

Answer 48

genital