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PHR 938 Endocrine B1 > L3 Diabetes Mellitus > Flashcards

L3 Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

1
Q

Incretins are hormones released from the intestines that act on ______ cells to stimulate insulin secretion.

A

beta

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2
Q

Two primary incretins are ______ and GLP-1.

A

GIP

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3
Q

The incretin effect refers to higher insulin levels after ______ administration of glucose compared to IV administration.

A

oral

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4
Q

In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the incretin effect is ______.

A

reduced

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5
Q

GLP-1 helps maintain insulin secretion during ______.

A

hyperglycemia

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6
Q

GLP-1 also reduces ______ secretion, delays gastric emptying, and promotes satiety.

A

glucagon

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7
Q

In patients with T2DM, blood concentrations of GLP-1 are ______ compared to healthy individuals.

A

decreased

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8
Q

GLP-1 has a glucose-dependent effect, meaning insulin secretion is ______ when glucose levels are low.

A

minimal

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9
Q

GLP-1 is rapidly inactivated by the enzyme ______.

A

dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4)

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10
Q

DPP-4 inhibitors are used to ______ GLP-1 and GIP levels, improving insulin secretion.

A

increase

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11
Q

DPP-4 inhibitors lead to improved control of both ______ and ______ blood glucose levels.

A

fasting, postprandial

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12
Q

Common DPP-4 inhibitors include sitagliptin, saxagliptin, ______, and linagliptin.

A

alogliptin

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13
Q

DPP-4 inhibitors are often combined with other oral antidiabetic agents, such as ______ and thiazolidinediones.

A

metformin

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14
Q

A potential adverse effect of DPP-4 inhibitors is ______, though it is rare.

A

arthralgia

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15
Q

DPP-4 inhibitors are typically administered ______ daily without regard to meals.

A

once

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16
Q

SGLT2 inhibitors work by blocking glucose reabsorption in the ______.

A

kidneys

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17
Q

SGLT2 inhibitors lead to increased ______ excretion, which lowers blood glucose concentrations.

A

urinary glucose

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18
Q

Common SGLT2 inhibitors include canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, ______, and ertugliflozin.

A

empagliflozin

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19
Q

SGLT2 inhibitors are primarily used as an adjunct to ______ and ______ in the treatment of T2DM.

A

diet, exercise

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20
Q

SGLT2 inhibitors are also associated with a reduced risk of ______ events in patients with established cardiovascular disease.

A

cardiovascular

21
Q

A common adverse effect of SGLT2 inhibitors is an increased risk of ______ infections.

A

urinary tract

22
Q

SGLT2 inhibitors should not be used in patients with severe ______ impairment due to reduced efficacy.

A

renal

23
Q

Canagliflozin, empagliflozin, and dapagliflozin are also indicated for the reduction of major cardiovascular events and ______.

A

heart failure

24
Q

Exenatide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that promotes glucose-dependent ______ secretion.

A

insulin

25
Q

Exenatide reduces ______ levels and delays gastric emptying, leading to reduced food intake.

A

glucagon

26
Q

Liraglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that is administered ______ daily and is independent of meals.

A

once

27
Q

Dulaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist with a ______ half-life, allowing for once-weekly dosing.

A

5-day

28
Q

GLP-1 receptor agonists are often associated with ______ as a common side effect, which decreases over time.

A

nausea

29
Q

Lixisenatide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist with an elimination half-life of approximately ______ hours.

A

3

30
Q

Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, is available as both a ______ injection and an oral tablet.

A

subcutaneous

31
Q

Tirzepatide is a novel therapy that activates both ______ and ______ receptors.

A

GLP-1, GIP

32
Q

Tirzepatide provides potent glucose-lowering effects and is administered via ______ injection once weekly.

A

subcutaneous

33
Q

GLP-1 receptor agonists promote ______-dependent insulin secretion, meaning they primarily act when blood glucose is elevated.

A

glucose

34
Q

Pramlintide is a synthetic analog of ______, a peptide secreted by pancreatic beta cells.

A

amylin

35
Q

Pramlintide is used as an adjunct to insulin therapy in patients with type ______ diabetes.

A

1 or 2

36
Q

Pramlintide reduces postprandial glucagon secretion and delays ______ emptying.

A

gastric

37
Q

Pramlintide is associated with an increased risk of severe ______ when used with insulin, particularly in patients with type 1 diabetes.

A

hypoglycemia

38
Q

GLP-1 receptor agonists have been shown to reduce the risk of major ______ events in adults with T2DM.

A

cardiovascular

39
Q

Dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor activation by tirzepatide leads to synergistic effects on ______ secretion.

A

insulin

40
Q

The incretin effect is reduced in patients with T2DM due to decreased ______ secretion.

A

GLP-1

41
Q

GLP-1 receptor agonists promote ______ by reducing food intake and increasing satiety.

A

weight loss

42
Q

The elimination half-life of dulaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, is approximately ______ days.

A

5

43
Q

SGLT2 inhibitors increase urinary excretion of glucose by blocking ______ reabsorption in the proximal tubules of the kidneys.

A

glucose

44
Q

DPP-4 inhibitors work by preventing the degradation of ______ and ______.

A

GLP-1, GIP

45
Q

Sitagliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor that increases ______ secretion in response to meals.

A

insulin

46
Q

GLP-1 receptor agonists should be avoided in patients with a family history of ______ tumors.

A

thyroid

47
Q

The primary site of action of SGLT2 inhibitors is the ______ tubule of the nephron.

A

proximal

48
Q

A common side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors is increased incidence of ______ infections.

A

genital

PHR 938 Endocrine B1 (13 decks)

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