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Physiology of Reproduction > T4: Puberty > Flashcards

T4: Puberty Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main difference within hypothalamus for male and female

A

aFP which is secreted by the yolk sac, binds to estrogen in the female (preventing entry), surge center develops
-in the make testosterone enters and is converted to E2, surge center is defeminized and does not develop

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2
Q

what is puberty

A

the ability to accomplish reproduction successfully or the period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction

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3
Q

what does needs to be developed to property respond to puberty

A

need the hypothalamus/ neurons to respond to signals to have sufficient stimulation

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4
Q

what is prepubertal

A

before the onset of puberty

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5
Q

define peripubertal

A

around the time of the onset of puberty

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6
Q

define precocious puberty

A

early onset of puberty

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7
Q

what are the five things that define puberty in the female

A
  1. Age at first ovulation: typically 1st ovulation is “silent” / verified by ultrasound, rectal palpation, hormone assays
  2. age at first estrus: outward behavioral signs
  3. age at which female can support pregnancy without harm
  4. age at mammary development/vulva development (vaginal opening in mice)
  5. Age at hormonal detection (LH/FSH)
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8
Q

what is the age for pubertal onset in bovine

A

m: 11 months F: 11 months

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9
Q

what is the age for pubertal onset in canine

A

M:9 F:12

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10
Q

what is the age for pubertal onset in equine

A

M:14 F:18

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11
Q

what is the age for pubertal onset in feline

A

M:9 F: 8

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12
Q

what is the age for pubertal onset in ovine

A

M:7 F:7

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13
Q

what are the three factors influencing puberty

A
  1. body size: fat deposits: need sufficient leptin hormone levels
  2. Social/eternal factors
    -exposure to male
    -the season of birth
    -photoperiod of during pubertal onset
    -number of same-sex animals in enclosures
  3. Breed
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14
Q

what is the % maturity at puberty for dairy

A

30-40

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15
Q

what is the % maturity at puberty for beef

A

55-65

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16
Q

what is the % maturity at puberty for sheep

A

40-63

17
Q

what is the main driver for social impacts

A

pheromones: help growth of hypothalamus

18
Q

what are the environmental impacts for puberty

A

(seasonal) the month of birth will influence age at puberty in seasonal breeders
-spring lambs enter puberty 5-6 mo
-fall lambs enter 10-12 mo
- heifers born in autumn reach puberty earlier than spring-born heifers

19
Q

what are the five factors that define puberty in the male

A
  1. age when behavioral traits are expressed (mounting, erections)
  2. Age at first ejaculation
  3. Age when spermatozoa first appear in the ejaculate
  4. Age when the ejaculate contains a threshold number of spermatozoa
  5. age when ejaculate has normal spermatozoa (cytoplasmic droplet detection)
20
Q

what are the factors in a BSE

A
  1. Physical exam
  2. Scrotal circumference (min based on breed?)
  3. Sperm motility : more than 30%
  4. Sperm morphology: more than 70% normal
21
Q

what are the two main factors in hypothalamus modifications

A
  • E2 inhibits GnRH synthesis and secretion at low levels
    -the hypo. will be modified over time (as puberty is obtained) to respond in positive manner to E2 (think surge center)
22
Q

what are the hypothalamus modifications for the female

A

-still producing follicular waves, just in smaller amounts
-the surge center will lie dormant bc of insufficient E2 produced from the ovaries
-the tonic center is highly sensitive to low levels of E2, and will inhibit GnRH synthesis
-transition of less sensitivity= less suppression= more GnRH

23
Q

what are the hypothalamus modifications for the male

A

-more GnRH neurons will become less sensitive to negative feedback as puberty approaches (peripubertal period)
-less negative feedback = more steroid hormones

24
Q

what are the hypothalamus modifications for the male

A

-more GnRH neurons will become less sensitive to negative feedback as puberty approaches (peripubertal period)
-less negative feedback = more steroid hormones

25
Q

what are the signals acting on KNDy neurons

A

-blood glucose
-blood leptin
-blood fatty acids

26
Q

what are the KNDy neurons

A

kisspeptin, neurokinin B(+), Dynorphin (-)

27
Q

what does E2 not have

A

no receptors on GnRH neurons, E2 does not directly effect GnRH neurons

28
Q

describe the surge generator

A

medial preoptic area: Kisspeptin neuron to GnRH neuron releases GnRH/LH surge from the pituitary to the ovary.
-estrogen plays a positive feedback role to the hypothalamus

29
Q

describe the GnRH Pulse generator

A

arcuate nucleus: kisspeptin neurons to GnRH neuron releases GnRH/LH pulses onto the ovary
-estrogen plays a negative feedback

30
Q

what are the puberty requirements in females

A

-fully functioning tonic center
-fully functioning surge center (cause GnRH/LH surge for ovulation

31
Q

during puberty, females are unable to produce ______to stimulate the surge center

A

enough estrogen

32
Q

what are the main feedback mechanisms for puberty

A

-pubertal transition, negative feedback of estrogen is decreased and more GnRH is produced
-more GnRH increased LH pulses, increased estrogen from ovary, positive feedback and massive release of GnRH ovulation

33
Q

when will puberty be initiated

A

when GnRH neurons are able to fully respond to positive and negative feedback

34
Q

what can also contribute to puberty

A

management practices, exogenous hormones can help initiate

35
Q

what hormones inhibits the initiation of pubertal inset in males and females

A

estrogen

36
Q

what neuron does not make up one of the KNDy neurons

A

neurophysin

37
Q

season influences pubertal status regardless of species

A

true

38
Q

what morphological assessment of sperm can be used to identify if a male is pubertal

A

presence/ absence of cytoplasmic droplet

39
Q

regardless of species, females become pubertal sooner than males

A

false, usually males `

Physiology of Reproduction (22 decks)

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